TRANSLATION OF DEIXIS

IN THE VOYAGE OF THE DAWN TREADER NOVEL

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

Risqa Auliyani

1111026000007

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

i

ABSTRACT

Risqa Auliyani. Translation of Deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader Novel.

A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State

Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.

This research is aimed to know how is deixis translation in the Voyage of

the Dawn Treader novel by C. S. Lewis which is translated from English into

Indonesian by Indah S. Pratidina. This research analyzes four types of deixis that

is used by the author that arise the differences between English and Indonesian.

The method of this research is qualitative descriptive method. The writer

analyzes and describes the translation of deixis from the the Voyage of the Dawn

Treader novel. This research uses the theory of deixis from George Yule and

Levinson about explanation and types of deixis.

The result of this research reveals that English and Indonesian difference

in using deixis. The difference of cultures between English and Indonesian is

influencing in translating deixis words in order to give a communicative

translation to readers.

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best

of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in

text.

Jakarta, 29 September 2015

Risqa Auliyani

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most

Merciful for all the favor to complete this thesis. Many salutation and benediction

to the Greatest Prophet Muhammad SAW for his conveying the words of God, the

light of humanism and peace.

The writer would like to express her gratitude to her lovely parents, (Alm)

Drs. Maslan and Dra. Hj. Bastiah, for their motivations, prayers, supports and all

of their contribution in the writer’s life. The writer also would like to thank to her

beloved siblings, Mas Bas Thomi and Nur Laili Anggraini, who always give the

writer the privilege of pursuing the interest in University and financially

supporting the writer to complete her bachelor degree.

Many words of thanks are also addressed to her advisor Dr. Frans Sayogie,

S.H., M.H., M.Pd for his time, guidance, kindness, and motivation to finish this

paper. The special thanks is also dedicated to :

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities

Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department,

and Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum as the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

3. All of the lecturers in the English Letters Department for teaching her

valuable lessons.

4. All librarians and Academic Staffs of Letters and Humanities Faculty.

5. The writer’s best friends: Risna, Dewi, Wilda, Yusra, Bagja, Septian,

Rizulmi, and Haikal. Thank you so much for the time that have been

spent together and for filling my day with your cheerfullness.

6. The big Family of Literature Class 2011, the writer will always miss

them.

vi

7. For those the writer cannot mention the name either directly and

indirectly helping the writer in finishing the thesis. Hopefully, this

writer’s work will be useful for those who are interested in it. May

Allah blesses us. Amen.

Jakarta, September 2015

The Writer

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................ ii

LEGALIZATION .............................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………………… xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study………………………………….. 1

B. Focus of The Study ……………………………………...... 3

C. Research Questions ………………………………………. 3

D. Significance of The Study ................................................... 3

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objectives of Research ........................................... 4

2. The Method of Research ................................................ 4

3. The Instrument of Research ........................................... 4

4. The Unit of Analysis ………………………………….. 5

5. The Technique of Data Analysis .................................... 5

CHAPTER II THE CONCEPT OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. Previous Research ............................................................... 6

B. Concept

1. Definition of Deixis …………………………………. 9

2. Types of Deixis………………………………………. 10

a. Person Deixis ......................................................... 11

b. Spatial Deixis ......................................................... 13

viii

c. Temporal Deixis .................................................... 15

d. Social Deixis ......................................................... 18

e. Discourse Deixis ................................................... 20

3. Cultural in Deixis Translation ..................................... 21

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. The Data Description ....................................................... 24

B. The Data Analysis ............................................................ 29

C. Research Findings ............................................................ 44

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ...................................................................... 48

B. Suggestions ...................................................................... 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………… 50

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………. 52

ix

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Deictic Expressions in English ………..…………………………… 10

Table 2. English Personal Pronouns ………………………………………… 12

Table 3. Indonesian Personal Pronouns ……………………………..……… 12

Table 4. Demonstratives and Locative Adverbs in English ………...……… 14

Table 5. Example of Indonesian Spatial Deixis ……………………….……. 15

Table 6. Examples of Temporal Deixis ..…………………………………… 16

Table 7. Indonesian Temporal Deixis ………………………………………. 18

Table 8. Data Description ……………………………………………………24

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Translating deixis is one problem that is experienced by a translator.

Deixis can make references of demonstratives or pronouns in a context change.

Throughout the translation of deixis, there is an assumption that the use of terms

to refer to people and things was a relatively straightforward matter. A translator

must reveal who is speaking in a context.

Deixis translation is used in an effort to saving the terms, efficiency and

effectiveness of the use of language. In natural language, deixis is fundamentally

grounded in bodily experience and situated interactions between the

interlocutors.1 Translating deixis sometimes causes difficulties for a translator in

translating process. Background of culture is one reason that can make a

translation text of deixis become ambiguous. Such as Larson said that “One of the

difficult problems in translation is the cultural differences between source

language text and target language text”.2

Translating deixis is not easy, but deictic terms always found in a context.

Through using of deixis, readers will be easier and faster to understand a text. In

addition, long sentences may turn to be short and effective when using deictic

terms. So, deixis translation must be translated carefully in order to avoid the

1 Holger Diessel, Deixis and Demonstratives. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, Paul

Portner (eds.), An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, (Berlin: Mouton de

Gruyter, 2012) Vol. 3, p. 2. 2 Mildred L. Larson, Meaning –Based Translation; A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence,

(USA: University Press of America, Inc, 1984), p. 137.

2

ambiguity of readers. It is crucial for the translator to be aware that a linguistic

form like deixis is available in many languages which may even belong to

different language families.3

Translating is an effort to reveal the message contained in the text of one

language or source language into another language or target language.4 A

translator should has knowledge about the social identity (gender, age, rank, and

status) of speakers. It can be seen from the following example.

Example English-Indonesian

SL: “Sir, I am sorry for coming late this morning.”

TL: “Bapak, maafkan saya karena telah datang terlambat pagi ini.”

From the sentences above, it can be seen the term I is translated into saya.

When someone talks to a person that older than he or she. It is important to be

politeness and give a respect in Indonesian culture. Election in using term saya in

translate language is needed to be more polite. Thus, both contexts source

language and target language do not mean same, but both sentences contain a

same “value” in order to be more communicative to target readers.

Therefore, the researcher interests to analyze deixis translation in a novel.

Novel has become an option for the researcher, because the researcher will find

many deixis in a novel. Furthermore, the researcher will analyze the various of

deixis terms which is found from original text and translation text.

3 Hicham Semlali, Translating Deixis: A Subjective Experience, (Thesis for the Degree of Doctor

of Philosophy, Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies University of Edinburgh,

Scotland, 2006), p. 49. 4 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006),

p. 28.

3

B. Focus of the Study

According to the previous explanation, this research is limited by focusing

on the types of deixis found in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel, analyzing

the various deictic terms that appeared because of the background of target

language culture. This restriction is needed to consider the wide scope of this

study, while the time is limit.

C. Research Questions

According to the background of the research above, the problems that will

be discussed of this research are:

1. What types of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel?

2. How is translation of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel?

D. Significance of Study

The significance of the research is to give a new contribution in

translations study, especially about deixis translation. Theoretically; the result of

this study is hopefully giving useful information for developing translation of

deixis moreover in the cultural influences. Practically; the result of this study is

hopefully giving useful information for the readers and the researcher herself to

understand the process of translator in translating deixis from a novel. Also it is

hopefully giving the inspiration for the other students who want to develop the

similar study.

4

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

The objective of this research are stated in this following:

a. Describing types of translation of deixis in the the Voyage of The

Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version.

b. Analyzing the using of deictic terms depending on the cultural

differences of English and Indonesian in the Voyage of the Dawn

Treader novel.

2. The Method of Research

This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Through this method,

the researcher will describe the deictic terms used in the novel. In this research,

the researcher analyzes and classifies the deictic terms appeared on the Voyage of

the Dawn Treader novel. Then the researcher describes how the translator

translated the deictic terms from English into Indonesian depending on the

cultural differences.

3. The Instrument of Research

The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself, she gets

information by reading some books, journals, and other references. Then, she

analyzes the selected data by reading, identifying, grouping the deictic terms by

applying the theory by George Yule and Levinson about deixis.

5

4. The Unit of Analysis

The analysis unit of this research is the Voyage of the Dawn Treader

novel. This novel is the third edition of seventh novel The Chronicles of Narnia

and had finished writing in 1950 by C. S. Lewis. The researcher also uses the

translation versión which translated by Indah S. Pratidina into Indonesian in 2005.

