DEIXISFIRMAN WICAKSONO 0203515038 (Time Deixis)AFIT DWI JAYANTI 0203515056 (Place Deixis)RAJIF ALIF RUANSYAH 0203515058 (Descriptive Approach)M. BAIQUN ISBAHI 0203515061 (Social Deixis)DHOLIFUL HADI 0203515059 (Philosophical Approach)YULIANA ZAKIYAH 0203515062 (Discourse Deixis)

What is deixis?• Deixis term is borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or

indicating and has as prototypical or focal exemplars the use of demonstratives, person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs, and a variety of grammatical features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance

• Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extralinguistics context of the utterance such as , who is speaking, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the current location in the discourse

• It concerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983: 54).

Example Hari ini kontan Besok boleh bonI’ll be back

in an hourUntuk Kasihku

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ku tunggu kau di sini

---------------------

• “Listen, I ’m not disagreeing with you but with you and not about this but about this”( someone’s says when the lights go out )

• “Meet me here a week from now with the stick about this big.”

( a message on a bottle )

The words I, you, this, here, hari ini, besok, kau, di sini

don’t have “constant referent”

context dependent

pointing language

Does “deixis” belong to Semantics or Pragmatics??????

• Deixis belongs within the domain of pragmatics, because it directly concerns the relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts in which they are used.

• The important point, wherever the pragmatics/semantics boundary is drawn, is that deixis concerns the encoding of many different aspects of the circumstances surrounding the utterance, within the utterance itself. Natural language utterances are thus 'anchored‘ directly to aspects of the context

Philosophical Approaches• Indexical expressions may be usefully approached

by considering how truth-conditional semantics deals with certain natural language expression.

ex: - You are the mother of Napoleon - This is an eighteenth-century man-trap. - Mary is in love with that fellow over there. - It is now 12.15

Sentences that contain such expressions and whose truth values therefore depend on certain facts about the context of utterance (identity of speakers, addressees, indicated objects, places and times, etc.), are not of course in any way special or peculiar. For just about every utterance has this context-dependency, due in no small part (at least in many languages) to tense.For example: There is a man on MarsThere was a man on Mars

Questions of Philosophical Interest

1. Whether all indexical

expressions can be reduced to a single primary

one?

2. Whether this final pragmatic residue can be translated out into some

eternal context-free artificial language

Definite Descriptions Donnellan in LevinsonReferential UseThe man drinking champagne is Lord Godolphin.Attributive UseThe man who can lift this stone is stronger than an

ox.

That man ((the speaker indicates the man drinking champgne)) is Lord Godolphin.

DESCRIPTIVE APPROACHES

RAJIF ALIF RUANSYAH0203515058

3 Traditional categories

a. Person Deixis : concerns the encoding of the rule of participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered

b. Place deixis : concerns the encoding of spacial locations relative to the location of the participants.

c. Time Deixis : concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken.

• Deixis is organized in an egocentric way• It typically assumed to be as follows :

i. The central person is the speakerii. The central time is the time at which the speaker produces

the utterances.iii. the central place is the speaker’s location at the utterance

time or CTiv. The discourse centre is the point which the speaker produce

the utterancev. The social centre is the speaker social status or rank.

Fillmore (1971b)• Kind of Deictic usage :

a. Gestural usage : require a moment by moment physical monitoring of the speech event for their interpretation.

b. Symbolic usage : make reference only to contextual co-ordinates available to participants antecedent to the utterance

• who is speaking

• the time or place of speaking

• the gestures of the speaker

• the current location in the discourse

• The topic of the discourse

•Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as

• For example, I is a deictic pronoun because it signals the speaker as the referent .

• Another characteristic of deictics such as I and you is that their referents change constantly depending on who is using them.

• I refers to me when I say it and refers to another person when he/she says it.

• In this sense, speakers and hearers constantly adjust their internal registry of deictics to keep up with the conversation.

Types of Deixis

Levinson (1983)1. Person Deixis2. Time Deixis3. Place Deixis4. Discourse Deixis5. Social Deixis

1. Person deixis

a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my,mine, you, your,yours

Is there a difference between these: - I want to see you, you but not you you can never tell if they are boys or girls these days

b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

c) Honorifics -Your Majesty, sir,These terms of social deixis indicate social status

Person deixis

• Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as

• the speaker• the addressee, and• referents which are neither speaker nor addressee

kinds of person deixis:

•What is first person deixis?•What is second person deixis?•What is third person deixis?

