VIII trends in analytical chemistry, vol. 5, no. 9, I986

More than 200 industries, univer- sities, and research laboratories have called NBS requesting help with spe- cific applications of microwave tech- niques. Chemists are typically ad- vised of container pressure limits and equipment configurations to prevent uncontrolled venting of superheated acids. The method of predicting tem- perature from microwave power has eliminated the need to guess about actual operating conditions.

Though requests for quick advice are common, some groups have es- tablished more formal, longer-term relationships with NBS to study mi- crowave dissolution. Some exam- ples: l Los Alamos National Laborato-

ry in New Mexico is investigat- ing the effectiveness of micro- waves in breaking down biologi- cal samples such as buffalo and

human bone tissue. Scientists there have sought help at NBS in researching the elemental com- position of bone tissue for an- thropological studies of animal and human behavior.

l Hints about the origins of early earth crust are the goals of scien- tists at the Carnegie Institution of Washington (DC), who are using microwave techniques to prepare samples of rocks older than 2500 million years for iso- topic analysis.

l E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company scientists plan to use remotely controlled microwave equipment to dissolve and ana- lyze radioactive sludge samples at the Defense Waste Processing Facility under construction at the Savannah River Plant in Ai- ken, SC, U.S.A. Du Pont oper-

ates the plant for the Depart- ment of Energy.

Kingston and Jassie now are fine- tuning the techniques even further. For example, they are experimenting with a novel fiber-optic temperature- sensing system to monitor tempera- ture more accurately and efficiently than the thermocouples they have been using. Also, they hope to im- prove the valve apparatus for the Teflon vessels, and to test ways to automate the dissolution process.

Industries, universities, or govern- ment agencies interested in learning more about the NBS/CEM research should contact Dr. Howard M. Kingston or Lois B. Jassie, A353 Chemistry Building, National Bu- reau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, U.S.A. Telephone: (301) 921-3674.

Tswett Chromatography Medals 1986

The M.S. Tswett Chromatography Medal was awarded in 1974 for the first time. It is intended as public rec- ognition of important achievements and research in the field of chro- matography. This year five medals have been awarded to C. A. Cram- ers, B. L. Karger, E. Bayer, S. Hara and H. Miyazaki .

C. A. Cramers

Carolus Alfonsus Cramers was born on September 4, 1935, in Bre- da, The Netherlands. After studying at the College of Chemical Engi-

neering in Heerlen, he entered Eind- hoven University of Technology where he received an M.S. in chemi- cal engineering in 1963, and a techni- cal doctorate in 1967. After gradua- tion he spent one year at the Univer- sity of California in Los Angeles. Re- turning to Eindhoven as an assistant professor, he was appointed an asso- ciate professor in analytical chemis- try in 1974, and a full professor in 1978.

Dr. Cramers is the author and co- author of over 100 scientific and technical publications. Under his di- rection eleven Ph.D. theses have been prepared at Eindhoven Univer- sity of Technology.

Dr. Cramers became involved in chromatography in graduate school, under the late professor A. I. M. Keulemans. His doctorate thesis was entitled ‘Some problems encoun- tered in high-resolution gas chro- matography’ and reported on the ef- fect of sample introduction on capil- lary column performance, on the de- velopment of novel inlet systems, and on studies on pyrolysis-gas chro- matography with special respect to the identification of unknown com- pounds by this technique. He has

been active in chromatography ever since; his major fields of interest are open-tubular (capillary) columns particularly columns with small diametersoptimization of the analyt- ical conditions, and high-speed chro- matography, micro-packed columns, pyrolysis-gas chromatography of hydrocarbons, and the combined use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

B.A. Karger

Barry Lloyd Karger was born on April 2, 1939, in Boston, MA, U.S.A. He graduated in 1960 from the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, receiving a B.S. degree in

(Continued onp. X)

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X trends in analytical chemistry, vol. 5, ~0. 9,1986

chemistry, and.in 1963 from Cornell University with a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry. He joined Northeastern University of Boston in 1963 as an as- sistant professor and rose to the rank of professor in 1972. In 1985 he was appointed to the James L. Waters Chair in analytical chemistry. In 1973 Dr. Karger was a founder of the Institute of Chemical Analysis at Northeastern University which, in 1983, was renamed the Barnett Insti- tute of Chemical Analysis and Mate- rials Science. Dr. Karger has been the director of the Institute since its inception. Today, this Institute con- sists of a large number of graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and senior staff, with research activities in a broad range of chromatographic areas.

