farmer-centric, action-oriented innovation platforms for promoting adoption of aflatoxin biocontrol...

www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium

Farmer-Centric, Action-Oriented

Innovation Platforms for Promoting

Adoption of Aflatoxin Biocontrol

in Africa

Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, IITA

Kola Masha, Doreo Partners

Peter Cotty, USDA-ARS

Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013


Some Definitions

• Farmer-centric: Farmers’ interest as the foundation of the action

• Action-oriented: Using practical methods which involve doing things to deal with problems, not just talking about ideas, plans, or theories

• Innovation platform: An approach to problem solving through which actors with a stake in a common issue or set of issues get together regularly to address their common challenges.



Pre-Harvest Problem


Aflatoxin (ppb)ppb)

Peanut (n = 188) Maize (n = 241)

Distribution (% samples)

> 4 54 70

> 10 41 52

> 20 29 24

Descriptive statistics (ppb)

Minimum < LOD < LOD

Maximum 3487 838

Mean 111 33 LOD = Limit of Detection; States sampled: Nassarawa,

Katsina, Kaduna, Kano, Bauchi, Jigawa & Niger

Aflatoxin in Groundnut and Maize at Harvest, 2012, Nigeria


Biocontrol


In nature, some strains produce a lot

(toxigenic), and others no aflatoxin

(atoxigenic)

Atoxigenic strains are already present on

the crop

Increase the frequency of atoxigenic

strains & shift population profile

Thus, aflatoxin contamination reduced

Atoxigenic strains can be applied without

increasing infection and without

increasing the overall quantity of A.

flavus on the crop or in the environment

Strains move from field to stores

Multiple year & crop carry-over effect

We use only native strains

0

25

50

75

100

Natural Biocontrol

Incid

en

ce (

%)

T

O

X

I

G

E

N

I

C

A

T

O

X

I

G

E

N

I

C

Product: Aflasafe

Mixture of 4 native atoxigenic strains

Nigeria


Challenges


• Aflatoxin is a hidden problem

• Chemical analysis required

• Awareness is low

• Long incubation for expression of health impacts

• Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced

• Market does not discriminate

• Demonstration of product value

• Lack of biopesticide manufacturers

The value of a technology on the shelf is as much as the cost of the space it occupies on the shelf.

Must translate knowledge into usable products and practices to benefit people

But……

www.iita.org

Farmers treating maize and groundnut fields with Aflasafe in Nigeria

MAIZE: Aflatoxin reduction (%)

Stage 2009 2010 2011 2012

Harvest 82 94 83 93

Storage 92 93 x x

PEANUT: Aflatoxin reduction (%)

Stage 2009 2010 2011

Harvest - 95 82

Storage 100 80 x

Results from 482

on-farm trials

71% and 52% carry-over of

inoculum 1 & 2 years after

application

Plots

Observed

aflatoxin

Apparent

reduction

Applied

VCGs

in Control

Aflatoxin if

Applied VCGs

not Present

Actual

Reduction

Treated 17 ppb

64% 88%

Control 49 ppb 66% 143 ppb

Data Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated


KENYA: On-Station Trials


Substrate and time of sampling Katumani Kiboko

Soil before application 70 44

Maize grain at harvest 5 0

Incidence (%) of S strain and Aspergillus parasiticus in soil before

treatment and on the crop at harvest, Katumani

Apparent Versus Actual Reductions in Aflatoxin, Bura


Aflasafe-KE01*


Number On-Farm Trials, Long Rains, 2012, Kenya

Province County Fields

Eastern Embu 60

Makueni 46

Machakos 42

Kitui 27

Coast Tana 40

Total 215

*Aflasafe KE01 is a mixture of four strains from Machakos, Makueni and Tana

www.iita.org

Farmers treating groundnut fields

Aflatoxin Reduction:

2010 : 87% at harvest; 89% after Storage

2011: 82% at harvest; 93% after Storage

38 Farms Treated in 2010



Senegal: aflasafe SN01

www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013


Product Types


National

Products

Products ready for registration

Products under testing

Strain development in progress

Aflasafe-NigeriaTM

Aflasafe-SenegalTM

Aflasafe-KenyaTM etc…

Aflasafe-WestTM

Aflasafe-EastTM

Aflasafe-SouthTM

Regional

Products Senegal

Mali

Burkina

Ghana

Nigeria

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zambia


Aflasafe Production in Lab


30 tons produced in 2011 and 2012 for deployment


Training & Use by Farmers


Policy Statement by the Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Nigeria

Various Nigerian stakeholders have developed a 5 year, 4 step commercialization plan. All parties involved, IITA, Doreo, and the government, have critical roles to play over the next five years to ensure that Aflasafe treated food crops are successfully introduced into the market.