5. The Technique of Data Analysis

In this study, the researcher uses some steps to analyze deixis translation

in the Voyage of The Dawn Treader novel. In analyzing the data, there are some

steps that have to be noticed by the researcher, such as:

a. The researcher will find out the deictic terms from Indonesian and English

novel text.

b. The researcher will analyze the deictic terms depends on the types of deixis.

c. The researcher will analyze culture influences in using deictic terms

depending on the theory of George Yule. It is the most basic distinction

between deictic expressions in the source language text and target language

text.

6

CHAPTER II

THE CONCEPT OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. Previous Researches

There are some researches who have analyzed about deixis. A research by

Youwen Yang (2011) that entitled A Cognitive Interpretation of Discourse Deixis

is analyzing about deixis. The paper aims at proposing a cognitive structure for

discourse deixis, in terms of which deixis is understood and used to structure

reality, so that reality is internally experienced and hence reproduced or changed.

The paper also tries to argue that discourse deixis is metaphorically derived from

place deixis. This analysis is consistent with and confirms the spatialization-of-

form hypothesis, which requires a metaphorical mapping from physical space onto

a conceptual space. To be specific, discourse deixis is based on the metaphorical

understanding of discourse as time and time as space.1

The second prior is a research by Edward Jay Mansarate Quinto that

entitled Stylistic Analysis of Deictic Expressions in President Benigno Aquino

III’s October 30th Speech. This paper analyses how the President of the

Philippines, Benigno Simeon Aquino III, or simply PNoy, deployed persons, time,

location and social relationships in the English translation of his October 30th

televised national address and what meaning and effect does such deployment of

referring expressions bring about in understanding the nature of the political

speech. Using the frameworks of Hanks (2005) and Buhler (1934), this paper

1 Youwen Yang. Theory and Practice in Language Studies: A Cognitive Interpretation of

Discourse Deixis. (Finland: ACADEMY PUBLISHER. February 2011), Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 134.

7

examines how, PNoy strategically sets up the deictic field by placing several

personal, temporal, spatial and social deictic expressions in what initially is a

ground zero. The deployment creates a deictic field in which the Filipino people

are situated at deictic centre and the President and his critics are in binary

opposition. PNoy’s deployment of deictic expressions is very effectively done so

that the deictic centre is persuaded to judge the president and his government

favourably and the binary opposite in the deictic field, unfavourably. Through a

systematic stylistic account of deixis in political speech, this paper argues that not

only personal deixis, as previous studies put forth, but also temporal, spatial and

social deixis helps political actors to persuade the audience in their favour and

ultimately boost leverage in their political discourse and outside.2

In addition, a study by Shirong Zhang, et.al., that entitled An Analysis of

Cultural Differences in Chinese and English First-person Deixis from the

Perspective of Pragmatic Empathy. In this contrastive study, he explained that the

first-person deixis, as an essential component of pragmatics, may indicate the

social status, interpersonal relationship and other factors of the conversational

parties, thus reflecting the implicit cultural in a particular society. Therefore, the

different uses in first-person deixis of different languages may imply the cultural

differences among different societies. In view of this, based on the theory of

pragmatic empathy, this thesis attempts to explore the implied cultural differences

reflected in the specific uses of the first-person deixis in English and Chinese. The

following is the cultural differences: a) the difference between the collectivism

2 Edward Jay Mansarate Quinto. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies.

Stylistic Analysis of Deictic Expressions in President Benigno Aquino III’s October 30th Speech

(Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2014), Vol 20(2), pp. 1 – 18.

8

orientation in Chinese culture (I-less and other-oriented culture) and the

individualism orientation in western culture (self-oriented culture); b) the

difference between Chinese mindset of intuitive integrity and the mindset of

analytical logic in western cultures; c) the difference between the impact of

Chinese ideology of power hierarchy and 礼Li (politeness) and the influence of

western ideology of solidarity (or equality); d) the different origins of the royal we

in English and the humble wo-men in Chinese; e) and the difference between

affective type of relationship in Chinese culture and the instrumental type of

relationship in western culture. Keeping those differences in mind will be a help

to bridge the gap between the different cultures in our daily intercultural

communications. Meanwhile, more detailed study in this orientation still remains

to be conducted for the future language teaching and research.3

Based on the previous research above, it can be seen that many researchers

have proved that deixis can affect the language of many people in particular

society, includes daily conversation. Through this study, the researcher will prove

that translation of deixis can affected by language in particular society. The

researcher will analyze the translation of deixis from several conversations in a

novel that written by C. S. Lewis that entitled the Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Therefore, in this study the researcher analyzes the novel by using deixis theory

proposed by George Yule and Levinson.

3 Shirong Zhang, et.al. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. An Analysis of Cultural

Differences in Chinese and English First-person Deixis from the Perspective of Pragmatic

Empathy (Finland: ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland, October 2013), Vol. 3,

No. 10, pp. 1868-1872.

9

B. Concept

In this chapter, the researcher includes the definition of deixis, types of

deixis, and culture in deixis translation.

1. Definition of Deixis

Many experts try to give definition about deixis, including Yule and

Levinson. Yule said that deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the

most basic things we do with utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any

linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression.

They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be

used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial

deixis (‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (‘now’, ‘then’). When someone

notices a strange object and ask, ‘what is that?’, then he/she will use a deictic

expression (‘that’) to indicate something in the immediate context.4

Levinson gives an overview about deixis. He wrote that deixis is a term

which its reference always moves or changes depending on the context. He also

stated that deixis is a part of pragmatics that has connection with certain term or

sentence that changes because of the context. The change of context in sentence is

often caused by the change of situation including personal, time and place.5 For

example from a sentence: “Meet me here a week from today with a stick this big.”

The terms "me," "here," "today," and "this," do not have clear referents and are

very difficult to understand. Besides that, we do not know who to meet, whether

4 George Yule, op.cit., p. 9.

5 Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.

54.

10

her or him.6 The most basic way of referring to something is to point to it. In a

basic level, every language has deitic terms. Deitic terms are used to point to

things in the physical-social context of the speaker and addressee.7

Table 1: Deictic Expressions in English8

Dimension Proximal Distal

Object This That

Place Here There

Person I You

Time Now Then

Day Today Yesterday/Tomorrow

Tense Present Past-Future

Deixis is a site and used for identifying people, object, event, process or an

activity that is being spoken or referred into space and time dimension. Consider

the following example: “We are now sitting on the bus.” The term “we” refers to

the person uttering the sentence. The temporal deixis “now” is dependent on the

moment of statement is uttered. The term “on the bus” indicates a place where the

participant in the speech event.

2. Types of Deixis

In this study, the researcher uses theory from George Yule in the three

types of deixis. Three kinds of deixis by Yule in his Pragmatics are: person

6 Fahed Hussein Ahmed Alsaif, Deixis in English and Arabic: a semantic-pragmatic study and its

pedagogical implications, Journal International of University of Pune (India, April 2008), p. 170 7 Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 144.

8 Fahed Hussein Ahmed Alsaif, loc.cit.

11

deixis, temporal deixis, and spatial deixis. The researcher also adds two other

types of deixis by Levinson, they are social deixis and discourse deixis.

a. Person Deixis

Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the

speech events in which the utterance is delivered. Person deixis clearly operates

on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person (‘I’),

second person (‘you’), and third person (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’). In many languages these

deictic categories are speaker, addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers

of relative social status (for example, addressee with higher status versus

addressee with lower status). Expressions which indicate higher status are

described as honorifics.9 The category of first person is the grammaticalization of

the speaker’s reference to himself, second person is encoding of the speaker’s

reference to one or more addressees, and third person is encoding of reference to

persons and entities which are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance.10

All of these is shown in the table (2).

Table 2: English Personal Pronouns11

Pronouns

1st person

I We

2sd

person You

3rd

person

He

She

It

9 George Yule, op.cit. p. 10.

10 Levinson (1983), loc.cit.

11 George Yule, op.cit, pp. 10-11.

12

From the table (2), we know that in English personal pronoun, I and We

are the speakers; You is the addressee; and He, She, and It are the others. There is

an exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee) and inclusive ‘we’

(speaker and addressee included). This distinction is not lexically explicit in

English, but it may also be noted in the difference between saying ‘Let’s go’ (to

some friends) and ‘Let us go’ (to someone who has captured the speaker and

friends). The action of going is inclusive in the first, but exclusive in the second.

