transcribed and glossed recordings of ...masatok/wp_2007.pdftranscribed and glossed recordings of...

TRANSCRIBED AND GLOSSEDRECORDINGS OF

SAWRIYA PAHARIYA MALTO

Masato KobayashiHakuoh University

Bablu TirkeyRanchi University

1. Story of My Hardship. By Mr. Guhiya Paharia of Malipara, P.O. Simlong, Litti-para Block, Pakur District. Recorded at his residence in Littipara on September 10,2005.

0’00 e:nuI

guhiyaPROP

pahaóiya.PROP

aba-kifather-GE

na:miname

jomePROP

pahaóiya.PROP

qepduvillage

malipaóa.PROP

li úipaóaPROP

bloke-noblock-LO

paóa-r-ilie(H)-IT-PR.3S

“I am Guhiya Paharia. Father’s name is Jome Paharia. Village is Malipara. Itis located in Littipara Block.”

0’16 e:nI

inornow

parikSaexam(H)

cic-akangive-CP.1S

pa:kuó

PROP

iskule-noschool-LO

masúareteacher

ka:jawork

kud-indo-PR.1S

“I took an exam and now I work as a teacher at a school in Pakur.”

0’23 e:nI

eN-kiI-GE

mundiin.olden.times

maq-pahr-nochild-time(H)-LO

ka:klihardship

meñj-a.be-PT.3S

ad-enthat-AC

inornow

nim-eyou-DA

tenå-intell-PR.1S

“In olden times, in my childhood, I had a hard time. Now I will tell you.”

0’29 mundiin.olden.times

maq-pahr-nochild-time-LO

suru-surubeginning(H)-RED

pahr-notime-LO

lap-otieat-IF

indri-jahãwhat-EPH

mel-labe-PT.NG.3S

“In my early childhood, in the beginning, there was nothing to eat.”

1

0’35 oóåu-nohouse-LO

sirfonly(H)

gaNgim-jahãmaize-EPH

meñj-a.be.PT-3S

qesurice

mel-labe-PT.NG.3S

“There was only maize in the house. There was no rice.”

0’40 bahutmuch

muskile-tidifficulty(H)-AB

dalc-dalcgrind.PT-RED

ja:gufood

bita-bitacook-RED

qaúy-ahgive.PT-3S.M

“Grinding it [each time] with great difficulty, [Father] fed us cooking [littleby little].”

0’45 andathen

kisi:.tara.sesomehow(H)

bimari-nodisease-LO

ba:c-ar-posave-IT-IF?

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Somehow I recovered from my disease [lit. recovery took place].”

0’49 ba:c-ar-nesave-IT-VN

ke.ba:dafter(H)

eNg-enme-AC

abba-hfather-NO

iskole-noschool-LO

vartienrollment

nany-ahdo.PT-3S.M

“After I recovered, father sent me to school.”

0’54 iskuleschool

sarkarigovernmental

pahaóiyaPROP

iskuleschool

hiranpur-noPROP-LO

okiy-adsit.PT-3S.NM

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

“The Pahariya school of the government was in Hiranpur back then.”

1’01 a:dthat

qep-intivillage-AB

issavery

digóofar

“It was very far from my village.

1’04 ad-intethat-AB

eNg-enI-AC

vartienrollment

nan-nedo-VN

ke.ba:dafter

e:nuI

bahutmuch(H)

muskildifficulty

sefrom

paóic-tanread.PT-1S

“After [father took me] out of the village and sent me to the school, I studiedwith great difficulty.”

1’10 eNg-eI-DA

e:kone

úakarupee

du:

twoúakarupee

qe:r-anchicken-AC

indruwhat

e:óa-ngoat-AC

ne:k-enwho-AC

bi:sa-bi:sa[s]sell-RED

eNg-eI-DA

abba-hfather-NO


“He sold chicken, goat and so on to give me one or two rupees.”

1’20 pe:sa-kimoney-GE

toTOP

bahutmuch

muskiledifficulty

hiEPH

meñj-adbe.PT-3S.NM

“When it comes to money, there was a big difficulty.”

2

1’22 a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

e:kone

úakarupee

ca:ra:na4.anna

aúa:na8.anna

aïã-otfind-IF

jahãeven

muskiledifficult

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“At that time, even getting one rupee, a quarter or a half rupee was difficult.”

1’28 gaói-bharacar-load(H)

behi-nobe-CP

seEPH

har.samaeevery.time(H)

e:kalgo-CP

kam.se.kamat.least(H)

mehna-nomonth(H)-LO

ke:pondonce

eNg-bahaI.OB-place

eky-ahgo.PT-3S.M

“Going on the back of a car every time, my father came to my place at leastonce a month.”

1’33 e:k-nego-VN

ke.ba:dafter

eNg-enI-AC

úunãy-ahsee.PT-3S.M

“He came and saw me.”

1’35 ad-intithat-AB

paóyi-teread-CP

paóyi-teread-CP

paóyi-teread-CP

e:nuI

nawmaninth

kilase-kclass-DA

aós-tanreach.PT-1S

“After that I read and read, and reached the ninth class.”

1’42 nawmaninth

kilase-kclass-DA

aós-nereach-VN

ke.ba:dafter

e:noI

paóy-otiread-IF

ad-intethat-AB

amb-tanstop.PT-1S

“After reaching the ninth class, I stopped studying after that.”

1’47 oóåo-nohouse-LO

jañjaóitrouble

meñj-a.be.PT-3S

ka:klidifficulty

meñj-a.be.PT-3S

aniso

paóy-otiread-IF

e:nuI

amb-tanstop.PT-1S

“There was trouble, difficulty, at home, so I stopped studying.”

1’50 amb-nestop-VN

ke.ba:dafter

anothere

ortone

eNg-eI-DA

masúareteacher

ão:ky-ahstay.PT-3S.M

“Then there was a teacher there.”

1’53 ahi-kihe-GE

na:miname

meñj-abe.PT-3S

badlurPROP

hoddaPROP

“His name was Badlur Hodda.”

1’58 a:huhe

eN-kiI-GE

kilase-kiclass-GE

masúareteacher

meñj-ahbe.PT-3S.M

“He was my class teacher.”

3

2’02 enI

iskule-kschool-DA

nawnine

mehnamonth

ke.ba:dafter

eNg-enI-AC

phi:r.seagain

ciúiletter

teya-kahsend-CP.3S

bi:k-tar-ahcall-TR.PT-3S.M

“After nine months, he sent me a letter and called me again.”

2’08 bi:k-tara-kahcall-TR-CP.3S

bar-acome-IPV

niNg-eyou-DA

inornow

taktill(H)

na:miname

ka:úy-o:mtancut-PR.NG.1S

“He called me and said ‘Come, I have not dropped your name until now.”

2’12 inor niNg-enow

te:sú

you-DA

pari:kSa:

test(E)men-e:niexam(H)

‘Now there will be an exam for you.’

2’15 niNg-eyou-DA

parikSaexam

ciy-e:ne:

give-FT.2S.M

‘You will take the exam [specially arranged] for you.’

2’17 andathen

seEPH

mala[amla]not

tanthen

na:mi-nname-AC

niNki-nyours-AC

ka:úy-ancut-FT.1S

any-ahsay.PT-3S.M

‘And if you don’t [take the exam], I will cut your name.’ ”

2’20 uske:.ba:dafter.that

eNg-enI-AC

abba-hfather-NO

ad-intethat-AB

ondr-ahbring.PT-3S.M

“Then father took me from there [i.e. village].”

2’25 ondr-tetake-CP

ondr-tetake-CP

ga:óemany

diniday

ão:k-nestay-VN

ke.ba:dafter

eNg-eI-DA

paóy-ostudy-IF

bed-laseek-NG.3S

“When he was taking me along, I did not feel like studying [again] after stay-ing home for many days.”

2’28 paóy-ostudy-IF

bed-laseek-NG.3S.NM

aniso

sujbe:raPROP

úo:ke-nohill- LO

jare-nojungle-LO

e:nuI

erå-opass.stool-IF

bid-iseek-PR.3S.NM

an-kasay-CP

korc-akanenter-CP.1S

o:ãoó-akancry-CP.1S

ok-tansit.PT-1S

“Not feeling like studying, in the jungle of the Surajbera Hill, I said I felt likeemptying my bowels, and entered [the jungle] and sat crying.”

