biocontrol english

The IPM is a general philosophy of safe and effective pest control that uses various control methods to reduce the

population of a particular parasite.

Identifying and understanding

life cycles, breeding sites, and threshold density , the application can be tolerated without total loss of crops

and the choice of applications that are experiencing this specific problem.

Management of diseases-infectionsBiotechnological chemicals from cultured microorganisms

The steps1. Implement prevention strategies.

2. Check plants or symptoms of harmful organisms.

3. Identify the pest and level of injury.

4. Specify when to take action.

5. Application of management strategies.

6. Evaluation of results. .

IPM options:


1. Chemical control 2. Biological control 3. Natural control 4. Field inspections 5. With hygiene 6. With rotations 7. With resistant plants (genetic resistance) The cornerstone, however, for Integrated pest management is the monitoring.

IPM options:


The biocontrol includes:The use of a organism or organisms to reduce diseases and infections of plants. Here we will refer to the use of microorganisms for this purpose. Also included in the biocontrol The phytochemicals, i.e. plant (chemicals) extracts, Semiochemichals

with plant protection action.

IPM options:


The UN Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as follows:

"Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to

or modify products or processes for special purposes "

The use of microorganisms such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes such as production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, bulk

food as the bioconversion of organic waste and genetically modified bacteria to clean

pollutants

Biotechnology :


Innovative technology designed to make agricultural

production more efficient and profitable.

Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts

confer a health benefit to the host.

Derivatives culture microorganisms Phytochemicals semiochemicals biotechnology.

Molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, Microbiology, cell culture, biochemistry, etc.


Synthetic chemical insecticides provide many benefits but alsorisks causing.The alternative is to use products containing micro-organisms ortheir products.Microbial products are particularly valuable because of itsextremely low toxicity to non-target animals and humans.Over 90 species of bacteria have been isolated which areentomopathogenic but only a few have been studied intensively.Particular attention was given to the first Bacillus thuringiensis.


Market Review of classic products

Fermented products Saccharopolispora spinosa isolated from soil to plant sugar (rum) in virgin islands-Virgin islands. Spinosyns comes from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns are found in more than 20 physical forms, and over 200 synthetic types (chemical spinosoids) are produced. The insecticidal activity is based on compounds which are contained in a racemic mixture of two spinosoids, spinosyn A, the main component, and spinosyn D is the secondary.



Fermented products Streptomyces avermitilis avermectins contain a series of 16-state macrocyclic lactone derivatives with potent antelminthikesand insecticidal properties. Other anthelmintic substances derived from the avermectins,include ivermectin, selamectin, doramectin, abamectin.



The avermectins block the permeability of the electrical activity innerve and muscle cells by stimulating the release and binding ofgamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in nerve endings. This causesan influx of chloride ions into the cells which lead tohyperpolarization and subsequent paralysis of neuromuscularsystems.The avermectins therapy is not without its drawbacks.Resistance to avermectins has been reported and suggested touse in moderation.



Trade name Active ingredient Company

Solo Products

Abound™ 2.08F azoxystrobin Syngenta

Amistar™ 80WG azoxystrobin Syngenta

Heritage™ 50WG azoxystrobin Syngenta

Quadris™ 2.08SC azoxystrobin Syngenta

Reason™ 500SC fenamidone Bayer

Disarm™ 480SC fluoxastrobin Arysta

Cygnus™ 50WG kresoxim methyl BASF

Sovran™ 50WG kresoxim methyl BASF

Cabrio™ 20EG pyraclostrobin BASF

Compass™ 50WG trifloxystrobin Bayer

Flint™ 50WG trifloxystrobin Bayer

It is effective against spore germination

and early development of mycelium.

Once the pathogenic fungus developed within

leaf tissue, the QoI have little or no effect.



Strobilurus tenacellus saprophyte mushroom is found and buriedin mulch of pine Pinus sylvestris.Strobilurus tenacellus is a saprobiotic fungus rot wood, found insmall groups in neutral and often partially buried cones of Scotspine (Pinus sylvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra) sometimes inspruce (Picea) in coniferous and mixed forests.The fungus produces the natural microbial metabolite (antibiotic)strobilurin A, which has been mentioned as a new compound ofthis kind in 1977;



Fungicides quinone outside inhibitors QoI inhibitors (inhibitmitochondrial respiration of fungi include three families offungicides known family strobilurine strobilurins and two newfamilies, represented by fenamidone and famoxadone.QoI fungicides approved for example, include strobilurine quinoneinhibitors azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin.This group of fungicides (QoI) should be applied preventively or asearly as possible in the disease cycle.



You worry for fungicide resistance?Until today the group QoI fungicides are only effective to acertain position of pathogenic fungi, are prone to resistance.To date there have been 23 different plant pathogens that havesome level of resistance to QoI fungicides (result of genemutations).



All QoI fungicides have translaminar move. The fungicide azoxystrobin moves translaminar as systemically (in the vascular system of plants, or "plumbing"). Fungicides kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin translaminar move. translaminar movement can take one to several days to be fully effective ..

Thus, farmers can not achieve the optimal control of the disease if the QoI fungicides applied to incomplete coverage within 24 hours from the time of infection ..



The systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which refers to the resistance caused by pathogenic microorganisms which attack

above-ground parts of the plant

and induced systemic resistance (ISR), which refers to the resistance caused by microorganisms (which may or may not be

pathogenic) and induced resistance against insects (IRH)

All three are usually caused by upward direction for a period of several days or weeks.


3 mechanisms

Acquired –Induced systemic resistance

The induced resistance followed after inoculation with non-

pathogenic strains or non pathogens

or other microorganisms

It is specific recognition of microorganism and we have incompatibility so we do not have the pathogenesis

and disease development.


Specific recognition-no specific recognition


Recognition of pathogen receptors elicits the plant.

Phase II. Some minutes later by the interaction starts an oxidative burst of production of reactive oxygen species occurs (H2O2 and O2). This is the preamble of the plant cell response to attack by pathogens and called no special recognition takes place

in specific interactions and non-specific interactions. Phase III. A second oxidative burst occurs more dynamic and more prolonged than the direct, correlates with the resistance of the plant and the pathogen occurs in

specific interactions, followed cascade of signals to finish with the resistance against the pathogen. incompability of receptors elicits the plant resistance

against pathogens.

1




PRR

PRP

Enforced of cell wall

Phytoalexinsproduction

Hypersensitive response HRReactive oxygen species

1 oxidative burst

Cell wall

Cytoplasmic membrane

ΡRR Pattern recognition receptor

INCOMPATIBILITY

No specific elicitor

Microorganism

Specific elicitor

COMPAMBILITY

Specific recognition

Cytoplasm

Pathogen related proteins PRPs

ISRInduced systemic resistance

The compatibility

leads to infection.Incompatibility

result

specific recognition

activation of defense

mechanisms,

PRPNo specific recognition

Signal transduction

Reactive oxygen speciestwo waves

Production of phytoalexinsEnforced of cell wall

Biotechnological chemicals from cultured microorganisms

Management of diseases-infections

Signal transduction



Biotechnological chemicals from cultured microorganisms

Management of diseases-infections

Biocontrol


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biocontrol english

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