In this case, the hearer gets to decide the kind of ‘more’ that is being

communicated.12

Table 3: Indonesian Personal Pronouns

Singular Plural

1st person Saya / Aku

Inclusive Exclusive

Kita Kami

2nd

person Familiar Non-familiar

Kalian Kau / Kamu Anda

3rd

person Ia / Dia / Beliau Mereka

From the table (3) we know that Saya, Aku, Kita, and Kami are the

speakers; Kau, Kamu, Anda, and Kalian are the addressee; and Ia, Dia, Beliau,

and Mereka are the others. In Indonesian, the first plural pronoun is divided into

two, they are inclusive and exclusive. Inclusive includes the speaker and the

12

George Yule, op.cit., pp. 11-12.

13

addressee, but exclusive includes the speaker and the others. It can be seen from

the following formula:

Exclusive: 1st person singular pronoun + 3

rd person singular pronoun = 1

st person

plural pronoun, example: aku + dia = kami.

Inclusive: 1st person singular pronoun + 2

nd person singular pronoun = 1

st person

plural pronoun, example: aku + kau = kita.

In the second person personal pronoun is also divided into two, they are

familiar and non-familiar. Familiar is when the addressee is a close in relationship

or someone in lower age than the speaker, but non-familiar is when the addressee

is someone that never met before or someone had known before but in older age

than the speaker.

b. Spatial Deixis

The concept of distance is relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative

location of people and things is being indicated. Spatial deixis is also known as

place deixis. All languages have at least two demonstratives, which are deictically

contrastive, locating the referent at two different points on a distance scale: a

proximal demonstrative referring to an entity near the deictic center, and a distal

demonstrative indicating a referent that is located at some distance to the deictic

centre.13

The basic of deixis is from context. Sometimes the referent of place deixis

is different from the meaning of its situation. In learning place deixis, the

13

Holger Diessel. Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization.( Amsterdam:

Benjamins, 1999), p. 12.

14

speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally and physically. Contemporary,

English uses only two adverbs, here and there, for the basic distinction, but in

older texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of deictic expressions can be

found.14

Such as Levinson states that English place deixis also can be formed by

demonstrative pronouns such as this and that.15

Table 4: Demonstratives and Locative Adverbs in English16

Demonstratives

Types

Deictic

Feature

Demonstrative

pronouns/Determiners

Demonstrative adverbs

(or locative adverbs)

Proximal to the speaker This Here

Distal from the speaker That There

From the table above we know that English spatial deixis can be found

from two adverbs, they are here and there; and two demonstratives, they are this

and that. Proximal to the speaker means the close object position from the

speaker or sometimes far from the object position, but distal is used to show the

far distance from the object position.

Regarding to Bambang Kuswanto Purwo, Indonesian has locative terms

that signify the spatial deixis. It can be seen as follows:

14

George Yule, op.cit. p. 12. 15

Levinson, (1983), op.cit. p. 79. 16

George Yule, op.cit, p. 12

15

Table 5: Example of Indonesian Spatial Deixis17

Locative Sini Situ Sana

From the table above we can see that Indonesian spatial deixis can be

found from three terms, they are sini, situ, and sana. Sini as a term that indicates

proximal to the speaker; but situ and sana as terms that indicate distal from the

speaker.

c. Temporal Deixis

Temporal deixis is also called time deixis. The use of the proximal form

‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speaker’s voice being heard

(the hearer’s ‘now’, the distal expression ‘then’ applies to both past and future

time relative to the speaker’s present time. It is usually grammaticalized in deictic

adverbs of time, such as now, then, this week, this afternoon, yesterday, today,

and many more. In other terms, time deixis refers to an expression that point to

certain period when the utterances produced by the speaker. All these expressions

depend for their interpretation on knowing the relevant utterance time.18

Time deixis is divided into some categories. According to Cruse, three

kinds of time deixis are: before the moment of utterance, at the time of utterance,

and after the time utterance.19

These three kinds have relation with grammatical

features. The grammatical categories called tenses usually encode a mixture of

deictic time distinctions and aspectual distinctions, which are often hard to

17

Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1984) 18

George Yule, op.cit., p.14. 19

Alan Cruse, Meaning in Language, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 321.

16

distinguish. In English, there are present tense as specifying that the state or event

holds or is occurring during a temporal span including the coding-time; the past

tense as specifying that the relevant span held before coding-time; the future as

specifying that the relevant span succeeds coding-time; the pluperfect (as in He

had gone) as specifying that the event happened at a time before an event

described in the past tense; and so on.20

All human languages have ways of locating events in time, even though

they may difference from one to another.21

The speakers of all languages are

always at the center, as it were, of the situation of utterance. It should also be

observed that the participants in a situation of utterance not only assume the roles

of speaker and hearer.22

The principal reference point for temporal deixis is the present, the

contextual time at which the utterance occurs. Time deixis consists of adverb of

time in the sequence “…yesterday…now…tomorrow….” The adverb also has

function. It indicates to a specific time. The term “yesterday” indicates to a day

before today. The term “now” indicates when the speaker says the utterance in the

speech event. The term “tomorrow” indicates to a day after today.23

In written or recorded uses of language, it can distinguish that coding time

from receiving time, and in particular languages there are often conventions about

20

Levinson, Deixis and Pragmatics, for Handbook of Pragmatics, (Norway: Max Planck Institute

for Psycholinguistics, 2004), p. 39. 21

Bernard Comrie. Tense (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 8. 22

John Lyons. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, (New York: Cambridge University Press,

1968), p. 275. 23

William Frawley. Linguistic Semantics, (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992) p.

187.

17

whether one writes “I am writing this today, so you will receive it tomorrow” or

something more like “I have written this yesterday so that you receive it today.”24

Table 6: Examples of Temporal Deixis

Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense

Yesterday Now Tomorrow

The past week That time The coming week

In days gone by This time The approaching year

Many languages in fact have no absolute deictic tenses25

, although

languages may pick up deictic interpretations by implicature. Yet other languages,

for example, Malay or Chinese, have no tenses at all.26

In English, the present

tense is the proximal form and the past tense is the distal form. Something having

taken place in the past, as in (1), is typically treated as distant from the speaker’s

current situation. Perhaps less obviously, something that is treated as extremely

unlikely (or impossible) from the speaker’s current situation is also marked via the

distal (past tense) form, as in27

(2)

(1) I live here now.

(2) I lived there then.

24

Laurence R. Horn, et.al. The Handbook of Pragmatics, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006). 25

Bernard Comrie. op.cit., p. 63. 26

Levinson (2004), op.cit., p. 40. 27

Yule, op.cit., p. 15.

18

Table 7: Indonesian Temporal Deixis28

2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Kemarin

dulu

Kemarin Sekarang Besok (hari)

(besok)

lusa

Tulat,

langkat

Tubin,

tungging

d. Social Deixis

Social deixis is concerned with aspects of sentences, which reflect or

establish or is determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the

speech act occurs. Levinson describes social deixis as the predetermination of

social differences that are relative to participant-roles, mainly aspects of the social

correlation that is possessed between the speaker and addressee(s) or the speaker

and some referents.29

Social deixis, however, truly cannot be separated from the concept of

honorifics. Furthermore, honorifics is concerned with the relative rank or respect

between speaker, referent, and also bystander. Social deixis is sometimes encoded

in person deixis, and it is related to the different social status (higher and lower)

between speaker and addressee. Moreover, it also deals with familiar and non-

familiar addressee in some languages.30

Social deixis has to do with the marking of social relationships in

linguistic expressions, with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role

of participants in the speech event. Special expressions exist in many languages,

28

Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, loc. cit. 29

Levinson (2004), op.cit., p. 50. 30

George Yule, op.cit, pp. 10-11.

19

including the honorifics well known in the languages of S. E. Asia, like Thai,

Japanese, Korean, and Javanese.31

A fairly well-known example of a social contrast encoded within person

deixis is the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar

addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction, from the

French forms ‘tu’ (familiar) and ‘vous’ (non-familiar), and is found in many

languages including German (‘du/Si’) and Spanish (‘tu/Usted’). The choice of one

form will certainly communicate something (not directly said) about the speaker’s

view of his or her relationship with the addressee. In those social contexts where

individuals typically mark distinctions between the social status of the speaker

and addressee, the higher, the older, and more powerful speaker will tend to use

the ‘tu’ version to a lower, younger, and less powerful addressee, and be

addressed by the ‘vous’ form in return. When social change is taking place, as for

example in modern Spain, where a young businesswoman (higher economic

status) is talking to her older cleaning lady (lower economic status), how do they

address each other? I am told that the age distinction remains more powerful than

the economic distinction and the older woman uses ‘tu’ and the younger uses

’Usted’.32

The Spanish non-familiar version (‘Usted’) is historically related to a form

which used to refer to neither first person (speaker) nor second person (addressee),

but to third person (some other). In deictic terms, third person is not a direct

participant in basic (I-you) interaction and, being an outsider, is necessarily more

31

Levinson (2004), op.cit., pp. 50-51. 32

George Yule, op.cit., pp. 10-11.