2’35 hedmasúarprincipal(E)

baj-anahbeat-FT.3S.M

ad-in-õhe-AC-too

elic-tanfear.PT-1S

“The principal [of the school] would beat, and I was afraid of him, too.”

4

2’38 oãoóacry

ok-ne:sit-VN

ke.ba:dafter

aba-hfather-NO

eNg-enI-AC

qa:pa-qa:pawait-RED

oky-ahsit.PT-3S.M

“While [lit. after] sitting crying, father stayed waiting [for me].”

2’42 qa:pa-qa:pawait-RED

oky-ahsit.PT-3S.M

uske:.ba:dafter.that

qalu-qalusteal.PP-RED

ulúar-akanturn.around-CP.1S

malipaóaPROP

qep-ikvillage-DA

bonå-orun-IF

meñj-atan [present perfect?]be.PT-1S

“Then, having turned around sneakily, I fled back to Malipara village.”

2’49 darce-kehold-CP.3S.M

a:ãnothere

e:kone

úaparslap

bajy-ahbeat.PT-3S.M

eNg-enI-AC

“Having caught me, he gave me a slap on the spot.”

2’51 baj-nebeat-VN

ke.ba:dafter

muskildifficulty

sewith

tuki-tuki-tuki-tukipush.PT-RED-RED-RED

li úipaóa-kPROP-DA

ondr-ahtake.PT-3S.M

“After slapping me, he kept pushing me on the back and took me to Littipara.”

2’55 liúipaóa-ntiPROP-AB

e:nuI

hiranpuri-kPROP-DA

ek-tamgo.PT-1P.E

jo:r.seimmediately

e:mwe.E

ma:nqal-e:mfather.and.son-1P.E

“We, father and son, went from Littipara to Hiranpur immediately.”

3’04 e:k-nego-VN

ke.ba:dafter

elc-e-tfear-VN-IN

eNg-eI-DA

ke:pontiat.once

me:dillness

korc-aenter.PT-3S.NM

“After going [to Hiranpur], I got fever at once because of fear.”

3’08 me:dillness

korc-aenter.PT-3S.NM

kukuhead

nuñjc-aache.PT-3S.NM

“I had fever and headache.”


e:kone

golitablet

mandramedicine

qe:å-tanbuy.PT-1S

hiranpurPROP

haspaúale-nohospital-LO

“Then I bought one tablet at Hiranpur Hospital.”

3’15 mo:q-neeat-VN

ke.ba:dafter

kuku-nuyuhead-ache

úi:kwell

le:r-abecome.PT-3S.NM

“After taking [the tablet], the headache got well.”

5

3’19 úi:kwell

le:r-nebecome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

e:kone

pa:lirow

pari:kSa:

examannothere

katamend(H)

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“By the time I recovered, the first exam was over.”

3’24 dusrasecond

pa:lirow

pari:kSa:-noexam-LO

e:nuI

elc-u-nfear-PP-1S

kirkiwindow

pa:wthrough

ko:ric-tanenter.PT-1S

“In the second exam, I was afraid so I entered the room from a window.”

3’28 kirkiwindow

pa:wthrough

korca-tatkanenter.PT-CP.1S

kurka-tatkanwrite.PT-CP.1S

e:nuI

te:sú

testpari:kSa:-noexam-LO

goú-intiall-AB

ja:demuch

nambarenumber

hıEPH

eN-kiI-GE

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Having entered the room from a window and having written the exam, mineturned out to be the highest score of all in the exam.”

3’35 eN-kiI-GE

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

anduall.the.time

mundubeginning

agdut-entiformer-AB

paóy-uread-PP

maqeboy

eNg-enI-AC

cillahtar-ahyell.PT-3S.M

“After that, a boy who was studying all the time since ago yelled at me.”

3’41 i:hthis.M.SG

toTOP

qaãa-kacheat.PT-CP

seEPH

pa:spass

meñj-ahbe.PT-3S.M

ıhuthis.M

‘He passed by cheating.’

3’44 úunã-úunã

see-RED

kurk-kawrite-CP

pa:spass

meñj-ah.be.PT-3S.M

indekithis.way

mel-le:nibe-FT.NG.3S.NM

‘He passed looking at others’ papers and writing [his own exam]. This is notright.’

3’46 ih-ikthis.M.SG-DA

ikini-goúehow-EPH

besimuch

nambarenumber

barcacome.PT-3S.NM

any-ahsay.PT-3S.M

‘How did the best score come out for him?’

3’50 an-nesay-VN

ke.ba:dafter

heãmasúareprincipal

awã-ah.say.PT-3S.M

adanothen


meñj-ahbe.PT-3S.M

ra:juPROP

mahtoPROP

“When they said so, the principal said. The principal at that time was RajuMahto.”

6

3’55 ra:juPROP

mahtoPROP

awã-ah.say.PT-3S.M

úi:kewell

andekithat.way

ta:nthen

deka:ITJ

tobethen

phiragain

seEPH

e:kone

bartime

parikSaexam

nan-tr-eido-TR-FT.1S

“Raju Mahto said, ‘Okay, if that is the case, I will give you an exam again.”’

4’00 goúer-niall-AC.EPH?

úunã-úunã

see-RED

kurk-awrite-IP

any-ahsay.PT-3S.M

‘Write [the exam] looking at everyone else.’

4’03 aniso

e:nI

awãa-tansay.PT-1S

seEPH

phiragain

dubaratwice

parikSaexam

men-no:be-CP

hõeven

úunã-úunã

see-RED

kurk-u-rwrite-PP-3P

kurk-anderwrite-OP.3P

amb-a.leave.IP

úunda-balosee-without

kurk-anwrite-FT.1S

an-tansay.PT-1S

“So I said, ‘Even if there is an exam again, I will write it without cheating.Let those who write cheating do so.”’

4’10 ande-goúagain-EPH

phiragain

eNg-eI-DA

hiEPH

nambarenumber

besimuch

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Then again, I got the highest score.”

4’13 besimuch

men-nebe-CP

ke.ba:dafter

hedmasúareprincipal

awã-ahsay.PT-3S.M

“Then the principal said.”

4’17 úhi:kokay(H)

inornow

jhagóa.jhañjhaú

quarrel(H)men-nobe-CP

ko:iany(H)

úhi:kegood

mal-abe.not.PR-3S

‘Okay, now it is useless to do argument.’

4’20 ba:de-noafter-LO

bahutmuch

parikSaexam

mEúrikematriculation

pa:spass

men-nobe-CP

tatnothereupon

seEPH

e:nI

a:å-anknow-FT.1S

kiCPL

ne:duwho.NM.SG

acchawell

budi.taniintelligent

orand

ne:dwho.NM

budi.belounintelligent

“When you guys pass the big matriculation exam later, then I will know whois [really] intelligent and who isn’t.”

4’29 any-ah.say.PT-3S.M

úhi:kgood

ad-entithat-AB

parikSaexam

ciy-otigive-IF

ek-tamgo.PT-1P.E

“Okay, after that we went to take the exam.”

7

4’31 parikSaexam

pa:kuó

PROP

harindaNgaPROP

iskule-noschool-LO

eN-kiI-GE

sintarecenter

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“The Harindanga school in Pakur was my exam center.”

4’35 sintarecenter

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ad-nothat-LO

adeagain

qa:l-ucheat-PP

maqe-r-inboy-P-AC

turan-turanat.once

darc-arcatch.PT-3P

“Then they caught boys who were cheating in the exam right away.”

4’40 dar-necatch-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ekspelexpel

na:ny-ardo.PT-3P

“Then they expelled them.”


otr-otrbring-RED

tey-arsend.PT-3P

duba:raagain(H)

parikSeexam

ciy-tar-largive-TR-PT.NG.3P

“They took them and kicked them out, and did not let them take the exam anymore.”

4’45 úhi:kokay

eNg-eI-DA

noEPH?

ji :b.bigya:nbiology(H)

bisae-kisubject(H)-GE

parikSaexam

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“For me, the exam was on biology.”

