twenty years research on aflatoxin in europe: what benefits for africa?

Antonio F. Logrieco Mycokey Coordinator

1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa

2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins

3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain

4. International mycotoxin networking initiatives

5. MycoKey project




4. International mycotoxin initiatives

5. MycoKey project

39 nations with known regulations (99 % of inhabitants of the region)

EU harmonized limits exist for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin,DON, zearalenone, fumonisins

EU food limits considered for T-2/HT-2, ergot alkaloids and other mycotoxins

EU feed limits exist for aflatoxin B1

EU feed guidance values exist for ochratoxin A and some Fusarium toxins (FAO FNP 81, 2004)


Food

1,53,6

1,8

5,519,6

ASIA / OCEANIA

LATIN AMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPEE

NORTH AMERICA

Feed1,3

1,71,0

13,5

8,5

EUROPEE

NORTH AMERICA

LATIN AMERICA

ASIA / OCEANIAAFRICA


(FAO FNP 81, 2004)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

AFT

AFB1

AFM1

AFG1

OTA

PAT

ZEN

myc

otox

ins

number of countries

15 nations with known regulations (59 % of inhabitants of the region)

Majority of countries: regulations unknown or non-existent

Several countries indicate regulations should be developed

Regulations mainly for aflatoxins Most detailed: Morocco

6


(FAO FNP 81, 2004)


Mycotoxin notifications: 54Border rejections: 280Information for attention: 44Alert: 5Information for follow-up: 383 RASFF 2014 Annual Report

RASFF 2013 Annual Report






5. MycoKey project

Prediction map of aflatoxin B1 risk in peanuts growing areas on a global scale


Battilani and Logrieco, 2013

Battilani and Logrieco, 2013


EU Imported products with high risk of mycotoxin contamination:•maize, (fumonisins and aflatoxins) from all continents•cereals (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A) mostly from north and south America•coffee, (ochratoxin A) mostly South America & Africa•pistachio nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly from North Africa & Asia•Peanuts & other nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly North, South America & Africa•Spices (aflatoxins) mostly from Asia & Africa


Export compliance with food safety and quality standards.

Total losses: $1.2 billion

World Bank estimate of lost trade US$ 450 million

Some countries active to meet standards by putting in place relevant institutions

Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed domestically. Peanut

Maize

Coffee

Cocoa


Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, 2006

estimated 55 million tests (mostly cheap antibiotic tests) Average cost of test (ACT): 50-60€ (1.5€ in antibiotics) Expected annual growth to 2020: volume 6%, value10-12%

35%

25%

40%75%

Antibiotics& Other

PesticidesTraditional methods

Novel methods

4%

12% Service(product)

Kits in-house

300 million €

21% Kits in service

Service(time)63%

25%

Mycotoxins


HPLC*, UHPLC*,HPLC*, UHPLC*, LC-MSLC-MS

CLEAN-UP

EXTRACTION

SAMPLING

DETECTION/DETERMINATION

* Fluorescence detector Derivatization: bromine (Kobra® cell); UV irradiation (UVE™)

Tedious sample preparation

Time consuming separation and detection

High costs

Skilled persons

Growing demand for rapid methods

Time of analysis: 5 - 20 minTime of analysis: 5 - 20 min simple sample preparation& inexpensive equipments suitable for screening purposes


Lateral flow device or dipstick

ADVANTAGES:ADVANTAGES: rapid (5-10 min), simple, no expensive equipments required, portable, limited use of organic solvents, suitable for screening purposes, can be used in situ

DISADVANTAGES:DISADVANTAGES: qualitative or semi-quantitative (cut off level), matrix interferences may affect result, possible false positive/negative results, cross-reactivity of antibody with other mycotoxins, sensitivity not acceptable at levels close to regulatory limits

• LFDs commercially available for AFs and FBs in maize, DON in wheat, OTA, ZEA, T-2 and HT-2 in cereal grains.

• Photometric strip readers allow quantitative analysis (LFD)


1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in

food chain4. International mycotoxin initiatives 5. MycoKey project

HOSTSusceptibility Growth StageFlowering synchrony

PATHOGENSpecies/

populationDensity/abundance Aggressiveness

ENVIRONMENTTemperatureMoisture Radiation Disease

and Mycotoxins

Similar factors influence the development of disease and

resulting mycotoxin accumulation (overlapping triangles)

Important differences in the relationships between host plants, pathogen and environment may affect

disease and toxin differently (offsetting the

triangles)


DISTRIBUTION

STORAGE PROCESSING CONSUMPTION

Field fungi Field fungi (mainly Aspergillus, Alternaria, etc.)