20

distant. Third person pronouns are consequently distal forms in terms of person

deixis. using a third person form, where a second person form would be possible,

is one way of communicating distance (and non-familiarity). 33

e. Discourse Deixis

Levinson stated that discourse or text deixis concerns the use of

expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that

contains that utterance (including the utterance itself).34

In other terms, discourse

deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contains the utterance

or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text. In English, the deictic terms

used by this deixis are “this” that refers to a forthcoming portion and “that” to a

preceding portion. In Indonesia, “ini” refers to a forthcoming portion and “itu”

refers to a preceding portion. It can be seen from the following example:

Indonesia-English translation

SL : O kalo gitu udah ini dong, lancar.

TL : Oh, in that case (he’s) already this, fluent in English.

Here the “proximal” demonstrative ini is used as a placeholder for the adjective

lancar. The placeholder demonstratives in Indonesian may stand in for nouns and

adjectives (or even verbs or parts of terms, not shown here), and that these

placeholder “repairs” may be produced fluently without any indication of term

formulation trouble aside from the use of the demonstrative.35

.

33

George Yule, op.cit., pp. 10-11. 34

Stephen C. Levinson, op cit, p. 85. 35

Nicholas Williams. Toward Anthropological Account of Deixis in Interaction: Ini and Itu in

Indonesian Conversation (Boulder: University of Colorado, June 2009) vol. 22, p. 9.

21

A distinction can be made between discourse deixis and anaphora,

although the two are obviously related. Anaphora picks up a previous reference to

an extralinguistics entity and repeats it, example: John entered the room. He

looked tired. The pronoun he refers to the same person that John refers to, but it

does not strictly refer to the term John itself. This is contrast with one John saw a

fox yesterday. Bill saw one, too, which picks up a term in previous discourse, but

not (necessarily) its referent. It must be admitted that in reference to a case like

therefore the distinction between discourse deixis and anaphora becomes some

blurred.36

3. Cultural in Deixis Translation

Translating is an effort to reveal the message contained in the text of one

language or source language into another language or target language.37

Translation is consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style.38

Culture is the way of life of manifestations that are peculiar to a

community that uses a particular language as its means of expressions.39

Corder

describes culture as sets of beliefs, political or ethical and behavior common to the

36

Alan Cruse. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics, 3rd

edition

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 406. 37

Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006),

p. 28. 38

Eugene A. Nida and Ch. R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation. Helps for

Translators, (Den Haag: Brill, 1974), p. 12. 39

Peter Newmark. A Textbook of Translation (Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International Ltd,

1988), p. 5.

22

member of community in which they share to a large extent of the way see the

world around them, interpret events, and consider what an important to them.

Accordingly, culture includes beliefs, norms, values, assumptions, expectations,

and plans of action.40

Most cultural terms are easy to detect, since they are associated with a

particular language and cannot be literary translated…where literal translation

would distort the meaning and a translation may include an appropriate

descriptive-functional equivalent.41

Therefore, in the process of translation, it is

needed to find and convey the meaning of one culture into another culture.

In addition, the example from the difference of culture in deixis translation

between Chinese first-person singular deixis and its English counterpart is that

Chinese often use I for de-empathizing, with a view to stressing the personal self.

With respect to their empathizing and de-empathizing usage, these Chinese first-

person singular deixis are defined as pragmatic empathetic deixis which refers to

the use of deictic forms to indicate emotional or other psychological distance or

proximity between addresser and addressee, whereas the English I in those cases

is naturally pragmatic de-empathetic deixis. Compared with English, the Chinese

shows a tendency towards putting themselves in a whole community. Chinese can

use wo and zan to implicitly indicate a certain community instead of only a

detached or completely independent individual. Nevertheless, this practice is

indissolubly connected with Chinese culture. In traditional Chinese society, the

“self” is never regarded as an independent person, but an entity that is

40

S.Pit Corder. Introducing Applied Linguistics (Great Britain: Hazell Watson 7 Viney, 1973), p.

68. 41

Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p. 95.

23

subordinated to a certain community of society which is usually based on “family

and blood”. In Chinese culture, people emphasize a lot on collectivism, so the

addresser attaches much significance to maintain a friendly interpersonal

relationship by means of pragmatic empathy. And that is why in most cases

Chinese are inclined to use such kind of sentences as “we think”, “we hold the

opinion that” to deliver the addresser’s own viewpoint.42

Chinese zan and wo are general and ambiguous in reference, but the

English I tends to be clear-cut and specified to merely refer to the addresser

himself. This disparity tells the very difference in the mode of thinking between

the Chinese and people in English-speaking countries. In terms of mode of

thinking, it is the intuitive integrity that features in the mindset of traditional

Chinese culture, while the analytical logic epitomizes that of the western culture.

The exchange of pronouns can shape or confirm the power dynamics and

solidarity of a relationship, and the use of Chinese self-depreciatory terms just

shows another cultural difference between the Chinese ideology of power

hierarchy and of Li (politeness) and the western ideology of equality.43

42

Shirong Zhang, et.al., op.cit., p. 1870. 43

Ibid.

24

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. The Data Description

This chapter contains the data of deictic terms that was taken from the

Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version. This novel

is the third edition of the Chronicles of Narnia series novel. The English novel is

written by C. S. Lewis and published by HarperCollins Children’s Books in 2010.

English version is translated by Indah S. Pratidina into Indonesian.