4’50 ad-nothat-LO

baNgaliBengali

maqeboy

qo:qwji:back

purjaslip

ki:d-ahput.PT-3S.M

“But then a guy [who was taking] Bengali [exam] put a cheating slip on myback.”

4’52 aniso

eNg-en-õI-AC-too

anothere

ga:ãiNgmonitoring

nan-udo-PP

vikSaksupervisor

e:kone

úaparslap

baj-kabeat-CP

purja:

slipke.sa:twith

eNg-enI-AC

oc-ahtake.PT-3S.M

ga:ãru:me-kguardroom-DA

“A supervisor who was monitoring the exam gave me a slap too, and took meto the guardroom with the cheating slip.”

5’01 ga:ãru:me-nteguardroom-AB

eNg-enI-AC

ji :pe-nJeep-AC

arg-tara-karclimb-TR-CP.3P

tha:na:-kpolice.station-DA

oc-artake.PT-3P

“They took me from the guardroom, made me get on a Jeep, and took me tothe police station.”

8

5’05 tha:na:-kpolice.station-DA

oy-netake-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ja:buwhen

ko:pi:ntest.paper-AC

arand

purja-nslip-AC

mila:-tar-ahput.together(H)-TR.PT-3S.M

“Then when they compared the copy and the slip,”

5’08 ta:buthen

ahi-kihe-GE

toTOP

ra:Súraba:sanational.language

baNglaBengali

meñj-a.be.PT-3S

eN-kiI-GE

toTOP

ji :b.bigya:ne-kibiology-GE

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“then his [cheating slip] was [on] the Bengali language, and my [exam] wasbiology.”

5’13 men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ad-intethat-AB

eNg-enI-AC

phi:ragain

adhahalf

ghanúahour

úaimetime

qaúy-argive.PT-3P

parikSa-noexam-LO

bahutmuch

parikSa-noexam-LO

kurk-otiwrite-IF

“After that, they gave me time for half an hour to write a lot in the exam.”

5’20 qaú-negive-VN

ke.ba:dafter

enI

mEúrikematric

pa:spass

meñj-atanbe.PT-1S

“Then I passed the matriculation.”

5’22 mEúrikematric

pa:spass

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

enoI

ad-inte-mthat-AB-EPH

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

pahaóialpine

qep-wijovillage-side

ne:-jahãwho-even

mEúrikmatric

pa:serpasser

behi-lahbe-PT.NG.3S.M

“Then, from there, from the side of the mountain villages, there was no onewho had passed the matriculation.”


e:nI

pa:spass

meñj-atan.be.PT-1S

aniso

duniyanews

hallasensation

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Then I passed. So the news became a sensation.”

5’35 hallasensation

meñj-abe.PT-3S

kiCPL

malipaóaPROP

qep-novillage-LO

ortuone

guhiyaPROP

pahaóiyaPROP

mEúrikmatric

pa:spass

meñj-ahbe.PT-3S.M

“It became a sensation that Guhiya Paharia, a guy from Malipara, passedmatriculation.”

9

5’41 any-asay.PT-3S

ikewhich

guhiyaPROP

pahaóiyaPROP

mEúrikmatric

pa:spass

meñj-abe.PT-3S

an-naqy-arsay-RCP.PT-3P

goú-er-i[k]all-P-DA

hallasensation

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“It was a sensation for everyone, saying to each other ‘Which Guhiya Pahariapassed the matriculation?”’

5’46 hallasensation

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

kuñjbanaPROP

misanmission

iskule-noschool-LO

ão:ky-astay.PT-3S

sisúarnisister.F

mandramedicine

ba:úyugrind-PP

sisúarnisister.F

ão:ky-astay.PT-3S

paóyi-tr-ustudy-TR-PP

sisúarnisister.F

ão:ky-astay.PT-3S

“Then there was a sister at the mission school in Kunjbona, a sister grindingmedicine, and a sister teaching.”

5’55 a:

thatsisúarnisister.F

bed-isearch-PR.3S

bed-iRED

eNg-baha-kI-place-DA

eky-ago.PT-3S

kiCPL

malipaóa-noPROP-LO

guhiyaPROP

pahaóiyaPROP

ikewho

mEúrikematric

pase-hpass-3S.M

e:nI

ah-inhe-AC

ão:k-tr-anstay-TR-FT.1S

any-asay.PT-3S

“Searching and searching, that sister came to my place and said, ‘GuhiyaPaharia in Malipara, who is a matriculation pass[er], we will hire him.”


du:

twoso:

100úakarupee

mehnamonth

kuñjbanaPROP

misanmission

iskule-noschool-LO

paóyi-tr-atanstudy-TR-PT.1S

e:nuI

ti:nthree

sa:lyear

“Then I taught at the mission school in Kunjbona for three years for twohundred rupees a month.”


sahargaúi-kPROP-DA

baric-tancome.PT-1S

betane-nsalary-AC

iñjr-otireceive-IF

“Then I came to Sahargati [every month] to receive salary.”

6’13 anteand

kud-dework-CP?

kud-deRED

a:

thatmisan-enmisson-AC

amb-kanleave-CP.1S

e:nuI

ek-tango.PT-1S

dumka.PROP

adibasiAdivasi

nigamcorporation

dipa:úe-nodepartment-LO

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

“I worked and worked and then left the mission. I went to Dumka and got ajob at the Adivasi Nigam Department.”

10

6’21 nigamcorporation

dipa:úe-nodepartment-LO

ma:tronly

eNg-eI-DA

pa:cfive

so100

úakarupee

betanesalary

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Only from the Department I got a salary of five hundred rupees.”

6’25 bahutmuch

dine-noday-LO

sa:tseven

mehnamonth

binawithout

be:tane:-tisalaryIN

ka:lionly(H)

mandramedicine

baúic-tangrind.PT-1S

“For many days, for seven months, I was just grinding medicine withoutsalary.”

6’30 ka:kla:-r-atan.troubleIN-PT.1S

jaói-buúijungle-medicinal.plant(H)

mandramedicine

baúic-tangrind.PT-1S

e:nuI

“I had a tough time. I was grinding medicine from the medicinal plants of thejungle.”

6’32 baúyi-negrind-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ro:jday

eNg-eI-DA

pacfive

úakarupee

pe:samoney

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“After grinding, I got five rupees every day.”

6’36 a:

thatpe:sa-timoneyIN

je:

whiche:nuI

nasta-indrutiffin-what

meñj-meñjbe.PT-RED

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

“I used to have whatever tiffin [is available] with that money.”

6’39 ja:gu-ntefood-AB

e:nI

sahabe-kimaster-GE

bit-atancook.PT-1S

ad-enthat-AC

e:kone

muúifist

ja:gucooked.rice

lap-taneat.PT-1S

e:nuI

“I had a fistful of food from what I cooked for the boss.”

6’45 ão:k-testay-CP

ão:k-testay-CP

sa:tseven

mehna:month

ke.ba:dafter

painti:s35

so:

100pe:samoney

qaq-oår-adreceive-PA.PT-3S.NM

eNg-eI-DA

“After seven months, I got 3,500 rupees.”

6’50 qaq-oår-nereceive-PA-VN

ke.ba:dafter

aba-kfather-DA

ondr-akabring-CP

cic-akangive-CP.1S

oóåu-nohouse-LO

cic-akangive-CP.1S

“Then I brought the money to my father, gave it [to him] at home, and,”

11

6’55 phi:ragain

a:

thatdineday

turantimmediately

a:nondso.much

seEPH

elc-afear-VN

meñjabe.PT-3S

dyutiduty

nan[-u]do-PP

pahr-notime-LO

elc-pofear-IT-IF

meñj-abe.PT-3S

kir-kareturn-CP

ek-tango.PT-1S

dumkaPROP

“I went back to Dumka immediately on the same day. So much was I afraid.I was afraid as I was on duty.”

7’01 phiragain

dumka-noPROP-LO

do:

twosalyear

ão:k-nestay-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ad-intethat-AB

tey-arsend.PT-3P

eNg-enI-AC

sahebgoñje-kPROP-DA

“After staying in Dumka for two more years, they sent me from there to Sa-hebganj.”