GROWING

CROPS


Storage fungi Storage fungi (mainly Aspergillus, Penicillum, etc.)

PRE-HARVEST

POST-HARVEST

PRE-HARVEST POST-HARVEST

Complex (too many factors)

Limited control

Problems and side effects of corrective actions

Simple

Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) limit toxin accumulation

No side effects

Which critical aspects should be tackled to encourage a sustainable and effective

mycotoxin management in Africa??


ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IN

DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)

Resistant varieties

Crop rotation

Soil treatment

In-planta detoxification

Fungicide application

Biological control

Weed and pest management

Agronomic measures


ECONOMIC CONTRAINTSPOLITICAL INCENTIVESSOIL EROSIONOGM RELEASELIMITED APPLIED RESEARCH


Resistant varieties

Crop rotation

Soil treatment



Biological control


Agronomic measures


EXPENSIVE POTENTIAL HARM TO BENEFICIAL

INSECTS AND ENVIRONMENT RESIDUES IN FOOD HAZARD FOR THE HEALTH AND

SAFETY OF WORKERS HANDLING FUNGICIDES

PATHOGENS RESISTANCE


Resistant varieties

Crop rotation

Soil treatment



Biological control


Agronomic measures


EXPENSIVEUNRELIABLE (variation in the application due to environmental conditions) LIMITED EFFICIENCY (survival) IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM AND HEALTH


Resistant varieties

Crop rotation

Soil treatment



Biological control


Agronomic measures


Sorting

Storage

Detoxification

Intake prevention


Sorting

Storage

Detoxification

Intake prevention

LOSS OF UNCONTAMINATED MATERIALS

DISPOSAL OF REFUSES FLEXIBILITY NEEDED


Sorting

Storage

Detoxification

Intake prevention

EXPENSIVE TREATMENTS INTEGRATION OF DATA REGARDING

PARAMETERS/CONDITIONS


Sorting

Storage

Detoxification

Intake prevention

LOW EFFICACY OF EXISTING APPROACHES (CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL)

POTENTIAL TOXICOLOGICAL RISKS

LACK OF STANDARD VALIDATED PROCEDURES


Sorting

Storage

Detoxification

Intake prevention

SAFE CHEMOPREVENTION STRATEGIES

•LACK OF SCIENTIFIC MODELS


1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination

in food chain EU/iternational mycotoxin initiatives 1. MycoKey project

Post-harvestPost-harvest

BIOCOPBIOCOPScreening for contaminants in food

OTAPREVOTAPREVOchratoxin Prevention in Wheat

OCHRATOXIN AOCHRATOXIN A RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

SAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLESSAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLESThe Carrot Alternaria

Toxin Model

CONTROL MYCOTOX FOODCONTROL MYCOTOX FOOD Mycotoxin prevention in cereals

FP6

FP5

FP5

FP6

FP5

Horizontal technologiesHorizontal technologies

GOODFOODGOODFOODQuality monitoring in the food chain

DETOX-FUNGIDETOX-FUNGIToxigenic fungi detection

MYCOTOX INCO-DEVMYCOTOX INCO-DEVMycotoxin Control in Latin American South cone

CONffIDENCECONffIDENCEInexpensive detection of Contaminants

in the food chain

MYCOSENSEMYCOSENSENovel kit for rapid Mycotoxin Detection in food

FP5

FP6

FP5

FP5

FP7

2E-BCAs2E-BCAs in Cropsin CropsEnhancement of Biocontrol Agents

FUCOMYRFUCOMYRFusarium Resistant and Toxin Free Wheat

Pre-harvest Pre-harvest

RAFBCARAFBCARisk Assessment of Fungal Biological Control Agents

FP5

FP5

FP6

WINE-OCHRA -RISKWINE-OCHRA -RISKOchratoxin risk Assessment and Management

FP5

RAMFICRAMFICFusarium Risk Assessment Models

FP5

MONIQAMONIQAHarmonizing methods

in the food chain

COST 835COST 835Network on mycotoxin

and toxigenic fungi

EMANEMANEuropean Mycotoxin Awareness Network

MYCONETMYCONETEU Network for

identification emerging mycotoxin in wheat chain

FP5FP6

MYCOGLOBEMYCOGLOBEIntegration research on mycotoxins

and toxigenic fungi

FP6 FP5 FP6DisseminationDissemination

FP7


MYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXMYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXH2020