Table 8: Data Description

Deictic Terms Amount Types of Deixis

English Indonesia

He (-nya) 7 Person Deixis

He dia 5 Person Deixis

Her dia 3 Person Deixis

Her kapal 3 Person Deixis

Her Majesty Yang Mulia 5 Person Deixis

Him dia 66 Person Deixis

Him (-nya) 15 Person Deixis

His (-nya) 33 Person Deixis

I (-ku) 15 Person Deixis

I aku 410 Person Deixis

I (ku-) 31 Person Deixis

It dia 62 Person Deixis

It nya 28 Person Deixis

It singa 10 Person Deixis

Me aku 1 Person Deixis

Me (-ku) 16 Person Deixis

My hand (-ku) 110 Person Deixis

Myself aku sendiri 4 Person Deixis

25

Our kita 45 Person Deixis

Our (our person) ku (untukku) 24 Person Deixis

Our world negeri kami sendiri 22 Person Deixis

Ourselves sendiri 1 Person Deixis

Own sendiri 2 Person Deixis

Saving her menyelamatkannya 1 Person Deixis

She nya 5 Person Deixis

She anak perempuan itu 1 Person Deixis

She dia 13 Person Deixis

Their Majesties Ketiga Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

Them (menyukai)nya 2 Person Deixis

Them kita 1 Person Deixis

Them lautan dan daratan 1 Person Deixis

Them mereka 46 Person Deixis

them/'em mereka 3 Person Deixis

Themselves diri mereka 4 Person Deixis

They dua pulau itu 2 Person Deixis

They The Duffer 1 Person Deixis

They mereka 94 Person Deixis

Us kami 29 Person Deixis

Us kita 24 Person Deixis

We aku 2 Person Deixis

We kami 105 Person Deixis

We kita 132 Person Deixis

You kalian 83 Person Deixis

You kau 102 Person Deixis

you (all you) kalian semua 2 Person Deixis

you and I kita 194 Person Deixis

you mean maksudmu 6 Person Deixis

you two kalian 2 Person Deixis

Your kau 45 Person Deixis

Your kita 3 Person Deixis

Your Tuan 2 Person Deixis

Your Good Majesty Yang Mulia 17 Person Deixis

Your Grace Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

Your Lordship Tuan 3 Person Deixis

Your Majesties all Yang Mulia semuanya 2 Person Deixis

Your Majesty Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

Your own land tanah kalian sendiri 1 Person Deixis

26

your subject rakyatmu 1 Person Deixis

your Sufficiency Yang Cekatan 29 Person Deixis

Yours dunia kalian 3 Person Deixis

Yourself dirimu sendiri 3 Person Deixis

A couple of hours beberapa jam lagi 1 Platial Deixis

A day satu hari 1 Platial Deixis

A few months ago beberapa bulan lalu 1 Platial Deixis

A minute or two dalam satu atau dua

menit 1

Platial Deixis

A morning pagi-pagi 1 Temporal Deixis

A week seminggu 1 Temporal Deixis

A year setahun 1 Temporal Deixis

A year ago setahun berlalu 1 Temporal Deixis

About a hundred and

fifty years

selama seratus lima

puluh tahun terakhir 1

Temporal Deixis

After a bit setelah beberapa lama 1 Temporal Deixis

After the New Year setelah Tahun Baru 1 Temporal Deixis

All my life sepanjang hidupku 1 Temporal Deixis

All the time sepanjang waktu 2 Temporal Deixis

An hour's time sejam lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

At night di malam hari 2 Temporal Deixis

At noon today di siang hari ini 1 Temporal Deixis

At noon tomorrow pada siang hari besok 1 Temporal Deixis

Before noon

tomorrow

sebelum siang hari

besok 1

Temporal Deixis

Below ke bawah 1 Temporal Deixis

Between teen an ten

p.m. On second

Saturdays

antara pukul sembilan

dan sepuluh malam

pada Sabtu kedua

1

Temporal Deixis

Come here kemarilah 1 Temporal Deixis

Daylight siang hari 2 Temporal Deixis

Days and weeks berhari-hari bahkan

berminggu-minggu 1

Platial Deixis

Down below di bawah 1 Platial Deixis

East from here ke timur dari sini 2 Platial Deixis

Every day setiap hari 1 Platial Deixis

Every day at sunset setiap hari saat

matahari terbenam 1

Platial Deixis

Every morning setiap pagi 1 Platial Deixis

Five days more dalam lima hari

kemudian 1

Platial Deixis

27

Five minutes ago lima menit yang lalu 1 Platial Deixis

For hours berjam-jam 1 Platial Deixis

For one moment selama sesaat 1 Platial Deixis

For ten years selama sepuluh tahun 1 Platial Deixis

For three days selama tiga hari 1 Platial Deixis

For years and years selama bertahun-tahun 1 Platial Deixis

From the east in

January and

February

dari timur di Januari

dan Februari 1

Platial Deixis

Half a moment tapi tunggu dulu 1 Temporal Deixis

Here di sini 27 Temporal Deixis

Here ke sini 5 Temporal Deixis

Here ini 2 Platial Deixis

Here kini 1 Platial Deixis

Here di sana 2 Platial Deixis

Here sini 3 Temporal Deixis

Here and there sana-sini 1 Platial Deixis

In a minute dalam satu menit 1 Platial Deixis

In the afternoon di suatu sore 1 Platial Deixis

In the daylight di siang hari 1 Platial Deixis

In the days of the

White Witch

pada zaman kekuasaan

Penyihir Putih 1

Platial Deixis

In the middle of the

day di tengah hari 1

Platial Deixis

Last night tadi malam 2 Platial Deixis

Last summer musim panas lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Last time terakhir kali 1 Temporal Deixis

Lately akhir-akhir ini 1 Temporal Deixis

Long time sejak lama 1 Platial Deixis

Many a night dalam satu malam 1 Platial Deixis

More than four

hundred leagues

lebih daripada empat

ratus league 1

Platial Deixis

Nearly thirtty days nyaris tiga puluh hari 1 Platial Deixis

Next month bulan depan 1 Platial Deixis

Next year tahun depan 1 Platial Deixis

Now sekarang 14 Platial Deixis

Now pada saat itu 1 Temporal Deixis

On a hot day di suatu hari yang

panas 1

Temporal Deixis

On the other side di sisi yang lain 1 Temporal Deixis

One day suatu hari 1 Platial Deixis

28

One minute satu menit 1 Platial Deixis

One o'clock pukul satu 1 Platial Deixis

Our days hari-hari kita 1 Platial Deixis

Over and round the

lion

di atas dan di sekeliling

si singa 1

Platial Deixis

Quarter of an hour

ago seperempat jam lalu 1

Platial Deixis

Right now sekarang 1 Temporal Deixis

Seven years tujuh tahun 1 Temporal Deixis

Seven years ago tujuh tahun lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Several times beberapa kali 1 Temporal Deixis

Six days ago enam hari lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Soon tak lama lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

Soon again tak lama lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

That itu 15 Platial Deixis

That ke sana 1 Platial Deixis

The day after

tomorrow esok lusa 1

Temporal Deixis

The end of the world ujung akhir dunia 1 Temporal Deixis

The fourth day hari keempat

perjalanan 1

Temporal Deixis

The late summer musim panas akhir 1 Temporal Deixis

The morning pagi ini 1 Temporal Deixis

The next day hari berikutnya 1 Temporal Deixis

The next moment detik lainnya 1 Temporal Deixis

The night malam ini 1 Temporal Deixis

The other morning pagi lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

The third day pada hari ketiga 1 Temporal Deixis

There negeri itu 1 Platial Deixis

There di sana 16 Platial Deixis

There di depan 1 Platial Deixis

There di sanalah 3 Platial Deixis

This Ini 28 Platial Deixis

Three times tiga kali 1 Platial Deixis

Three years tiga tahun 1 Platial Deixis

Till now hingga sekarang 1 Platial Deixis

Today hari ini 1 Platial Deixis

Today before sunset hari ini sebelum

matarahari terbenam 1

Platial Deixis

Tomorrow Besok 4 Platial Deixis

29

Tween nine 'n' ten

p.m. Second

Saturdya every

Month

ntara sembilan dan

sepuluh malam pada

Sabtu kedua tiap bulan

1

Temporal Deixis

Two days dua hari 1 Platial Deixis

Two or three times a

day dua atau tiga kali sehari 1

Platial Deixis

Up there di atas sana 1 Platial Deixis

Yesterday kemarin 3 Platial Deixis

In this research, the researcher analyzes the terms of deixis in the Voyage

of the Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version. To make this

analysis clear, the researcher classifies and analyzes the selected of deictic terms.

The researcher classifies and analyzes the types of the deictic terms and how the

translator translated it by using Yule and Levinson theory.

B. Data Analysis

In this chapter the researcher analyzes the term of deixis in the Voyage of

the Dawn Treader novel in English and translation version. To make this analysis

clear, the researcher analyzes the selected data that contain SL and TL culture in

using deictic terms.

Data 1

SL: Eustace was silent for so long that Edmund thought he was fainting; but at

last he said, “It’s been ghastly. You don’t know… but it’s all right now.

Could we go and talk somewhere? I don’t want to meet the others just

yet.” (p. 120)

30

TL: Eustace terdiam begitu lama sehingga Edmund mengiranya pingsan, tapi

akhirnya dia berkata, “Kejadiannya mengerikan sekali. Kau tidak akan

bisa membayangkan… tapi tidak apa-apa sekarang. Bisakah kita pergi ke

suatu tempat dan berbicara? Aku belum mau menemui yang lain.” (p. 146)

Data (1) above shows person deictic term I. The pronoun I is counted as

first singular person deixis. The first singular person deixis is contained as the

speaker of the utterance. Here, this person deixis refers to Eustace, because

Eustace is the speaker of this utterance, while the addressee is Edmund. Pronoun I

in this utterance is translated into aku in Indonesian. There is a closeness or

proximity relation between the speaker and the addressee. Therefore, the

translator uses the term aku to translate pronoun I in order to be more

communicative to the readers. In first pronoun, English has only one term, it is I,

meanwhile Indonesian has two terms, they are aku and saya. Pronoun aku is used

in informal situation, whereas pronoun saya is used to indicate a formal situation.

The conversation above is not kind of a formal situation. Eustace and Edmund

have cousin relation, and they were in the same age. It makes they talked in the

proximity each other. They do not need respect each other, because they are in the

same social status. That is why the first singular person deixis I is translated into

aku, not saya.

There is pronoun you is translated into Indonesian become kau. From the

explanation above, it can be seen that the addressee is Edmund. Pronoun you as

second person deixis is containing the addressee of the utterance. So, second

31

person deixis you refer to Edmund. Pronoun you is translated into kau, because of

proximity between the speaker and the addressee. The translator does not use term

Anda to translate the term you in here, because Eustace and Edmund were cousin

and in the same age. They have closeness and familiar each other. That is why the

translator uses the term kau to translate pronoun you.