7’05 sahebgoñje-noPROP-LO

dukani-kishop-GE

ti:qalurice

da:lilentil

a:lupotato

sabjivegetable

oc-octake.PT-RED

lap-taneat.PT-1S

uda:ricredit

“Taking rice, dal, potatoes and vegetable from a shop in Sehebganj, I ate themon credit.”

7’16 pe:sa-úikanamoney-abode[H]

behi-labe-PT.NG.3S

e:kone

úakarupee

jãeven

dokri-nopocket-LO

behi-labe-PT.NG.3S

pe:samoney

“There was no money at all. There was no money, not even a rupee, in thepocket.”

7’17 uda:ricredit

lap-teeat-CP

lap-teeat-CP

ga:óemuch

le:ó-adbecome.PT-3S.NM

an-nothat-LO

ga:óemuch

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Eating and eating on credit, it became a big amount.”

7’20 ga:óemuch

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ão:k-testay-CP

ão:k-testay-CP

eNg-enI-AC

ad-intethat-AB

haúa:-tar-ahdrive.off[H]-TR.PT-3S.M

“Then [the shop-owner] kicked me out from there [i.e. the shop],”

7’25 kiCPL

niNg-eyou-DA

inornow

pe:samoney

jim[-r]-le :niget-IT-FT.NG.3S.NM

jo:

whichpã:cfive

so:

100úakarupee

mehinamonth

jim-teget-CP

qaq-teacquire-CP

a:dthat

inohere

pe:samoney

jim[r]-le :niget-IT-FT.NG.3S.NM

ek-kago-CP

inornow

ni:nuyou

oóåo[i]house

ão:k-o:kastay.IPV

an-kasay-CP

tey-arsend.PT-3P

eNg-enI-AC

“saying, ‘If you have no money, if you cannot get the five hundred rupee you[are supposed to] get monthly, go home and stay’, they sent me back.”

12


ad-intethat-AB

olå-otcry-IF

surubegin

nan-tando.PT-1S

qa:n-amdueye-water

úopy-otdrop-IF

surubeginning

nany-addo.PT-3S.NM

“Then I started crying. Tears started dropping.”


iki-[n]owhich-ever

dukani-noshop-LO

ja:gucooked.rice

uda:ricredit

lap-ta:n.eat.PT-1S

dudi-nmilk-AC

uda:ricredit

oc-atantake.PT-1S

“I ate all food on credit from there, at the shop. I took milk on credit fromthere.” [?]

7’45 ikt-entiwhich-AB

pe:samoney

ciy-angive-FT.1S[?]

“From where shall I give the money back?”

7’46 pe:sanmoney

ad-inthat-AB[?]

bandclosing

nany-ar.do.PT-3P

bandclosing

nan-kado-CP

barc-acome.PT-3S

“They stopped paying salary, they had stopped paying salary.”

7’49 bar-necome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

baric-tancome.PT-1S

e:nI

apnaown

qep-ikvillage-DA

malipaóa-kPROP-DA

“Then I went to my own village Malipara.”

7’52 malipaóa-kPROP-DA

bar-necome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

kuñjbana-noPROP-LO

miãilmiddle

iskuleschool

kula:-r-aopen-IT.PT-3S

“Then a middle school had [just] opened in Kunjbona.”

7’58 naya:new(H)

naya:new

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“It was brand new.”

8’00 e:nI

ad-intethat-AB

luNgilungee

cu:c-ekenput.on-CP.1S

baric-tancome.PT-1S

luNgilungee

cu:c-akanput.on-CP.1S

baric-tancome.PT-1S

“I put on a lungee and went there.”

8’03 tanthen

bar-necome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

a:úe-n[o]market-LO

gurac-tewalk.around-CP

gurac-tewalk.around-CP


kuñjbana-kiPROP-GE


meñjahbe.PT-3S.M

“Then the principal of Kunjbona [School] was walking around in the market.”

13

8’11 ah-inhe-AC

luNgilungee

cuc-ekeniput.on-CP.1S

parna:mhello

sa:rSir

a:n-tansay.PT-1S

“I wore lungee and said ‘Hello, sir’ to him.”

8’15 parna:mhello

sa:rSir

an-nesay-VN

ke.ba:dafter

awã-ah iknosay.PT-3S.M

ão:k-destay-PR.2S.M

ino:rnow

an-kusay-CP

“Then he said, ‘Where do you work now?”’

8’18 malano

e:nI

agdiformerly

sahebgoñje-noPROP-LO

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

adibasiAdivasi

nigame-nocorporation-LO

lekinbut(H)

eNg-enI-AC

ad-intethat-AB

otr-artake.out.PT-3P

‘I was in Sahebganj before, at Adivasi Nigam, but they let me get out of there.’

8’22 otr-netake.out-VN

ke.ba:dafter

inornow

e:nI

eisethis.way(H)

hiEPH

a:úemarket

gurarkudd-otwalk.around-IF

baric-tancome.PT-1S

‘And now I came [here] to walk around the town.’

8’27 a:nkothen

a:

thatmasúareteacher

hoEPH

borio-kiPROP-GE

meñj-ah.be.PT-3S.M

bahutmuch

dayalumerciful

masúareteacher

meñj-ahbe.PT-3S.M

“That teacher was from Borio, a very compassionate teacher.”

8’32 awã-ahsay.PT-3S

e:kone

januari-noJanuary-LO

pahaóiyaPahariya

kalya:nwelfare

saabemaster

bara-nahcome-FT-3S.M

“He said, ‘On January 1, the officer from the Pahariya Welfare comes.’

8’37 bar-necome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ne:k-enwho-AC

apnaself

maó-ehlike-PR[FT].3S.M

a:

thatmaq-enboy-AC

ão:k-tra:-nahstay-TR-FT.3S.M

‘Then he hires whomever he likes.’

8’41 ni:nyou

e:kone

ta:ri:ke-nodate(H)-LO

e:kone

januari-noJanuary-LO

bar-kecome-CP-2S

arand

darkhaseapplication(H)

kurk-kewrite-CP.2S

ciy-e:negive-FT.2S.M

‘[Why don’t] you come on January 1, and write and submit an application.’


niNg-enyou-AC

pahaóiyaPahariya

iskuleschool

ão:k-tr-ah [?]stay-TR-FT.3S.M

tanthen

úhi:kegood

‘Then if Pahariya School hires you, that will be good.’

14

8’49 any-ahsay.PT-3S.M


e:nI

baric-tancome.PT-1S

úhi:kwell

ade-nothat-LO

amñ-o:tibathe-IF

usraspare.time

meñj-ano?

kuk-ahead-AC

qa:sr-otcomb-IF

usraspare.time

meñj-abe.PT-3S

‘Then if Pahariya School hires you, that will be good.’

8’49 any-ahwhat-even

uske:.ba:dspare.time

e:nbe-PT.NG.3S

baric-tanúhi:k ade-no amñ-o:ti usra meñj-ano

kuk-a qa:sr-ot usra meñj-a

“Then I came there. There there was no time to bathe nor comb the hair.”

8’56 a:

thatdineday

ba:jóamillet

baúic-tanpound.PT-1S

e:nuI

“I was pounding millet that day.”

8’57 arand

a:lupotato

ja:guboiled.rice

ba:jóamillet

ja:guboiled.rice

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“There were boiled potato and boiled millet.”

9’00 e:kone

muúafist

ba:jóamillet

ja:guboiled.rice

lap-tan.eat.PT-1S


am-anwater-AC

onãa-tandrink.PT-1S

“I ate a handful of boiled millet and drank water.”

9’14 o:n-nedrink-VN

ke.ba:dafter

phi:ragain

ad-intethat-AB

amñata-balobathe.?-without

gamca:-titowelIN

qetur-atandust.PT-1S

phiragain

kuñjbanakPROP

baric-tancome.PT-1S

“Then without taking bath, having just dusted myself with a towel, I came toKunjbona again.”