First person deixis is

• deictic reference that refers to• the speaker, or

• both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.

Examples (English)

• The following singular pronouns:• I• me• myself• my• mine

• The following plural pronouns:• we• us

• ourselves• our• ours

• Am, the first person form of the verb be

Second person deixis

Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee.

Examples (English)

• you• yourself• yourselves• your• yours

Third person deixis is Definition

deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee.

Examples (English)

• he• she• they

• the third person singular verb suffix -s• He sometimes flies.

• Person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical categories of person, it may be argued that we need to develop an independent pragmatic framework of possible participant role.

FOUR DISTINCT SET OF PRIMARY KIM TERMS ( Australian Languages)

• A set of vocative terms• A set of term which have an implicit first person possessive feature.• A set of terms which have a second person possessive feature.• A set of terms which have third person possessive feature.

vocatives• Noun pharases that refer to the addressee but are not

syntactically or sematically incorporated as the arguments of a predicate.

• Vocative form in different languag appear to be highly idiosyncratic and complex.

• Further point to note in connection with person deixis, is that where face to face contact is lost.

• Example :• Face to face meeting i can say I’m Joe Bloggs.• But on telephone i must say “this is Joe Bloggs or Joe Bloggs is

speaking.• The conclution, it should be noted that two basic participant

roles, speaker and addressee are not the only ones that can become involved in gramatical distinctions.

Time Deixis

FIRMAN WICAKSONO 0203515038

Time Deixis

• Temporal or Time Diexis is any expression used to point to a time

• Time Deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance, such as, tonight, last week, yesterday, before, after, etc.

• Time Deixis includes time adverbs like now, then, soon and so forth, and also different tenses.

• Tomorrow- Tomorrow denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The tomorrow of a day last year was a differbt day from tomorrow of a day next week.

Example of Time Deixis

• Fillmore explains that in case of time deixis, the time adverbs can be used relative to the time when an utterance is made. Fillmore calls this time as the “encoding time (ET)”

• On the contrary, The time when the utterance is heard is called “decoding time (DT)

• While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in case of pre-recorded broadcast or correspondence. E.g. If one were to right

• “It is raining now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny”. The ET and DT would be different, with the formal deictic term concerning ET and the latter concerning DT.

Concept of Encoding Time(ET) and Decoding Time(DT)

• Moreover, when I say, “I am going to start a new chapter”, it is an excellent example of ET. But when a teacher conveys a written message to his/her class, by writing on the white board: “I will back in an hour”, he is referring to the decoding time or DT.

• complexities in the usage of tense, time adverbs and other time-deictic morphemes (letter writing, or pre- recording of media programmes)

Þ deictic centre remains on the speaker and CT: – This programme, is being recorded today, Wednesday April 1st, to be relayed next Thursday.

Þ deictic centre is projected on the addressee and RT: – This programme was recorded last Wednesday, April 1st, to be relayed today. (deictic centre was projected into the future)

Concept of Encoding Time(ET) and Decoding Time(DT)

• Tenses = time relations in connection to a given point in time – present = an event/action simultaneously to the speech act (work) – past = an event/action before the speech act (worked)– future = an event/action after the speech act (you will work)

• There are language systems with more than 3 possibilities – They distinguish between levels of past, dependent on their

distance from the speaker's utterance – Tense of immediate past => ex.: frz. Jean vient de resoudre le

problème. John has just been able to solve the problem. • Difference between absolute tense

– Absolute tense refers immediately to the time of the speaker's utterance: simple past, simple present

• Relative tenses refer to other tenses: – past perfect: event refers to another event, that happens afterwards

Time Diexis: Tenses

PLACE DEIXISAfit Dwi Jayanti0203515056

PLACE DEIXIS

It concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event.

Two basic ways of referring to objects:

By describing or naming them

By locating them

Locations can be:

fixed reference points

specified relative to other objects

• Example • The station is two hundred yards from the cathedral.• Kabul lies at latitude 34 degrees, longitude 70 degrees.

It is fixed reference points.

Deictically, they can be specified relative to the location of the participants at CT.

• It’s two hundred yard away.• Kabul is four hundred miles of here.