There is pronoun we that is included in this utterance. Pronoun we is kind

of first plural person deixis. There are inclusive and exclusive in the first plural

person deixis. Inclusive includes the speaker and the addressee. Exclusive

includes the speaker and the others. The term of inclusive and exclusive of first

plural personal pronoun in English is similar, it is we. But in Indonesian, the term

to indicate inclusive we is kita and exclusive we is kami. Here, the term kita is

acceptable to translate the inclusive we, because we in here refer to the speaker

and the addressee. Besides, Indonesian pronoun kita can refer to first singular

pronoun in ethnic language, for example in Batak language, but in this utterance

pronoun kita refer to two person, they are Eustace and Edmund. Therefore, the

first plural person deixis we in this sentence is translated into kita in Indonesian.

There is pronoun he that translated into dia. This deixis term he is

belonging to the narration of author in this novel. So, the speaker is the author.

The author uses pronoun he to points toward Eustace. In English, there are two

terms to indicate third singular pronoun, they are he and she. He is used to point

toward male, but she is used to point toward female. In Indonesian, third singular

pronoun is common to use the term dia regarding male or female. Here, pronoun

he refers to Eustace, a male person. The author does not need respect to mention

32

Eustace in pronoun, because Eustace is young age. To make this translation more

readable, therefore the translator uses the term dia to translate the term he.

From data (1) can be found temporal deixis now. In English, there are

proximal and distal terms. The ‘near speaker’ or proximal terms, for example

‘this’, ‘here’, and ‘now’. The ‘away from speaker’ or distal terms, for example

‘that’, ‘there’, ‘then’. Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the

speaker’s location, or the deictic center, so that now is generally understood as

referring to some point or period in time that has the time of the speaker’s location

as its center. Here, temporal deixis now refers to Eustace, because he is the

speaker of this utterance. It is also can be seen from the utterance above that

Eustace points the term now toward his condition on that time. This temporal

deixis now is translated into sekarang in Indonesian. It is common in SL to

translate the temporal deixis now into sekarang.

Data 2

SL: “Yes, rather, anywhere you like,” said Edmund. “We can go and sit on the

rocks over there. I say, I am glad to see you – er – looking yourself again.

You must have had a pretty beastly time.” (p. 120)

TL: “Ya, tentu, di mana pun kau mau,” kata Edmund. “Kita bisa pergi dan

duduk di bebatuan di sana. Astaga, aku benar-benar senang melihatmu –

ngng - kelihatan sepeti dirimu sendiri lagi. Kau pasti mengalami saat-saat

yang mengerikan.” (pp. 146-147)

33

Data (2) above shows pronoun you has translated into kau and suffix -mu.

It is similar condition with pronoun you in data (1), where the speaker and the

addressee have a closeness relation each other. It is called proximal in deictic

expression. Edmund talked to Eustace and invited him to sit on the rocks. Besides,

Edmund and Eustace were cousin, this relation made them familiar each other.

The translator uses the term kau to translate you in order to show the proximity of

speaker and addressee. The translator also uses suffix –mu to translate see you

become melihatmu. It makes the reader easy to read, than if the translator uses

melihat kau, melihatmu is more readable.

From data (2) above can be seen spatial deixis there and has translated into

di sana. According to Yule on his Pragmatics, he mentions that in spatial deixis is

important to remember that location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed

mentally as well as physically. It means that the deictic meaning is always uses

the speaker’s perspective as the center. There as physically means distal from the

speaker or it is used to show the far distance from the object position. Here, the

rocks that pointed by Edmund is away from his position. It is applicable to use the

term di sana to translate the term there.

Data 3

SL: “We’re here, we’re here, Caspian,” cried Lucy and Edmund together and,

“At your service, Sire,” piped Reepicheep from another corner. They had

all been sold out but the men who had bought them were staying to bid for

other slaves and so they had not yet been taken away…. (p. 73)

34

TL: “Kami di sini, kami di sini, Caspian,” teriak Lucy and Edmund bersama-

sama, lalu, “Siap melayanimu, Sire,” cicit Reepicheep dari sudut yang lain.

Mereka semua telah terjual tapi orang-orang yang membeli mereka tetap

tinggal untuk menawar budak lain, jadi mereka belum dibawa pergi…. (p.

87-88)

Data (3) above shows first plural person deixis we refer to Lucy and

Edmund. Here, Lucy and Edmund shouted to Caspian for asking help. They had

been offered in a slave market, Caspian is also included, but at that moment

Caspian had bought by Lord Bern because of his face similar to the king. It can be

seen from the text above that pronoun we is used to refer more than one person

and as the speaker of the utterance. In the text above, there is plural person deixis

we is translated into Indonesian become kami. Here, pronoun we is kind of

exclusive form, because it includes the speaker Lucy and the other Edmund. It is

clearly from the utterance itself that Lucy as the speaker is not included Caspian

as the addressee, but she told Caspian, if she and Edmund were there.

There is a term Sire. The term Sire uses to show an honour from a people

to his King. Here, Reepicheep called his King, Caspian, with a term Sire and this

term is translated into Indonesian become Sire. The translator adapts the term Sire

in order the readers of translation novel feel the same way like original readers.

From data (3) is also found pronoun they. They translate into Indonesian

become mereka. They is kind of third plural person deixis. They is contained in a

narration of the author. Here, the author points they toward Lucy, Edmund, and

Reepicheep. The author acted as a story teller, so it makes all characters that

35

mentioned the name in this narration is third pronoun, except the author himself.

The translator uses the term mereka to translate they. It is applicable, because

mereka in SL is also point toward third plural pronoun.

Data 4

SL: Now, gentlemen, lot twenty-three. Fine Terebinthian agricultural labourer,

suitable for the mines or the galleys. Under twenty-five years of age. Not a

bad tooth in his head. Good, brawny fellow. Take off his shirt, Tacks, and

let the gentlemen see. There’s muscle for you! Look at the chest on him.

Ten crescents from the gentlemen in the corner. You must be joking, sir.

Fifteen! Eighteen! Eighteen is bid for lot twenty-three. Any advance on

eighteen? Twenty-one. Thank you, sir. Twenty-one is bid –“ (p. 72)

TL: “Nah, Tuan-tuan, tawaran nomor dua puluh tiga. Pekerja pertanian

Terebinthia yang tangguh, cocok untuk pertambangan atau kru kapal

galley. Usianya di bawah dua puluh lima. Tidak ada gigi buruk dalam

kepalanya. Orang yang jujur dan kuat. Lepaskan bajunya, Tacks, dan

biarkan Tuan-tuan ini melihatnya. Ini dia otot untuk Anda! Lihat saja

dadanya. Sepuluh crescent untuk Tuan di pojok. Anda pasti bergurau, Sir.

Lima belas! Delapan belas! Delapan belas baru cocok untuk tawaran

nomor dua puluh tiga. Ada yang mau menawar lebih daripada delapan

belas? Dua puluh satu. Terima kasih, Sir. Dua puluh satu memang sesuai –

“ (p. 86)

36

Data above shows the term you as a second person deixis and refers to the

gentlemen in the corner. The category of second person is encoding the reference

to one or more addressees. The speaker of this utterance is Pug. He was roaring

out to sell slave in a slave market and pointed someone that offer ten crescents to

buy a slave. Here, someone that pointed by Pug, the gentlemen in the corner, is

the addressee. That is why, the second person deixis you in here refers to the

gentlemen in the corner. Second person deixis you is translated into Indonesian

become Anda. In Indonesian, there are two terms to indicate the second singular

pronoun, kau and Anda. Here, the term Anda is used to translate the term you,

because there is only a relation between a seller and a buyer, unfamiliar person. In

addition, the translator uses the term Anda in regarding in Indonesian there is a

culture to respect a new people or someone in high social status, or even the older

person. Here, the speaker as a seller did not know who the buyer is. In order to

respect a new people, the translator uses the term Anda to translate the term you.

Besides, the second pronoun you in the utterance above is counted into unfamiliar,

because the addressee is someone had unknown by the speaker.