9’11 kuñjbanakPROP

bar-necome-VN

ke.ba:dafter

anothere

so:la16

úakarupee

ba:rana12.anna

eNg-eI-DA

betanesalary

meñj-abe.PT-3S

ãe:li.daily

dine-nihıday-LO.EPH

betanesalary

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Then my salary there was sixteen rupees and 75 paise a day. There wassalary every day.”

15

9’17 men-nebe-VN

ke.badafter

ão:k-testay-CP

ão:ktestay-CP

ão:ktestay-CP

a:nothere

du:

twosalyears

bi:ta-r-a.pass(H)-IT.PT-3S

lekinbut

a:

thatsolla16

úakarupee

ba:rana-n12.anna-AC

jahãeven

qaq-oår-tereceive-PA-CP

qaq-oår-tereceive-PA-CP

bandclosed

nany-ado.PT-3S

“Then two years have passed working there, but even that sixteen rupees and75 paise was first available and then stopped.”

9’25 bandclosed

nan-nedo-VN

ke.badafter

eNg-eI-DA

binawithout

paisemoney

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

“After the payment had stopped, I worked for no salary.”

9’30 borio-kiPROP-GE


mehna-nomonth-LO

a:ú

eightkilok.g.

a:lupotato


“The principal from Borio gave me eight kilogram potatoes per month.”

9’34 aurand

bi:s20

kilok.g.

ti:qal-arice-AC

qaúy-ah.give.PT-3S.M

a:tareni?[usi: ko]

lapa-lapaeat-RED[?]

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S


e:kone

úakarupee

jahãeven

pe:sadmoney-NO

eNg-eI-DA

qaq-oår-lareceive-PA-PT.NG.3S

“And he gave me twenty kilogram rice. I was eating only them. Then noteven a single rupee was available.”

9’39 phiragain

ão:k-testay-CP

ão:k-testay-CP

eNg-eI-DA

unni:s19

so:

100nabbe:90

sa:leyear

aktumbarOctober

mehna:month

eNg-eI-DA

bahliselection

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Carrying on and on working, in October 1990, I was hired by selection.”

9’48 masúare-noteacher-LO

bahliselection

men-nebe-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ad-intethat-AB

cho:

sixsa:lyear

kuñjbana-noPROP-LO

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

“After hired as a teacher, I worked at Kunjbona for six years.”


ad-intethat-AB

badlitransfer

meñj-adbe.PT-3S.NM

eNg-eI-DA

masiliyaPROP

dumkaPROP

jilaDistrict

“Then I was transferred to Masiliya, Dumka District.”

16

9’56 dumkaPROP

jilaDistrict

ca:rfour

sa:lyear

ão:k-tanstay.PT-1S

“I was in Dumka District for four years.”


ca:rfour

sa:lyear

ão:k-nestay-VN

ke.ba:dafter

ino:rnow

pakuóPROP

jilaDistrict

harijanHarijan

iskuleschool

badlitransfer

meñjabe.PT-3S

“Then after working for four years, I was transferred to the Harijan school inPakur District.”

10’05 harijanHarijan

iskole-n[o]school-LO

enI

inornow

ão:k-instay-PR.1S

ão:k-instay-PR.1S

e:nuI

“I now work at the Harijan school.”

10’10 maqe-r-inboy-P-AC

indrwhat

inornow

eN-kiI-GE

maqe-r-inboy-P-AC

jaiseas

ka:kla:-r-akanhave.difficulty-IT-CP.1S

paóic-tanstudy.PT-1S

sika-r-tanteach-IT.PT-1S

no:kriemployment

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Just as I [first] had difficulty, then studied, taught and got a job,”

10’16 a:-leknothat-like

eN-kiI-GE

maqe-r-inboy-P-AC

kisi.tara.sesomehow

baóhiyãgood

iskole-noschool-LO

paryi-tr-otistudy-TR-IF

so:cy-in.think-PR.1S

maqe-r-inboy-P-AC

inornow

ão:k-tar-instay-TR-PR.1S

“I am thinking of sending my children to a good school to study [and get agood job] in the same way. And now I [actually] send them [to a boardingschool].”

10’23 parebut

a:gefront

indriwhat

men-enidbe-FT.3S.NM

ad-enthat-AC

gosanyigod

hiEPH

a:å-ihknow-PR.1S.M

“But only God knows what will happen in future.”

10’26 basenough

inondethis.much

eN-kiI-GE

eN-kiI-GE

duke-kihardship-GE

katastory

oNgr-iend-PR.3S

“Okay, this much is the story of my hardship.”

17

2. Pahariya Wedding, by Mr. Surja Pahariya, Ursa Pahar, P.O. Ghatyari, RangaBlock, Sahebganj District. Recorded on March 3, 2006 at Adivasi Residential BoysHigh School, Hiranpur.

0’00 em-kiwe-GE

siúu-rmatch.maker-P

a:n-imsay-PR.1P.E

jo:ó-ond-erpair-one-P

“We call the pair of people our match-makers.”

0’05 a:berethey

muóse-kiman-GE

batte-rsider-P

ik-goúewho-ever

peli.aãa-kwoman.house-DA

e:k-ergo-FT.3P

“Those people belonging to the boy’s side go to the house of whichever girlit may be.”

0’13 anteand

a:únothere

patainformation(H)

laga-tr-erattach(H)-TR-FT.3P

kiCPL

e:mewe.E

palnaso.and.so

maqe-kboy-DA

men-otiask-IF

barc-kemcome.PT-1P.E

“And there, we get information, saying ‘We have come to ask [about yourgirl] for the boy so-and-so.’.”

0’23 annothere

a:únothereon

ba:tdiscussion(H)

jo:óa-r-ijoin(H)-IT-3S

ta:nuthen

a:berthey

surustart(H)

nan-erdo-FT.3P

kiCPL

palnaso.and.so

dineday

e:mwe.I

bar-emcome-FT.1P.E

“If an agreement is reached thereon, they start [preparing], saying ‘We willcome on such and such a day’.”

0’34 anteand

a:

thatdineday

e:k-ergo-FT.3P

“And they come on that day.”

0’36 e:k-e-kigo-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

ba:tci:tediscussion(H)

men-anidbe-FT.3S.NM

“After going there, there will be a discussion [about the consequences of themarriage].”

0’39 peli-kigirl-GE

toTOP

tambako-berfather-P

arand

muóse-kiman-GE

toTOP

tambako-berfather-P

o:k-ersitFT.3P

a:únothere

“The girl’s parents and the boy’s parents sit there.”

18

0’46 ok-e-kisit-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

men-erask-FT.3P

kiCPL

e:k-engo-FT.1S

a:n-idsay-PR.3S.NM

ta:nuthen

biha-kiwedding-GE

taydecision

men-idbe-PR.3S.NM

“Then they ask [the girl] if [she wants to marry the boy]. If she says ‘I willgo [and marry him]’ then the marriage is decided on.”

0’54 ada-nothen[uske ba:d]

qa:wnaq-erconverse-FT.3P

kiCPL

e:nond-goúehow.much-EPH

pe:sa-dmoney-NM

ca:r.so:400

pã:c.so:500

hajar1000

úakarupee

a:rand

e:kone

manmaund

du:

twomanmaund

ti:qal-arice-AC

jo:-goúewhich-EPH

awãnaq-eradiscuss-FT.3P

“At that point, they talk how much money, 400, 500, 1,000 rupees, and onemaund, two mounds of rice. They discuss all those matters.”

1’06 anteand

a:

CR

ikwhich

dineday

ta:rikdate

nan-erdo-FT.3P

a:

thatdine-noday-LO

bihawedding

men-anidbe-FT.3S.NM

“And the wedding will take place on that day on which they fixed the date.”

1’10 a:de-k(i)that-DA

siúu-rmatch.maker-P

ão:k-nerstay-PR.3P

ad-inthat-AC

carioti[?]mediating[12’37]

innohere

muóseãa-kman’s.house-DA

e:k-ergo-FT.3P

pelaãa-kwoman’s.house-DA

e:k-ergo-FT.3P

jo:óond-erone.pair-P

a:berthey

siúumatch.maker

a:n-imsay-PR.1P.E

“Match makers are for that procedure. They go to boy’s house here and girl’shouse [there] to mediate it [i.e. the match]. We call those two people match-makers.”