Dr. Karger is the author and co- author of over 140 publications. At Northeastern University, approxi- mately 50 graduate students have ob- tained Ph.D.‘s under his direction.

Dr. Karger has been a pioneer in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). He has been active over his career with ma- nipulating chemical equilibria in both the mobile and stationary phases to achieve selectivity optimization. He was the first to show that chiral spe- cies can be separated by reversed- phase liquid chromatography, using chiral additives to the mobile phase. Currently, his focus is on the applica- tion of HPLC to the biological sciences, with a special interest in biopolymer separations. His re- search involves the design of station- ary phases and the influence of those phases on the three-dimensional structure of biopolymers.

E. Bayer

Ernst Bayer was born on March 27, 1927, in LudwigshafenlRhein,

F.R.G. He studied chemistry at the Universities of Heidelberg and Frei- burg, receiving his M.S. degree in 1952, and his Ph.D. in 1954. His doc- toral thesis was done at the Max Planck Institut fur Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, under Pro- fessor Richard Kuhn, the winner of the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His thesis dealt with investigations of hemovanadine, the vanadium-con- taining blood-coloring compound. After graduation, Dr. Bayer re- mained for one year at the Institute of Professor Kuhn. In 1955 he joined the Government Research Institue at Geilweilerhof, as the head of the Department of Chemistry and Phys- iology. In 1958 he became an asso- ciate professor at the Institute of Or- ganic Chemistry of the Technical University of Karlsruhe. In 1962 he was elected to the Chair of Organic- Chemistry and as the director of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the University of Tubingen. Between 1967 and 1970 he served as the Ro- bert A. Welch Professor of Chemis- try at the University of Houston (Texas, USA). In 1970 he returned to Ttibingen University to his former position.

Dr. Bayer is the author and co-au- thor of over 300 publications.

Dr. Bayer’s basic field of research has been organic chemistry, partic- ularly natural substances such as me- tal complexes, antibiotics, peptides and nucleotides, enzymes, etc. He became involved in chromatography in 1956, with the GC studies of amino acid derivatives and the flavoring compounds of wines. Since then, his pioneering research in chromato- graphy included investigations on stationary phase selectivity, the use of biological objects (silk moth) as GC detector, flavor analysis, on-line coupling of gas and liquid chromato- graphy with mass spectrometry and of liquid chromatography with con- tinuous-flow NMR spectroscopy, de- velopment of a micro-adsorption de- tector for liquid chromatography, analysis of peptides and nucleotides, preparative liquid chromatography (the separation of sequence isomers of nucleotides and porphyrins), de- velopment of chiral phases for the GC separation of enantiomers and

basic studies on chiral recognition. Most recently, he has been involved in the development of pressure- stable polymeric beads for HPLC and in the NMR investigations of the chromatographic mechanism in HPLC.

S. Hara

Shoji Hara was born on January 5, 1927, in Shiki, Japan. Both his grandfather and father were phar- macists in this town and it was his original intention to follow them, eventually taking over the family pharmacy. Therefore, he studied at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Tokyo University graduating in 1950 as a li- cenced pharmacist. However, in- stead of joining his father he re- mained at the University as a re- search fellow and continued his stud- ies. He received his Ph.D. in the Spring of 1960 with a thesis dealing with steroid synthesis. Immediately after he joined the Tokyo College of Pharmacy as a professor, a position he has held ever since.

Dr. Hara is the author and co-au- thor of over 200 scientific and techni- cal publications, and the author or editor of 30 books on organic and an- alytical chemistry, especially chro- matography. He has also translated several books from German and English into Japanese.

In the early part of his career Dr. Hara was primarily involved in the synthesis of natural products and re- lated biologically active compounds. He had already utilized chromato- graphy at this time, e.g., as an effi- cient purification process in organic synthesis. He pioneered in the utili- zation of thin-layer chromatography

trends in analytical chemistry, vol. 5, no. 9,1986

in Japan. In the past 20 years he has been active in fundamental studies on chromatographic retention and its mechanism, on the mechanism of chiral recognition, on the elucidation of metabolic pathways of pharma- ceuticals, and on the development of continuous flow systems.