Data 5

SL: “You are too old, children,” said Aslan, “and you must begin to come close

to your own world now.” (p.271)

TL: “Kalian terlalu tua anak-anak,” kata Aslan, “dan kalian harus mulai

mendekati dunia kalian sendiri sekarang.” (p.339)

37

Data (5) shows the term you as the second person deixis and refer to Lucy

and Edmund. In English, second pronoun is only one, it is you. It is used to

singular and plural. In Indonesian, second pronoun for singular are kau and anda,

second pronoun for plural is kalian. Here, pronoun you refer to Lucy and Edmund,

because Aslan explained to Lucy and Edmund that they had done ready to face

their own world within lessons has received from Narnia. They do not need to

come back to Narnia in the future. Pronoun you is used to indicate the addressee

of the utterance. It can be seen from the utterance above that the addressees are

Lucy and Edmund. Second plural person deixis you are translated into kalian. It

can be seen from TL, the term you refer to more than one person. The term you in

English can be used to refer one or more than one person and kind of the

addressee. Here, pronoun you refer to two persons, Lucy and Edmund. It kinds of

plural pronoun, so it is applicable to translate you become kalian.

Data 6

SL: “Same old Felimath! Same old Doorn,” said Lucy, clapping her hands.

“Oh – Edmund, how long it is since you and I saw them last!” (p. 47)

TL: “Felimath masih saja sama seperti dulu! Doorn juga masih sama seperti

dulu!” kata Lucy sambil bertepuk tangan. “Oh – Edmund, sudah berapa

lama sejak terakhir kali kita melihat dua pulau itu?” (p. 56)

Data above shows the terms you and I are first plural person deixis. It can

be seen from the utterance above that the term deixis you and I refer to Edmund

and Lucy. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund.

38

Lucy was mentioned Edmund in her conversation. She was remembering Narnia

Islands in the past. Pronoun you and I is translated into kita. The pronoun you in

here refer to the addressee Edmund. The pronoun I refer to the speaker Lucy. The

terms you and I are kind of inclusive we, because they point toward the speaker

itself and the addressee. In TL, the term kita is acceptable to replace it. It does not

in a formal condition, that is why the first person deixis you and I is translated

into kita.

Data 7

SL: “I’m beginning to feel very inquisitive about these people,” whispered

Eustace to Edmund. “Do you think they’re human at all? More like huge

grasshoppers or giant frogs, I should say.”

“It does look like it,” said Edmund. “But don’t put the idea of the

grasshoppers into Lucy’s head. She’s not to keen on insects, especially big

ones.” (p. 163)

TL: “Aku mulai merasa penasaran tentang orang-orang ini,” bisik Eustace

kepada Edmund. “Apakah menurutmu mereka manusia? Aku bisa berkata

sepertinya mereka lebih mirip belalang atau katak raksasa.

”Sepertinya memang begitu,” kata Edmund. “Tapi jangan memasukkan

bayangan tentang belalang ke dalam kepala Lucy. Dia tidak terlalu suka

dengan serangga, terutama yang besar.” (p. 203)

Data (7) above shows third singular person deixis she refers to Lucy.

Pronoun she is used to points toward the other and in female gender. The speaker

39

that mentioned pronoun she is Edmund. The addressee is Eustace. Edmund and

Eustace was talking about Lucy who afraid about insects. She refers to Lucy, a

female. In the utterance above, pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become

dia. The third personal pronoun she is used to point toward the people or things

other than speaker (or researcher) and the person is addressed in singular form.

This is a conversation between siblings. Edmund is Lucy’s brother. In TL, it is

common to use the term dia to point toward the third person in female gender.

That is why the third singular person deixis she is translated into dia.

There is a pronoun it and refers to the Dufflepuds. The term it is used by

the author to mention the Dufflepuds. Based on this utterance, Eustace as the

speaker, thought that the Dufflepuds are huge grasshoppers or giant frogs.

Because when this conversation has uttered, the Dufflepuds has not seen yet. In

using pronoun it, there is no singular or plural. Both of singular and plural is

common in using the term it. Pronoun it is translated into suffix –nya, and in the

TL become sepertinya memang begitu. It is more readable than if the translator

translate it with the terms seperti dia memang begitu. These terms are not really

communicative to the readers.

Data 8

SL: “Even looking is better than nothing, said Lucy. “And she is such a very

Narnian ship.” (p. 15)

TL: “Bahkan sekedar memandang jauh lebih baik daripada tidak sama sekali,

kata Lucy. “Lagi pula kapal itu kapal yang sangat khas Narnia.” (p. 16)

40

Data (8) above shows third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of

a ship. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund.

Pronoun she points toward the other of this utterance. Lucy was talking to

Edmund about a picture of a ship in her room. She thought that the ship looks like

Narnian ship. That is why the third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of

a ship. Pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become kapal. The third personal

pronoun she uses to point toward the people or things other than the speaker and

the addressee in singular form. Pronoun she is also can be used to refer a ship,

vehicle, country, or other inanimate thing regarded as female. Here, the pronoun

she refers to a ship. It is more readable and become communicative for readers to

translate this she into kapal.

Data 9

SL: “Three hundred crescents, my Lord, to your honourable Lordship, but to

anyone else-“ (p. 54)

TL: “Tiga ratus crescent, Tuan, untuk lord semuliamu, tapi kalau untuk orang

lain-“ (p. 66)

Data above shows my Lord as second singular person deixis has translated

into Indonesian become tuan. Pronoun my lord can be used before a noun or an

adjective as a form of address, showing affection or sympathy, or sometimes lack

of patience or superior status. Here, a people talked to a lord and mentioned Lord

Bern as my lord. They have a different social status. The lord has the higher social

status than a citizen. In TL, to keep the politeness between the speaker and the

41

addressee, the term my lord is translated into tuan. It can be seen from the

utterance itself that the speaker respects the addressee from the term your

honourable lordship.

Data 10

SL: And after the Lone Islands?” said Lucy.

No one knows, your Majesty,” answered Drinian. “Unless the Lone

Islanders themselves can tell us.” (p. 33)

TL: Dan ada apa setelah Lone Islands?” tanya Lucy.

Tidak ada yang tahu, Yang Mulia,” jawab Drinian. “Kecuali penghuni

Lone Islands sendiri bisa memberitahu kita.” (p. 38)

Data above shows the term your Majesty is uttered by Drinian. Your

Majesty is point toward Lucy. It can be seen from the text itself. Lucy is a queen

of Narnia a few years ago. Indeed, Drinian gives respect to Lucy. Your Majesty is

kind of second singular person deixis and has translated into Indonesian become

Yang Mulia. It is applicable to translate Your Majesty into Yang Mulia. Both Your

Majesty and Yang Mulia use to give an honor to someone in higher social status.

In this case, the honorifics point toward a king of Narnia, Caspian..

Data 11

SL: “Crazy, you know,” said Eustace to Lucy in a low voice, looking at the

eastern horizon. “Sailing on and on into that with no idea what we may get

42

to.” But he only said it out of habit, not really nastily as he would have

done at one time. (p.138)

TL: “Kau tahu ini gila,” kata Eustace kepada Lucy dengan suara perlahan,

menatap horizon timur. “Berlayar terus menuju ke sana tanpa sama sekali

tahu ke mana kita akan pergi.” Tapi dia mengatakannya tanpa maksud apa-

apa, tidak benar-benar dengan nada menyebalkan seperti yang

dilakukannya sewaktu-waktu. (p. 170)

Data above shows spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon. It can be

seen from the text itself that Eustace feels hesitate to sailing on with no idea what

destination to get to. Eustace pointed and looked to the eastern horizon. That is

why the spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon. Here, the “distal”

demonstrative that is used as a placeholder for the eastern horizon. In deictic

term, it is called distal or away from the speaker. In the text above, there is

demonstrative that is translated into Indonesian become sana. The term that

means something that far distance from the speaker. The term sana means

something that far from speaker and addressee. The speaker of this utterance is

Eustace and the addressee is Lucy. The eastern horizon is far from Eustace and

Lucy. That is why the spatial deixis that is translated into sana in Indonesian.

Data 12

SL: “Sire,” said Reepicheep, “this is a place with a curse on it. Let us get back

on board at once. And if I might have the honour of naming this island, I

should call it Deathwater.” (p. 145)

43

TL: “Sire,” kata Reepicheep, “tempat ini memiliki kutukan. Sebaiknya kita

segera kembali ke kapal. Dan kalau aku memperoleh kehormatan menamai

pulau ini, aku akan menyebutnya Deathwater – Air Kematian.”

Data above shows an utterance by Reepicheep. He talked about a place

that he was pointed with demonstrative this. Demonstrative this points toward

Deathwater. This is translated into Indonesian become ini. The translator uses the

term ini to translate the term this is because demonstrative this means “proximity”

location of object position from the speaker. The term ini is used to represent

something that near to the speaker. Reepicheep as the speaker of this utterance is

located in the Deathwater, the same place with a place that he mentioned. That is

why the demonstrative this is translated into ini.