1’16 a:berethey

men-ne-kiask-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

do:noboth

tarafside

sefrom

ba:tewords

mi:lagreement

meñj-adbe.PT-3S.NM

ta:nuthen

biha-kiwedding-GE

taydecision

men-anidbe-FT.3S.NM

“After they ask, if words from both parties agree, then the decision of thewedding is all set.”

1’25 po:nedowry

jo.bhi:whatever

qawrnoq-arconverse.PT-3P

e:mwe.E

toTOP

pel-er-ikgirl-P-DA

ciy-imgive-PR.1P.E

pe:sa-nmoney-AC

“Whatever dowry they have discussed, we give that money to the girl’s peo-ple.”

19

1’30 muóseman

bed-kehseek-CP.3S

ondr-ihbring-PR.3S.M

“The boy calls her out and [is going to] take her [to his house].”

1’32 adanothere

bihawedding

men-idbe-PR.3S.NM

adanothere

e:k-nergo-PR.3P

lal-otidance-IF

bariati-rgroomsmen-P

qe:lu.ãugukettledrum

“Then wedding is held. Then the bridegroom’s party and drum go in order todance.”

1’38 apnaself

i:this

qep-entevillage-AB

pel-aãa-kgirl-house-DA

e:k-ergo-FT.3P

“They go from this village of theirs to the bride’s house.”

1’41 pel-aãa-nogirl-house-LO

lal-er(a)dance-FT.3P

“They dance at bride’s house.”

1’44 a:

thatsiúumatch.maker

lo:ke-r[21’14]people-P

gurar-erwalk.about-FT.3P

kiCPL

ikna:nehow

upa:ydevise

laga-tr-erattach-TR-FT.3P

adaki-noits-LO

“Meanwhile, the match makers run around, wondering how to mediate.”

1’49 anteand

e:k-e-kigo-VN-GE

ba:d-no i:úinteafter-LO

kisa oy-erfrom.here

“And after they go, they bring a pig from here [i.e. their place].”

1’52 kispig

oy-e-kibring-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

ne:re-kiwho-GE

ikwhich

peli-kigirl-GE

arand

muóse-kiman-GE

bihawedding

men-a:nitake.place-FT.3S.NM

ahe-kihe-GE

na:mi-tiname-IN

a:

thatkisapig-AC

caq-erstab-FT.3P

“After they bring the pig, they stab [and butcher] that pig by the name of thatboy and that girl whose wedding will take place.”

2’01 caq-e-kistab-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

a:beri-kithey-GE

na:miname

palna-dso.and.so-NM

arand

palna-hso.and.so-M

inte-ntetoday-AB

oóå-erbecome.man.and.wife-FT.3P

“After they stab [the pig, saying] their name [, they proclaim] ‘So-and-so andso-and-so become man and wife from today.’ ”

20

2’05 a:

thati:ber-ki-dethese-GE-NM

uj-e-delive-VN-NM

ekdamalways

e:óuwell

men-andedbe-OP.3S.NM

‘May the lives of these be always well.’

2’43 a:ber-kithey-GE

na:me-tiname-IN

pu:jaritual

men-idbe-PR.3S.NM

“The puja is [performed] in their name [by their relatives].”

2’45 caq-nerstab-PR.3P

anteand

palnaso-and-so

inte-ntetoday-AB

i:this

maqeboy-DA

ahi-kihe-GE

tambako-kifather-GE

na:mi-nname-AC

anteand

a:

thatmaqe-kiboy-GE

na:mi-nname-AC

araand

peli-kigirl-GE

tambako-ki-nfather-GE-AC

araand

peli-ki-dgirl-GE-NM

na:mi-nname-AC

awã-kersay-CP.3P

anteand

pu:ja:

ritualnan-erdo-PR.3P

“After stabbing the pig, they say this boy’s father’s name and that boy’s name[together], and [then say] the girl’s father’s and the girl’s name [together], andperform the puja.”

2’58 inte-ntetoday-AB

iberthese

oóåermarried.couple

iber-kithese-GE

e:óuwell

sukhãan-sehappiness-in

ão:k-anderstay-OP.3P

e:óuwell

uj-anderlive-OP.3P

a:n-kersay-CP.3P

ad-init-AC

caq-qerstab-CP.3P

anteand

a:únothere

ad-init-AC

kiïã-erdivide-FT.3P

“Having said ‘May this couple stay well in happiness, may they live well fromtoday on’, they stab it and then divide it.”

3’08 ad-inethat-AC

toka-rrelative-P

ca:gr-naqerdivide-REC

ma:k-ameat-AC

toóa.toóaa.little

goúe-kiall-GE

toka-rrelative-P

a:ber-ikthey-DA

tay-ersend-FT.3P

thoóa.thoóaa.little

goúe-hiall-EPH

ahe-kihe-GE

kandane-rrelative-P

aber-ikthey-DA

“They divide that meat little by little for all relatives. They send it to them,for all his [and her] relatives.”

3’16 a:

CR

inohere

jo:

CR

bic-adbe.boiled-PT.3S.NM

ad-inthat-AC

aãulte-ninner-AC

ceiro-dheart.and.liver-NM

a:n-imsay-PR.1P.E

ad-inthat-AC

bit-ercook-FT.3P

“We call the inner part of that which is cookedceiro [‘heart and liver’]. Theycook it [for the couple].”

21

3’20 a:

CR

inetoday

bihawedding

men-idtake.place-PR.3S.NM

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

em-kiwe.E-GE

batteside

bihawedding

men-itake.place-PR.3S

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

“When the wedding takes place today, when the wedding takes place on ourside,”

3’28 peli-kigirl-GE

arand

muóse-kiman-GE

e:kone

si:ú-noseat-LO

ok-ersit-FT.3P

indakethis.way

“The bride’s [people, i.e. the bride and the performer of the rite like her uncle,and the match-maker] and the bridegroom’s [people] sit on one [mat] seat thisway.”

3’33 adanothen

a:ber-ikethey-DA

indakethis.way

úeúu-nhand-AC

ok-ersit-FT.3P

“Then they [i.e. the couple] sit with hands [covering their face] to them thisway.”

3’35 adanothen

toóa.toóa-tilittle.by.little-IN

inte-ntetoday-AB

iberthese


arthey

jama-lap-eratogether-eat-FT.3P

indru-goúe-hiwhat-ever-EPH

do:seguilt

men-la:ni-dbe-FT.NG.3S-NM

“Then, [since they do everything together as a married couple] little by littlefrom today, these [newly] married couple, they eat together, and still therewill be no guilt whatsoever.”

3’42 an-kersay-CP.3P

anteand

a:ber-ikthey-DA

ciy-nergive-PR.3P

anteand

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“They say so and [the match-makers] give [the bride] to them [i.e. the bride-groom’s family] and [the wedding] is done.”

3’45 ada-kithat-GE

ba:deafter

i:this

no:ãr-e-kiwash-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

phir.seagain

ok-nersit-PR.3P

“After that, after they have washed their hands, they sit again.”

3’47 adanothen

sundra:-nevermillion-AC

poro:å-tr-pe-dbe.soaked-TR-PAP-NM

ad-inethat-AC

peli-kigirl-GE

indakethis.way

anteand

a:hehe

úu:ã-epaint-3S

a:

thatpeli-dgirl-NM

hõtoo

nahe-khe-DA

indekthis.way

úu:ã-en[id]paint-FT.3S.NM

“Then he puts moistened vermillion [on] the bride’s [forehead] like this. Thatbride will also put [vermillion] on him this way.”

