transition cow feeding

7/28/2019 Transition Cow Feeding

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IGFAIGFA FeedFeedForumForum

October 2012October 2012

Pat OByrnePat OByrne


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Managing the Transition Cow

Research indicates that declines in cow survival are due to

more to shifts in herd management where herds are

increasing in size, with mortality and culling in the first 60

days in milk. (Dechow & Goulding 2008)

The dairy nutrition program affects productivity and

profitability more than any other single factor.


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Physiological Changes

Mana ement Ob ectives

Addressing Dry Cow Management

Metabolic Disorders


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Physiological Changes- Regeneration of the mammary gland

- 60% of foetal growth takes place in thelast two months.

- Drop in dry matter intake 30%

(Grummer 1998)

Addressing Dry Cow Management

Management Objectives- Body Condition Score @ drying off & calving- Optimum Ca (calcium) status

- Immune System (oxidative stress)- Rumen Papilla

- Pain


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Transition Management Key to Success

Key Areas to be Addressed on Farm

Periparturient nutrition and disease prevention

BCS and prevention of fatty liver

Mi ever an su c inica ypoca cemia GIT function

SARA

Displaced Abomasum Retained Placenta Uterine Health


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Transition Cow Management

VET

NUTRITION

DIETS

PHYSIOLOGICAL

INTERACTIONSIN THE

TRANSITION COW

DISEASEOUTBREAK

COW COMFORT


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Dry Cow Management


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Dry Cow Management


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Addressing Transition Management

Physiological transformation and a weakened immune system

means cows are vulnerable to:

a) Metabolic disorders

b) Infectious health disorders

Including:

a) Milk fever

b) Retained placenta

c) Metritis

Immune cells are involved in an array of metabolic functions


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Economic Losses of Metabolic Disorders

Milk Fever Rt.Placenta Ketosis LDA

Deaths% 4 1.5 0.5 2

Culls% 5 6 5 8

Delayed Conception,Days 13 15 10 12

Discarded Milk-kgs 0 150 0 140

Lost Milk-kgs 130 250 230 575

C.Guard,Cornell-1998

Average Cost (Vet Irl.) 423 448 320 515

Nutribio-Data Base

No. Of Cows - 16,141

% Metabolic Disorders 3.8 4.7 1 1

Av.No.Of Cows /Herd - 106 4 5 1 1

per Herd 1,692 2,240.00 320 515

Total Cost - 4,767.00


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1. Optimum BCS

Period HerdAverage

Range

Drying Off 3.0 2.75 3.0Calving 3.25 3.0 3.5

. . .

3.53.02.75


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The Issue with Grass Silage

Macros Ca Phos Mg K NA CL S

% DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM

Average 0.64 0.28 0.18 2.32 0.29 0.88 0.16

Target 0.5-0.6 0.3-0.4 0.25-0.50 1.8-2.5 0.15-.25 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4

DCAD (K+NA) (CL+S) = 373 meq/kg dm

Target -150 to +150 meq/kgdm


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Silage Analysis


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Inter-relationships between Nutrition & Diseases in the

Perparturient Dairy Cow


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Negative Energy Balance Pre-Calving

Cows Losing Weight Pre-Calving

Results in

Retained Placenta

Fatty Liver (Bertics et al 1992) Displaced Abomasum (Le Blanc et al 2005)

Immunosuppression (Goff 2003)

Uterine Infection


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Negative Energy Balance Pre-Calving

Causes

Poor quality silage

Grou stress

Over conditioned

Large number of cows in the dry pen


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Milk Fever

20% - 60% of Cows get Sub-Clinical Milk Fever

Retained placenta & slow calvings

Reduced Immune system(Goff 2003)

Reduced fertility

Significant delays to first ovulation after calving(Jonsson et al 1999)


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Formulating the Dry Cow Diet

Total Diet DM basis:

Macros:

Magnesium 0.4% - 0.5%

Phosphorous 0.3%

otass um < .

Anion Salts:

Calcium Chloride Ca% 1.0 1.2

Vitamins-ius/day

A 80,000 ; D3- 25-30,000; E 1,000 2,000;


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Transition Cow Management

VET

NUTRITION

DIETS

HOUSING

PHYSIOLOGICALINTERACTIONS

IN THE

TRANSITION COW

OUTBREAK COW COMFORT


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Transition Period & Reproductive Performance

Associations of NEFA & BHB

NEFA Pre-Calving Days Increased Risk

(>0.4mmol/l 7 10 2-4 times LDA2 times R P

2 times of culling


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Transition Period & Reproductive Performance

Associations of NEFA & BHB

Subclinical Ketosis

BHBA Post-Calving Days Increased Risk(>1200-1400) < 14 3-8 times LDAmol/l 3 times Metritis

4-6 times Clinical Ketosis

3 Mastitis in the first monthIncreased duration & severity of mastitis

>100mol/l in milk 7 1.5 times not to have ovulated

by 9 weeks

Duffield et al 2009Hammon et al 2006

Walsh et al 2007

Jnosi et al

Suriyasathaporn,2000


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Parameters to monitor health in peripartum cows

Goal:

Optimize energy metabolism and immune function to favour uterine healthand reproductive performance

Means:

Manage cows to provide feed and resting access to maintain intake in the

transition period


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Dry Cow Management


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Parameters to monitor health in peripartum cows

Nutrition:

3-4 weeks on close up diet or 5-6 weeks as 1 dry group.

Feed toprovide but not exceed maintenance requirements Fresh feed daily

Adequate water

Monitoring:

NEFA < 0.4 mEq/l in the last week prepartum

< 1.0 mEq/l in week 1 postpartum

BHB < 1100 mol/l in week 1< 1400 mol/l in weeks 2-4 after calving


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Milk Yield and Feed Intake

25

30

35

40

45

50

15

20

25

30

kgMilk/Day

0

5

10

15

20

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

0

5

10

kg Milk/Day

kg DM/Day

deficiency of

nutrients

Weeks after calving


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Negative Energy Balance Cyclicity & Fertility

Organs that have to adapt to deal with NEB.

1. Liver undergoes extensive biochemical and morphological changes.Natural mobilisation of body tissue give rise to NEFA and BHB which lead

to oxidative stress reduction in immune system therefore more

.

2. Uterus must clear bacterial infections, remodel itself(reduce size) and

repair itself, this will be delayed in a NEB.

3. Ovary must resume ovulatory cycles


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Improve Transition Cow Immunity

Improve

Energy

Balance

Calcium

MetabolismHygiene

Transition

Cow

Immunity

Avoid

Stressors

Manage

MetabolicHealth

Antioxidant

Balance


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Thank you

Thank you for your attention Any questions?

transition cow feeding

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