Transform South Yorkshire

Zero Carbon Development

Brian MarkFulcrum Consulting

The Two Elements of the Zero Carbon DefinitionIn The Code for Sustainable Homes with Development cost concerns• Energy Efficiency (Maximum Heat Loss Parameter of 0.8W/m2

/oC ) – with no UK construction experience of this level of energy efficient housing construction, to manage risk only energy QA’d volumetric solutions (generally imported) or unfamiliar ‘Passivhaus’ standards and product supply chains are available. Along with the rain/greywater harvesting for water reduction to 80L/person this has a cost of aprox £25,000 above present achieved values.

• Renewable energy – Microgeneration technologies are purchased by the developer with the user having the benefit though with little present perceived value so yet another £25,000

• As developers take more risk, profit levels are unlikely to fall so:- Land Values fall by about £50,000 per dwelling !!!

Renewable Energy

What would a post 2016 2-bed flat need for energy generation if wind is not an option• 48 m2 polycrystalline PV panel or

• 38 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or

• 33 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel + ground source heat pump for space heating only or

• 30 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating and hot water or

• 26 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating only + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or

• 23 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass boiler or

• 13 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass CHP

Energy technologies and why bigger is best

Cost Review of the Draft Code for Sustainable Homes, Cyril Sweett, Feb 07

Summary of cost of carbon savings (as % of base (BR2006) build cost)

Code3 = Code4 =

Detached 1 4.3% 14.8% 22.2% Code5 =Semi 1 4.9% 17.2% 26.5% Code6 = Low-rise flat 1 3.7% 10.0% 37.8%High-rise flat 1 4.8% 13.4% 26.3% Scenario 1Detached 2 1.8% 4.9% 16.4%Semi 2 2.2% 5.7% 19.1%Low-rise flat 2 2.0% 5.7% 27.5% Scenario 2High-rise flat 2 3.0% 12.1% 22.6%Detached 3 2.9% 2.9% n/aSemi 3 3.5% 3.5% n/a Scenario 3Low-rise flat 3 1.7% 1.7% n/aHigh-rise flat 3 1.4% 1.4% n/aDetached 4 4.9% n/a n/aSemi 4 5.2% n/a n/aLow-rise flat 4 n/a n/a n/a Scenario 4High-rise flat 4 4.0% n/a n/aMIN 1.4% 1.4% 16.4%MAX 5.2% 17.2% 37.8%

25% reduction in regulated CO2 emissions44% reduction in regulated CO2 emissions100% reduction in regulated CO2 emissionsZero carbon (i.e 100% reduction in regulated and unregulated emissions)

Code5House type Scenario Code3 Code4

Initial energy efficiency measures followed by use of solar thermal technology and then photovoltaics and biomass systems.

Initial energy efficiency measures followed by use of small scale wind turbines and then biomass systems.

Development with shared energy services, such as combined heat and power (CHP). For this scenario costs per unit are averaged for each infrastructure option across a theoretical 200 unit development. The detailed analysis of the options and costs for this scenario are contained in Appendix B.

Achievement of Code level 3 without recourse to renewable energies through the use of a whole house mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery and by assuming the use of proprietary construction details.

Definitions of Renewables

Common misconceptions:

• Passive solar• Natural ventilation• Daylighting• Solar shading

Items for debate:

•CHP•Heat pumps - ground, air & water-source•Energy from Waste

Heat only technologies

Solar Thermal

• Can realistically reduce 60%

of DHWS CO2 emissions in homes.

• By far the most popular microrenewable in the UK, aprox 80,000 installations even though it can be expensive in terms of £/KgCO2 saved without incentivisation (but read the RES)

• Competes with CHP for viability

and waste heat from electricity

production is inevitable

Heat from Biomass

• Issues

– Fuel supply and competition with transport

– Space for fuel storage

– Space for larger plant

• Access for fuel deliveries

• Emissions likely to need assessing as part of environmental impact assessment

Thermal Storage Systems

Excess heat from cooling demands (and possibly from excess waste heat) can be transferred to a store (groundwater is better than ground) instead of rejected to atmosphere, and subsequently used for space heating in winter via heat pumps.

Opportunity exists for cost-effective heating and cooling infrastructure that could significantly reduce the carbon emissions from a new or existing mixed use site without extensive disruption.