22

4’00 a:dintentefrom.that.day?

a:berthey


a:úintetherewith

biha.sa:diwedding

meñj-abe.PT-3S

anteand

aãa-male-rhouse-people-P

awã-ersay-FT.3P

kiCPL

niNg-ayou-DA

id-inthis-AC

inte-ntetoday-AB

ceóaåniwitch

mel-labe-NG.3S

qalu-nithief-F

mel-labe-NG.3S

gaóiyalazy.person

mellabe-NG.3S

a:

thattaraårucrippled

mellabe-NG.3S

e:óugood

mal-ni-nperson-F-AC

niNg-ayou-DA

sopy-imgive-PR.1P.E

“From then on they are a married couple. The wedding is complete at thatpoint. And the family [of the bride] say, ‘We give you this girl today. She isnot a witch, a thief, a lazy or crippled woman. She is a good woman.’ ”

4’16 an-kesay-CP

anteand

siúu-kmatch.maker-DA

ciy-ergive-FT.3P

aãa-male-rhouse-people-P

taN-dada-hself-uncle-M

“Having said so, the family, her uncle, give [her] to the match-maker.”

4’19 a:hCR.M

ok-ehsit-FT.3S.M

a:hhe

anteand

ah-Ehe-DA

ike-hwho-M

biha.muósebridegroom

men-ehbecome-FT.M

ah-ekhe-DA

indakethis.way

dari-tr-ehhold-TR-FT.3S.M

úeúu-nhand-AC

anteand

a:hhe

darc-ahhold.PT-3S.M

“He [the match-maker] makes him who is sitting, him who becomes the bride-groom, hold [her] hand like this, and he holds [it].”

4’25 dary-e-kihold-VN-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

meñj-adbecome.PT-3S.NM

anteand

adi-kithat-GE

toqriy-adbe.finished.PT-3S.NM

indr-goúewhat-ever

awã-ehsay-FT.3S

ade-kithat-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

ad-inshe-AC

aãa-ntehouse-AB

banda-kehpull-CP.3S

otr-ehtake.out-FT.3S

“After he holds [her hand], it is done and things related to that [i.e. the wed-ding] is finished. He says something and after that leads and takes her outfrom [her] house.”

4’34 ade-kithat-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

sa:dimarriage

toqriy-adbe.finished.PT-3S.NM

a:úintethereon

bariati-rgroomsmen-P

apnaown

aãa-kehouse-DA

oy-ertake-FT.3P

ad-inshe-AC

“After that the wedding is finished. Then the groomsmen take her to [thebridegroom’s] house.”

4’41 a:

thatdosranext

dine-noday-LO

inatoday

ad-inshe-AC

oc-artake.PT-3P

id-inthis.F-AC

e:r-otisee-IF

ad-inthat-AC

lunti-dreception-NM

a:n-imsay-PR.1P.E

23

“On the next day, in order to see this [girl] whom they took away [the daybefore] — we call this reception —”

4’49 a:úintethereupon

peli-kigirl-GE

aãa-malerhouse-people-P

toqa-rrelative-P

a:berthey

bar-ercome-FT.3P

inohere

lap-otieat-IF

mo:q-otieat-IF

“Then the bride’s family and relatives come, today for eating [and not forformality].”

4’55 a:ber-inthey-AC

jetnahow.much(H)

juúa-r-ibe.collected(H)-IT-3S

taãi-kotoddy-be.it

cahethough(H)

ma:kumeat

ja:gucooked.rice

a:ber-inthey-AC

lap-tr-ereat-TR-FT.3P

“They [i.e. the bridegroom’s family] make them eat as much [food] as theycan collect, maybe toddy, meat, or rice.”

5’01 inatoday

ão:k-erstay-FT.3P

le:latomorrow

a:ber-ikthey-DA

bidaleave(H)

men-a:nibe-FT.3S.NM

“They will stay on that day. On the next day they take leave [of the host].”

5’05 phiragain

a:ber-inthey-AC

goúe-r-nihiall-P-AC.EPH

isaånamanderanoint?

inder kuderte bidaleave

nan-erdo-FT.3P

otr-erbring-FT.3P

bahre:-koutside-DA

“Again .... they say goodbye and [the bridegroom’s family] go out [of thehouse] with them [to see them off].”

5’10 ada-kithat-GE

ba:de-noafter-LO

samby-ershake.hands-FT.3P

anteand

a:berthey

kir-erreturn-FT.3P

a:berthey

aãa-khouse-DA

bar-ercome-FT.3P

“After that they shake hands and they return and go home.”

5’18 biha-nowedding-LO

jo:.biwhatever(H)

juúa-r-i-dbe.collected-IT-3S-NM

da:lipulse

ti:qalurice

a:lupotato

ma:kumeat

jeseas(H)

pa:ryin-ercan-FT.3P

oryetr-oticollect-IF

“(What food do they serve?) — At wedding, whatever is available, dal, rice,potato, meat, depending on what they can get.”

24

5’29 ki:ówa-rpoor-P

ta:nuthen

tothen

jese.teseplain(H)

men-a:nidbe-FT.3S.NM

“If they are poor, then [the food] will be something plain.”

25

3. Story, told by Miss Shanti Malto of Mokri Pahar, at the primary school of thevillage where she teaches.

0’00 eN-kiI-GE

na:miname

sa:ntiPROP

malto:

PROP

eN-kiI-GE

abo-kifather-GE

na:miname

da:udPROP

malto:

PROP

eN-kiI-GE

qepuvillage

mokriPROP

posúepost.office

baóa.gagriPROP

thanapolice.station

li úipaóaPROP

jiladistrict

pa:kuóePROP

“My name is Shanti Malto. My father’s name is Daud Malto. My village isMokri. Post office is Bara Gagri, police station Littipara, district Pakur.”

0’25 a:ú-kithere-GE

ão:k-u-nstay-PP-1S

e:nuI

“I am a local resident of the area.”

0’28 to:

ITJ

enI

e:ïã-ondpiece-one

qe:ri-nstory-AC

teNå-otitell-IF

ugley-inwant-PR.1S

“I want to tell a story.”

0’52 emwe.E

tinthree

jinepeople

unãqal-embrother-1P.E

“We are siblings of three.”

0’55 toITJ

tinthree

jine-mihıpeople-EPH

tinthree

jine-nopeople-LO

goúe-mihıall-EPH

paóck-emread.PT-1P.E

“All of the three got education.”

1’00 teand?

baya-kielder.brother-GE

bihawedding

meñj-abe.PT-3S

nuni-kiyounger.sister-GE

hõtoo

bihawedding

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“The elder brother got married and the younger sister got married, too.”

1’04 e:

ITJ

sirponly

anakunow

eN-kiI-GE

ba:kiunmarried

toITJ

eN-kiI-GE

aãa-nohouse-LO

eN-kiI-GE

beãaya:rgrandmother

dada-beruncle-P

ão:k-nerstay-PR.3P

“[Wedding has not taken place] only for me now, I am single. In my house,my grandmother and my uncles live.”

1’09 toITJ

aya.babermother.father

(eNg-e)I-DA

goúe-riall-P

ão:k-nerstay-PR.3P

“Both my parents are in life.”

26

1’13 e:nI

enã-onCLS-one

qe:ri-nstory-AC

teNå-otitell-IF

ugley-inwant-1S

em-kiwe.E-GE

bice-noamong-LO

“I want to tell a story [told] among us.”

1’19 kiCPL

enã-onCLS-one

qep-novillage-LO

ortone

na:kuPROP

na:mi-kiname-GE

ortone

male-hman-M


“There lived a man named Naku in a village.”

1’26 ahe-kihe-GE

enó-isCLS-two

o:yuox

ãoky-astay.PT-3S

“He had two oxen.”

1’29 anteand

enó-isCLS-two

oydu-noox-LO

enã-onCLS-one

oyduox

essavery

gaóiyalazy

meñj-abe.PT-3S

enã-ondCLS-one

oyduox

essavery

ca:óediligent

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“Of the two oxen, one ox was very lazy, the other was very diligent.”

1’46 anteand

i:this

na:kuPROP

dinenıeveryday

ad-inthat-AC

bahai-pahrajoining-time

gaóiyalazy

oy-aox-AC

essavery

baj-abeat-?

siNgy-ahuse.to.PT-3S.M

“And everyday, he was beating the lazy ox when he yoked the two together.”

1’52 anteand

din-onday-one?

esse:very

bajy-ahbeat.PT-3S.M

essaso

bajy-ahbeat.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

a:

thatoyduox

kec-adie.PT-3S

“And one day he beated it so hard that the ox died.”