PURE PLACE-DEICTIC WORDS

HereThe speakers’

location is at coding time (CT)

It’s very grateful to be here with you.

ThereDistal from

speaker’s location at CT./

Proximal to addressee at RT.

Put the flowers there.

Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘how are things at some place distant from the speaker’.• Example 1: • How are things there?

‘How are things where the addressee is’

Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘how are things at some place distant from the speaker’.• Example 2: • We’re there.

‘there refers to the place we previously mentioned as our goal’

My friends and I visited Masjid Agung Demak last week.We’re there for collecting data about the role of Walisongo in spreading Islam.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN(Proximal-distal dimension)

ThisThe object in a

pragmatically given area close to the

speaker’s location at CT.

This is my friend.

ThatThe object beyond the

pragmatically given area close to the

speaker’s location at CT.

That is my friend.

Distal dimension with the speaker’s location

• Bring that here and take this there.

The other Demonstrative Determiners

In North West America, there are 4:1. This one right here2. This one nearby3. That one over there4. That one way over there

The other Demonstrative Determiners

• In Javanese, there are 2:• 1. Iki• 2. Iku

The other Demonstrative Determiners

• In Arabic, there are 2:• 1. Hadza• 2. Dzalika

Combination between deictic and non-deictic termsDeictic

This, that

Non-deictic

Surfaces, fronts, back, sidesThis side of the box.

‘The surface of the box’

This side of the tree.‘That the area of the three visible from the point of speaker CT’.

Perspectives• The cat is behind the car.

Meaning

Deictic

The car intervenes between the cat and the speaker’s location.

Non-deictic

The cat is at the intrinsic rear-end of the car.

Perspectives• Bob is the man to the left of Mark.

Meaning

Non-deictic

Bob may be to Mark’ own left.

Deictic

Bob may be to the left from the speaker’s point of view.

Come vs Go

He’s coming.•He is moving towards the speaker’s location at CT.

He’s going.•He is moving away from the speaker’s location at CT.

I’m coming.•The speaker is moving towards the location of the addressee at CT.

Come3. Motion towards speaker’s location, or addressee’s location at either Ct, or reference time.

Temporal term for deictic location

• There’s a good fast food joint just ten minutes from here.

4. DISCOURSE DEIXIS

ByYuliana Zakiyah (0203515062)

4. DISCOURSE DEIXIS

Concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself.(Levinson, 1983: 85)

Time discourse-deictic

It seems natural that time-deictic words can be used to refer to portions of the discourse:

Examples:• Last week• Next Thursday

• Last paragraph• In the next Chapter

Demonstrative “This” and “That”• “This” can be used to refers to a forthcoming portion of the

discourse.i.g : I bet you haven’t heard this story

• “That” to a preceding portioni.g : That was the funniest story I’ve never heard

Place discourse-deictic

Anaphora • Concern the use of ( usually ) a pronoun to refer to the same

referent as some prior term, as in :“Harry’s a sweetheart, he’s so considerate”

Discourse Deixis:

• Any expression used to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse: in the previous/next paragraph, or Have you heard this joke?

61

Example

• Teacher: Tom, spell “mouse”• Tom: M-O-U-S• Teacher: But what’s the end of it?• Tom: A tail!

62

SOCIAL DEIXISM. Baiqun Isbahi (0203515061)

SOCIAL DEIXIS• Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that

are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63)

• Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realties of the social situation in which the speech act occurs. (Fillmore, 1975: 76 in Levinson, 1983: 89)

Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions which indicate higher status are described as honorifics. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes as social deixis.

Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-called TV (tu/vous) pronouns in many language. (Cruse, 2000: 321)

There are two basic kinds of socially deictic information:

RELATIONAL

ABSOLUTE

RELATIONAL; The relations that typically expressed:

• Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics)• Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee honorifics)• Speaker and bystander (e.g. bystander or audience

honorifics)• Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)

ABSOLUTE socially deictic information:

• Authorized speaker:Thai:- ‘khrab’ a polite participle that can only be used by male speakers.- ‘kha’ a polite participle that can only be used by female speakers

• Authorized recipient:Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President

Conclusion

This chapter has been very largely concerned, first with the presentation of some useful analytical distinctions and secondly, a review of some of the many intricacies of deixis in familiar and

less familiar languages

ReferencesCruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to

Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grundy, P. 1995. Doing Pragmatics. London: St. Martin’s Press, Inc.

Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.