Underground Thermal Energy Storage

Availability of Ground Heating/Cooling Potential in the UK

Several hundred applications of ATES in Netherlands, both mixed-use and housing projects

Water distribution pipes to each building

Well head

Drill rig

ATES - Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Other Heat-pump based options i.e. efficient electric heating

• Non-interseasonal groundsource (aprox £6,000 additional cost per dwelling) more efficient than:-

• Air-source (aprox £2,000 additional cost per dwelling) though struggling to be allowed as a low carbon technology

Electricity only technologies

Photovoltaic Panels

• 1 M2 + connection £600-700 and gives 100 Kwhrs of electricity/yr (polycrystalline) i.e. £15/year - bad return ! Possibly wait for thin film technology

• High density brownfield mixed

use sustainable development is

likely to be tall i.e. not much

roof/person

Wind Energy Technology

Urban Wind

• Wind Turbine guide prices – May ‘08 Perpetual Energy supplies installs and operates individually sited wind turbines and wind farms. Below is a list of budgetary prices to install a single Wind Turbine for your project. Also contact us for details on how we can help to acquire site permissions, and a full range of services to develop, finance and operate wind turbines and wind farms.

• Turbine Size Tower Height Blade Size Installed Cost* £/kw

• 6kw 18m, 24m 5.6m £25,000 4,167

• 11kw 15m, 18m 13m £35,000 3,182 • 25kw 18m, 24m, 32m 11m £60,000

2,420 • 50kw 20m, 25m, 30m 15m £150,000

3,000 • 100kw 30m, 37m 19m, 20m £250,000 2,500 • 1.25MW 65m, 68m, 91m 62m, 64m £1.7M

1,360

• 2MW 80m, 100m 80m £2.7M 1,150

Combined Heat and Power technologies

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

CHP Can also generate cooling via

tri-generation

Trigeneration or CCHP

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• Electrochemical energy conversion device, in which as result of the chemical reaction, electricity is produced

• Reactants are fuel and oxygen and the reaction product is water.

• Heat is a by-product of the process• Do not operate with thermal cycle

therefore high electrical conversion efficiencies 40%+ (up to twice an internal combustion engine)

• Fundamental Issue: where do you get the hydrogen?

Schematic representation of the fuel cell process

30W 6.5V, 36W 6V Fuel Cell Stack

Energy from Waste – (how to turn a problem into a resource)

Energy from Waste - Anaerobic Digestion

• Biodegradable waste stream is combined with certain types of bacteria to generate biogas

• Two types of anaerobic digestion:

• MESOPHILIC The digester is heated to 30 - 35°C and theesidence time is 15 – 30 days

• THERMOPHILIC The digester is heated to 55°C and the residence time is 12 – 14 days.

• The products of the anaerobic digestion process are:

• Biogas is a gas compound mainly by CH4, 55 to 75% - can be burned to generate electricity and/or heat

• Liquor suitable for watering soils as fertilizer

• Fibre used for soil stabilisation or compost for soils

Energy from Waste - Incineration

• Incineration is classed as a waste treatment technology where municipal waste is combusted at high temperatures and can be used to generate heat and /or electricity if required.

• Better be WID compliant i.e. big

Planning

• PPS 1 (particularly the Planning and Climate Change Supplement)

• PPS 3 (given the costs of zero carbon buildings how are we

to provide 240,000 new homes nationally with a possible recession starting)

• PPS 22 (is it and the Merton rule outmoded)

Copenhagen, Denmark

• Greater Copenhagen heat transmission network

Copenhagen, Denmark

• One of largest systems in the World

• Servicing 50 million square metres

• Connects four CHP plants, four waste incinerators and more than 50 peak load boiler plants to more than 20 distribution companies in one pool-operated system

• total heat production of around 30,000 TJ.

ESCOs and MUSCOs ...

• Provide an Integrated Utilities service direct to end users where a low carbon approach can make them more profit

• Can be Privately or Communally owned or a mixture

• Take the operational risks and responsibilities

• Should be required to remain competitive on tariffs to keep their customers

• May be contracted to provide user with benefit of tariffs set below normal ‘grid’ customers, often around 5% lower or more.

• Provide Capital from amortising excess operational profit

• Could become the Carbon accountants of the future

Waste outputs

Useful waste productsWASTE TREATMENT

EN

ER

GY

S

OU

RC

ES

Natural

gas

Biogas

Solar

Wind

Waste…

THE ENERGY CENTRE

Building connectedto shared infrastructure

Shared distribution network

Integrated Engineering MasterplanningCan Place the Community Energy Centrein the community along with the profit

Conclusion

• To protect land value and enable future development needs, facilitate capital ‘free’ renewable electricity from municipal scale generation and distribution plant to serve low/zero carbon development, to protect the planet provide low carbon heat via district heating to serve the existing stock (we dug up the roads to provide pornography with digital cable networks , why not to save the future of the community from climate change)

• For local:- governance/democracy/transparency/empowerment/employment future/development future, develop new energy supply systems and procurement models that are owned or part owned by the community that they serve

• Change is being imposed by National policy – your community must be protected from this imposed change being just another reason why they should hand more money to large, global corporate energy suppliers

• POWER TO THE PEOPLE !!! (along with some of the profit)