From the utterance above, there is a term us is translated into kita. it is

delicate to use the term kita to translate the term us, than use the term kami. It is

because us in here was meant by Reepicheep to invite the addressee, not the other.

The translator wants to show the closeness between the speaker and the addressee.

Data 13

SL: “But do they dare to talk about you like that?” said Lucy. “They seemed to

be so afraid of you yesterday. Don’t they know you might be listening?”

(p. 188)

TL: “Tapi apakah mereka berani membicarakan dirimu seperti itu?” Tanya

Lucy. “Mereka tampak sangat takut padamu kemarin. Tidakkah mereka

tahu mungkin saja kau sedang mendengarkan?”(p. 233)

44

Data above shows temporal deixis yesterday is translated into Indonesian

become kemarin. Temporal deixis has three kinds depend the utterance time: they

are before the moment of utterance, at the time of utterance, and after the time of

utterance. Here, it is common to use the term kemarin to translate the term

yesterday. Yesterday is kind of past tense, before the moment of utterance or

indicates a day before today. In the utterance above, there is temporal deixis

yesterday meant by the speaker, Lucy and the addressee is Coriakin, the Magician

in the Islands of the Voices. Coriakin has changed the Dufflepuds into unseen,

because the Dufflepuds are stupid and can hurt themselves if they can be seen.

Lucy helped the Dufflepuds to become seen again, because she was forced and

trapped by the Dufflepuds to did it. Temporal deixis yesterday in here indicates to

the day before today, when Lucy talked with the Dufflepuds and they looked

frightened to Coriakin. That is why the term yesterday uses past tense and has

translated into Indonesian become kemarin.

C. Research Findings

Based on the data analysis above, the researcher finds research findings

that will answer the research questions. The researcher finds that translation deixis

in the novel must depends on the reference. It also shows TL and SL culture play

an important role in translating deictic terms.

There is a different culture of English and Indonesian in first plural person

deixis. English does not distinguish between inclusive and exclusive in its term,

but Indonesian did it. In Indonesian, inclusive we is kita, and exclusive we is kami.

45

It also shows if second pronoun you and first pronoun I are united, it will become

first plural pronoun inclusive we. Therefore, you and I are translated into kita, not

kami. It is more readable to use the term kita than kami in translate you and I. In

addition, in the data analysis is also found term us. The term us is translated into

Indonesian become kita. The term kita is used to show the proximity of speaker

and addressee.

First singular person deixis I is translated into aku in informal situation. It

is used to show the proximity of the speaker to the addressee. There is a closeness

or proximity relation between the speaker and the addressee. The translator uses

the term aku to translate pronoun I in order to be more communicative to the

readers.

There is a different culture in second person deixis. In English, second

person deixis is only you. It can refer to singular or plural, or even formal and

non-formal situation. In Indonesian, to indicate second singular person deixis, the

translator uses kau and Anda, whereas to indicate second plural person deixis, the

translator uses kalian. Aku is used in informal situation and shows the proximity

of speaker and addressee, but Anda is used in formal situation and shows the

distal of speaker and addressee. The using of Anda can be called honorifics. In

Indonesian culture, Anda is used by the lower status when talking to the higher

status or to give respect to the addressee or a new people.

Third singular person deixis in English is different with Indonesian. In

English, third singular person deixis is divided into male and female. He is used

regarding male and she is used regarding female. But, Indonesian does not

46

distinguish between male and female in third singular person deixis. Male and

female in third singular person deixis Indonesian are dia. In addition, in English

there is a term it to show the third singular person deixis. The term it is used to

refer to a person or animal whose sex is unknown or disregarded.

Pronoun she is translated into kapal. It is because she refers to a picture of

a ship. The third singular person deixis she can be used to refer to one regarded as

feminime. A ship is included as feminime.

In third plural person deixis, English and Indonesian have only one term.

In English is they. In Indonesian is mereka. In its using, both they and mereka are

used as third person pronoun referring to a group of two or more individuals not

all of the same sex.

There is honorifics that occurs and also namely social deixis. The term my

Lord is used to give respect to a lord. Therefore it translates become tuan in

Indonesian. Tuan is used when someone talks with someone in higher status. In

addition, Your Majesty is translated into Yang Mulia and Sire is translated into

Sire in order to give respect to a king and surely in higher status than speaker. In

order to make the same experience of translation readers and original readers, the

term Sire in TL is used to translate Sire in SL by the translator.

It can be seen that type of temporal deixis in English and Indonesian is

different, because English has verb tenses. Temporal deixis in English may

change verb tenses into some categories. Whereas, Indonesian does not have verb

tenses.

47

In spatial deixis, demonstratives there and that are kind of distal from the

speaker. Distal means the far distance of speaker to the object position.

Meanwhile, demonstrative this is kind of proximal to the speaker. Proximal to the

speaker means the close object position from the speaker.

48

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

From this study, the researcher concludes that culture plays an important

role in translating deictic terms. The difference of cultures between English and

Indonesian is important in translating deictic terms in order to give a

communicative translation to readers.

In translating deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel, English and

Indonesian occasionally have different terms to indicate deixis. There are

proximity and distal of reference into object that influence the translation of novel.

In order to make a communicative reading, the translator uses a various terms to

translate deictic terms from English into Indonesian. The various terms are used

by translator to get the translation appropriate to the target culture and acceptable

for the target readers. There is also honorifics that occurs, especially in Indonesian

culture. The honorifics is used to show an expression to indicate higher status.

Readability and acceptability of the translation are important especially in

novel. This research tries to show that translator should concern on reader’s

interest toward her translation by choosing the appropriate terms.

B. Suggestions

Through this study, the researcher suggests that the translator has to

recognize the reference of deictic terms which included the speaker, place, and

49

time of deictic terms that occurs. The translator also has to understand the culture

of original and translation version of novel. The researcher also suggests to the

readers who are interested to analyze deixis in translation to learn several theories

and read many references that related to topics.

50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alsaif, Fahed Hussein Ahmed. “Deixis in English and Arabic: A Semantic-

Pragmatic Study and Its Pedagogical Implications,” Journal International

of University of Pune. 2008.

Cruse, Alan. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics, 3rd

edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011.

Comrie, Bernard. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985.

Corder, S.Pit. Introducing Applied Linguistics Great Britain: Hazell Watson 7

Viney. 1973.

Diessel, Holger. “Deixis and Demonstratives. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von

Heusinger, Paul Portner (eds.),” An International Handbook of Natural

Language Meaning, Vol. 3. 2012.

Diessel, Holger. Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization.

Amsterdam: Benjamins. 1999.

Frawley, William. Linguistic Semantics. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum

Associates. 1992.

Hoed, Benny Hoedoro. Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: PT Dunia

Pustaka Jaya. 2006.

Horn, Laurence R., et.al. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishing. 2006.

Kreidler, Charles W. Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge. 1998.

Larson, Mildred L. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language

Equivalence. Boston: University Press of America, 1984.

Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983.

Levinson, Stephen. ‘Deixis and Pragmatics’ for Handbook of Pragmatics.

Norway: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. 2004.

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoritical Linguistics. New York: Cambridge

University Press, 1968.

51

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall

International Ltd. 1988.

Nida, Eugene A. and Ch. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Helps

for Translators. Den Haag: Brill. 1974.

Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai

Pustaka. 1984.

Quinto, Edward Jay Mansarate. “Stylistic Analysis of Deictic Expressions in

President Benigno Aquino III’s October 30th Speech,” 3L: The Southeast

Asian Journal of English Language Studie, Vol 20(2). 2014.

Semlali, Hicham. “Translating Deixis: A Subjective Experience.” Thesis for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Islamic and Middle

Eastern Studies University of Edinburgh. 2006.

Williams, Nicholas. “Toward Anthropological Account of Deixis in Interaction:

Ini and Itu in Indonesian Conversation,” Colorado Research in

Linguistics, Vol. 22. 2009.

Yang, Youwen. Theory and Practice in Language Studies: A Cognitive

Interpretation of Discourse Deixis, Vol. 1, No. 2. Finland: ACADEMY

PUBLISHER. 2011.

Yule, George. Pragmatic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996.

Zhang, Shirong, et al. Theory and Practice in Language Studies: An Analysis of

Cultural Differences in Chinese and English First-person Deixis from the

Perspective of Pragmatic Empathy, Vol. 3, No. 10. Finland: ACADEMY

PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. 2013.

52

APPENDICES

53