109 participants, 28 countries in Africa (15), Europe, Asia, North America and South America

Participants: Scientists, parliamentarians, heads of institutions, policymakers, trade and health specialists


Learning from the EU:Reducing Impact of Mycotoxins in Tropical Agriculture with Emphasis

on Health and Trade in Africa

http://mycoglobe.ispa.cnr.it/

New communities

Scientific cooperation

Projects linked to MycoRed

New communities Scientific Alliances

Training and educational

cooperation

Home education


36

Agreement in China

Agreement in Indonesia

Meetings in Africa

Local networks


Committee members of the newly established ASM

President of ASM: Prof. Bradley Flett ([email protected])President of ISM: Dr. Antonio Logrieco

Vice President: Prof. Sheila OkothTreasurer: Dr. Hanneke Alberts, Secretary: Prof. Olusegun Atanda, Additional

members: Dr. Juliet Akello, Dr. Benoit Gnonlonfin, Prof. Essam Ibraheem


ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015

20 MycoRed Scientific Alliances2 Twinnings

SLAM NMASN

MPU JSM

EMAN


EU-ASIA NET

1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination

in food chain 4. International mycotoxin initiatives 5. MycoKey project

5. Mycokey project

1 Association

23 Scientific Partners3 Industrial Partners

5 SMEs

to generate innovative and integrated solutions and support stakeholders in effective and sustainable

mycotoxin management along food and feed chains.

to give a sound contribution for reducing mycotoxin contamination mainly in Europe and China, significant areas for their increasing mycotoxin occurrence, growing international trade of commodities and contaminated batches.

5. Mycokey project

ConsumersStorageField Industry

processing

Retailers

storage storagetransport transport consuminggrowing

Smart ICT tool (MycoKey App), integrating key information and practical solutions for mycotoxin management

Rapid, customized forecasting, descriptive information on contamination risk/levels, decision support and practical economically-sound suggestions for intervention.

Targeted tools and methodologies for cost-effective application in the field and during storage, processing and transportation.

Alternative and safe ways to use contaminated batches

Strong cooperation with CHINA

Recommendations for international legislation

Awareness and information streamings worldwide

5. Mycokey project

5. Mycokey project

MycoKey App, available in different languages, will facilitate mycotoxin risks management for stakeholders by providing timely, personalized advices to each field

plot with its respective cropping factors

FREE

€

TOX

GPS Bestpra

c

http://www.google.nl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=z_8OyZqVMQJroM&tbnid=NMhemdslsPIAhM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/x8234e/x8234e05.htm&ei=Q2sQU7m7IILNtQbi7YHoCQ&psig=AFQjCNF9mmDa01lCHOwIeq-7wdSAjDHQrw&ust=1393671359392636

Mycokey tools- Mycokey App- Drones- Sensors- knowledge platform

Mycokey new approach and data for

BiocontrolDetoxificationAdsorbents

BiofuelUse of enxymes

farmersfarmers producersproducers dealers dealers exportexportlabs labs SMEs SMEs industries industries

researchers researchers associations consumers associations consumers

Involvement of international community for global collaboration

5. Mycokey project

EUROPE

CHINA AFRICA

•Research•Technologies – ICT•Knowledge•Regulation

• production • international trade • economic interest• research and knowledge

• “Open pilot field/lab” for problem solving&alternative management practices• climate changes affection• global contamination exposure

Information and cases to be studied

Methodologies and toolsRes

earc

h &Te

chno

logy t

rans

fer

Expor

t – tr

ade

Investments in developing areas export – risk contamination

Information and data

5. Mycokey project

Aflaminimizati

on

attention to EU-China-Africa interactions

to minimize mycotoxin exposure in countries with

different eating habits and to guarantee EU standards in

import products.

International team for proposing a worldwide harmonization of regulation and limits for

mycotoxins

input for a future

Global harmonization on Global harmonization on legislation and policieslegislation and policies

to be proposed to international organizations (EFSA, FDA, CODEX) and

shared with scientific communities (FAO, WHO, ISM, ASM, LAM, PACA, etc.)consumer associations, policy makers and legislators

5. Mycokey project

Mycokey Mycokey CartaCarta

Thanks for your Thanks for your attention!attention!

Antonio F. Logriecoe- mail: [email protected]

twenty years research on aflatoxin in europe: what benefits for africa?

Presentations & Public Speaking