Dr Akin Adesina

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=akin+adesina&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vlcRQGJz5-orjM&tbnid=v3kFwkGlMnnIZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=51925&ei=f4miUfSTDciTPe2ZgOgH&psig=AFQjCNEcCqlJf-HYL4p02xyK3WR0aRGBNA&ust=1369692672456156


Markets for Aflasafe


Poultry industry

Export-oriented aggregators

Food processors

Large commercial farmers

Smallholder farmers

Market based

• Poultry feed

• Premium food

market

AgResults (Incentive-

cum-market based)

ma

rke

t d

em

an

d f

or

Afl

as

afe

• 60% maize consumed by farmers

• 40% sold in the market

Maize & Poultry Growth

• Nigerian maize production has grown from 4 million metric tons in 2000 to a 7.3 million metric tons in 2010

• Nigerian poultry production has grown from 113 Million birds in 2000 to 192 million birds in 2010

• Poultry feed is approximately 60% maize.

• >60% of maize has >20 ppb aflatoxin

• Poultry farmers currently paying $3-13 per ton of feed for aflatoxin binders

• Annual demand for maize: 1 million tons

Nigerian Govt Bans Poultry Imports

Index of growth in production for maize and

poultry relative to Nigeria’s production in 1961*

Measure: Relative growth in production

Poultry Industry… Key Driver of Domestic Maize Production

Poultry Feeding Study

$3,200 net

profit from

10,000 birds

in 8 weeks

www.iita.org Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013 A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013

Aflasafe maize feed Toxic maize feed


Key Economic Drivers

• Ex-factory price: $12.2 including 28% EBITDA

• Farm Gate price: $15.6

• Maize yield required for farmers to recover aflasafe cost + 33% profit: 3.5 t/ha

• Yield enhancement to go hand in with aflasafe use

• Innovation Platform: Poultry farmers to buy all aflasafe maize at a premium


Willingness to Pay

www.iita.org Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013 A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013

100% 99%

83%

60%

25%

19%

34% 31%

18%

12%

5% 4% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

$0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20

Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119)

Target Farm Gate Price

Range

• All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay

• Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users Source: G. Okpachu & T. Abdoulaye

www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Date: 28 May, 2013

Aflasafe Plant Plan

Lab

Inoculation, Packaging

& Product Storage

Grain Intake,

Cleaning,

Pasteurisation

and Storage

Capacity 5 tons/hour

Babban Gona Pilot

www.iita.org A member of CGIAR consortium Mycored Europe, 28 May, 2013

• Farmers’ cooperative with professional management

• Credit, inputs and technical services

• Yield enhancing practices

• Aflatoxin awareness

• Aflasafe use

• Aflatoxin testing – 100% met standard

• Incentive for meeting aflatoxin standard

• Warehousing

• Output marketing – linking to market

• Return profit after sale ($140/ha)

• Farmers keep part of the harvest for family use

Summary • Aflatoxins in food and feed pervasive in Africa

• Biological control in conjunction with other management practices can dramatically reduce aflatoxin contamination and improve food safety and security

• Efforts underway to pilot commercialization of aflatoxin biocontrol and develop regional strains

• Technologies available but must be implemented to reduce aflatoxin burden in African economies and food system

• Support and partnership needed from national governments, regulators, donors/investors, private food/feed sector and farmer groups

www.iita.org

Experimental varieties

Aflatoxin reduction (%)

Resistance alone

Biocontrol alone

Resistance + Biocontrol

RSYN2-Y 66 (60) 91 (90) 97 (96)

RSYN3-W 88 (46) 74 (94) 97 (97)

SYN3-Y 68 (66) 91 (95) 97 (98)

TZB-SR (Susc.) 58 (1152) ppb 92 (86)

% Reduction in experimental varieties compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions

% Reduction in varieties with biocontrol compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions

% Reduction in biocontrol treated plots compared to control plots of the same experimental variety

% Reduction in varieties with biocontrol compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions

% Reduction in biocontrol treated plots compared to untreated plots of the same variety

Synergistic Effect of Resistance and

Biocontrol in Reducing Aflatoxins at Harvest and after poor storage

Ibadan IITA

Tucson

USDA/ARS IITA, USDA & Doreo have Teamed up to Bring

Aflatoxin Prevention to Africa

Made Possible by Many National Partners in Ministries, Industry, and on the Farm

Nigeria

For more information about aflatoxin biocontrol for Africa, check out: www.aflasafe.com

http://www.entwicklung.at/en/

farmer-centric, action-oriented innovation platforms for promoting adoption of aflatoxin biocontrol...

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