H. Miyazaki

Hiroshi Miyazaki was born on June 1, 1929, in Yokohama, Japan. He studied at Tokyo College of Phar- macy, graduating in 1950. In 1976 he received a Ph.D. from Tohoku Uni- versity.

In 1950 Dr. Miyazaki joined Nip- pon Kayaku and has been associated

with this company ever since. Since 1974 he is also a lecturer at the Phar- maceutical Institute of Tohoku Uni- versity and since 1978 at the Science Institute of Tokyo Metropolitan Uni- versity.

Dr. Miyazaki is the author or co- author of over 100 scientific and technical papers. He is also the co- author of two books.

Dr. Miyazaki’s achievements in separation sciences are mainly re- lated to the study of biologically im- portant substances and drug metabo- lism utilizing chromatography and isotachophoresis. Among others he developed methods for the prepara- tion of novel derivatives to be used in the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of biologically impor- tant substances such as prostaglan- dins, bile acids, biogenic amines, etc. In capillary electrophoresis he pi- oneered in the development of the proper instrumentation and in its use for the separation of biologically im- portant substances. He also devel- oped a new index system for isota- chophoresis, similar to the retention index system used in GC, to express the retention characteristics of a sub- stance.

China’s science and technology

Looking to the year 2000, the People’s Republic of China is strain- ing to catch up with the industrialized nations and to close the technology gap. In recent years China has mod- ified its policies to hasten devel- opment and modernization. Chemis- try plays a vital role in China’s pro- gram of Four Modernizations (agri- culture; industry; science and tech- nology; national defense) and the re- duction of the technology gap.

For chemists, this gap is due to two major problems. The first problem is the unavailability of adequate mate- rials and instrumentation. This prob- lem is being overcome gradually through an increase in domestic pro- duction coupled with the importing of domestically unavailable materi- als and instrumentation. Often, spe-

0165-9936/86/.$02.00.

cial analysis, testing and/or computa- tional centers are established at uni- versities, research institutes and ma- jor cities to house new equipment. The goal of these centralized facili- ties is to give a wide range of re- searchers access to modern instru- mentation.

The second problem facing chem- ists is the lack of technically trained people at all levels. For example, while most imported instrumentation is microprocessor or computer con- trolled, most Chinese universities have only recently established mod- ern computer centers to train stu- dents. This problem is slowly being resolved through improvements in the overall educational system. One important trend is the addition of more ‘hands-on’ experience to bal-

XI

ante the already well developed the- oretical foundations. Large contribu- tions are being made by thousands of returning Chinese scholars who have gained invaluable expertise while working in research laboratories throughout the world.

Despite these problems, China’s chemists have made rapid progress that is representative of the overall growth of science and technology in China. Based on this progress of re- cent years we can expect more Chi- nese contributions in many areas of science and technology.

To maintain and even increase the rate of development the Chinese government continues to welcome foreign investment in its moderniza- tion plans. Many foreign companies are putting their capital and exper- tise behind China’s push for modern- ization. Unfortunately, both large and small companies are encounter- ing difficulties that sometimes out- weigh the benefits of partnership. These problems are often due to dif- ferences in cultural, political and economic systems.

To provide assistance in overcom- ing these problems affecting both Western and Chinese firms, Man- agement Technologies International has recently opened the Internation- al Science and Technology Consult- ing Center (ISTCC) in Tianjin, Chi- na’s third largest city and a major in- dustrial center. In order to provide solutions for these problems the eighty Chinese and Western profes- sionals on the staff of the ISTCC are divided into three groups. The first group specializes in management, fi- nancial, marketing and legal prob- lems. The second group provides cross-cultural and language training. The third group provides expertise in various areas of science and technol- ogy for cases that involve technology transfer.

All three groups work together with the support staff of the ISTCC to provide a full range of services from assisting with initial inquiries and market analyses through nego- tiation and construction to operation and expansion. These services are made available in China to firms in- terested in setting up mutually bene- ficial cooperative ventures while

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