1’58 key-e-kidie-VN-GE

qo:quafter

a:hhe

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

e:nI

agarif

i:this

oy-acow-AC

anakunow

mand-inbury-1S

tanthen

eNg-leckime-for

indr-goúe-hıwhat-ever-EPH

ja:gurice

lapotieat-IF

indr-goúewhat-ever

jimr-la:nibe.obtained-FT.NG.3S

“What did he do after it died? ‘If I bury this ox now, then no food whatsoeverwill be available for me.’ ”

2’10 a:-le:ckithat-for

e:nI

i:this

oy-aox-AC

indrawhat

kud-endo-FT.1S

‘Then, what shall I do about this ox?’

27

2’13 i:this

oy-kiox-GE

cambe-nhide-AC

e:nuI

otr-kenbring-CP.1S

anteand

bajare-kmarket-DA

oca-kentake-CP.1S

bi:s-ensell-FT.1S

an-lesay-CP

socc-ahthink.PT-3S.M

“He thought, ‘I will bring this ox’s hide, take it to the market, and sell it.’ ”

2’19 anteand

jabwhen

ã:hhe

adi-kithat-GE

oy-kiox-GE

cambe-nhide-AC

otr-kehbring-CP.3S.M

anteand

bajare-kmarket-DA

oca-pahr-notake-time-LO

pu:rawhole

bajare-nomarket-LO

aduthat

bika-r-labe.sold-IT-PT.NG.3S

“And when he brought that ox’s hide and took it to the market, it did not sellin the whole market.”

2’27 anteand

ã:hhe


e:nI

pu:rawhole

bajare-nmarket-AC

gurar-kenwalk.about-CP.1S

lekinbut

eN-kiI-GE

cambehide

indruwhat

indr-goúewhat-ever

bika-r-labe.sold-IT-PT.NG.3S

“And he thought, ‘I walked about in the whole market but my hide did notsell at all.’ ”

2’34 a:-leckithat-for

e:noI

anakunow

e:k.e:keach

aãa-khouse-DA

ek-kengo-CP.1S

anteand

eN-kiI-GE

cambe-nhide-AC

bi:s-ensell-FT.1S

an-lesay-CP

ãhuhe

so:c-kehthink-CP.3S.M

anteand

e:k.e:keach

aãa-nhouse-AC

pu:raall

gurar-lewalk.around-CP

úokúoktry-ahknock.PT-3S.M

“Therefore, he thought ‘Now I will visit each house and sell my hide’ andwent around each and every houses and knocked.”

2’43 ta:nuthen

goúeeveryone

ahe-kihe-GE

cambenhide

ne:-goúewho-ever

oy-latake-PT.NG.3S

“Then nobody took his hide.”

2’46 adi-kithat-GE

qo:quafter

a:hhe

phi:ragain


kiCPL

e:nI

anakunow

indrawhat

kud-endo-FT.1S

“After that he thought again, ‘What shall I do now?’ ”

2’51 aãa-aãa-taóehouse-house-DISTRB

ek-ke-ngo-CP-1S

anteand

aenI

a:ber-nithey-DA.EPH

úo:kúo:ktr-kenknock-CP.1S

ado-keponmore-once

awã-ensay-FT.1S

an-kesay-CP

anteand

ekiy-ahgo.PT-3S.M

28

“Having said ‘I will go to each house, knock one more time and ask’, hewent.”

2’58 anteand

enã-onCLS-one

aãa-nohouse-LO

ortone

essa-hivery-EPH

essavery

pacoold.woman

ãoky-astay.PT-3S

“And there lived a very old woman in one house.”

3’03 adi-kishe-GE

indr-goúewhat-ever

lap-otieat-IF

moq-otieat-IF

mel-labe-PT.NG.3S

issathis.much

ki:ówapoor

pacoold.woman

meñj-abe.PT-3S

“She was such a poor old woman that she did not have anything to eat.”

3’08 tanu-goúethen-even

adushe

ah-enhe-AC

bali-ndoor-AC

kol-kiopen-CP

úunã-ilook-PR.3S

anteand

sa:mne-nonear-LO

a:

thatcambe-nhide-AC

qo:qeback

ij-astand.PT-3S

anteand

a:dshe

essavery

ceåñjy-afeel.compassionPT-3S

“Nevertheless, she opened the door, sees him. She carried that hide on herback and felt great compassion.”

3’15 anteand

a:dshe

awãy-adsay.PT-3S.NM

úunã-alook-IP

e:nuI

yahã:here(H)

ki:ówa-npoor-1S

“And she said, ‘Look, I am poor here.’ ”

3’19 parebut

niNg-eyou-DA

indrawhat

ciy-enengive-FT.1S

eNg-bahnoI-LO

indr-goúewhat-ever

mal-abe.not-PR.3S

‘But what shall I give you? I have nothing.’

3’24 lekinbut

eN-kiI-GE

be:ãogreat

beãiyo-rgrandfather-P

a:

thatenã-onCLS-one

bartane-npot-AC

ok-tr-kersit-TR-CP.3P

ekiy-argo.PT-3P

‘But my ancestors placed that one pot and went.’

3’29 a:

thatbartane-npot-AC

e:nI

niNg-eyou-DA

ciy-engive-FT.1S

ni:nyou

a:

thatcambe-nhide-AC

qaú-agive-IP

‘I will give you that pot. You give me that hide.’

29

3’32 anteand

ni:nuyou

a:

thatbartane-npot-AC

oca-ketake-CP

indra-goúewhat-ever

ka:je-nwork-AC

kud-okado-IP

an-kisay-CP?

a:

thatboãoold.woman

tey-asend.PT-3S

‘And you take that pot, go and do whatever work [you can do with it].’ Havingsaid so, she sent him off.

3’39 tey-e-kisend-VN-GE

qoquafter

a:

thatbartane-npot-AC

pe:r-kehcatch-CP.3S.M

anteand

ekiy-ahgo.PT-3S.M

“Then he took that pot up and went.”

3’44 ekiy-ahgo.PT-3S.M

anteand

pa:w-noway-LO

enã-onCLS-one

kuwa-nwell-AC

aïãa-kehfind-CP.3S.M

anteand

a:úi-bahnothere-LO

qeãe-indrfoot-what

no:ó-kehwash-CP.3S.M

anteand

en?

juãashade

behc-abe.PT-3S

a:ú-nothere-LO

qa:ne:å-otitake.rest-IF

leckifor

okiy-ahsit.PT-3S.M

“Then he found a well on the way and washed feet and so on there. Therewas a shade, and he sat there to take rest.”

3’53 okiy-ahsit.PT-3S.M

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

a:hthat

taN-kiself-GE

bartane-npot-AC

úuïãiy-ahsee.PT-3S.M

anteand

kithat-LO

ad-nodust

duóiattach-IT-PP?

qap-r-pebe.PT-3S

meñj-a

“When he sat, he saw his own pot, and dust was attached on that.”

4’09 anteand

ad-inthat-AC

sapacleaning

nan-otdo-IF

uglec-ahwant.PT-3S.M

“And he felt like cleaning it.”

4’04 sapacleaning

nany-ahdo.PT-3S.M

e:nI

eN-kiI-GE

qeã-afoot-AC

dureonly

noó-kenwash-CP.1S

eN-kiI-GE

bartane-npot-AC

e:nI

sapacleaning

nan-o:kendo-PT.NG.1S

an-kesay-CP

anteand

ahhe

oca-ketake-CP

anteand

ad-inthat-AC

no:óiy-ahwash.PT-3S.M

“He cleaned it. Saying ‘I washed only my feet and I did not wash my pot’, hetook and washed it.”

4’10 a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

pu:raall

gandadust

ad-intethat-AB

qaju-dmud-NM

urqiy-adcome.out.PT-3S.NM

“At that time, mud came out from the whole chunk of dust.”

30

4’14 anteand

a:

thatqaju-dmud-NM


adi-kithat-GE

qo:quafter

enã-onCLS-one

sona-kigold-GE

kalsa-dpitcher-NM


ad-antethat-AB

“And then a golden pitcher came out of it.”

4’20 anteand

ahhe

essa:very

apokariy-ahbe.happy-3S.M

“And he was very happy.”

4’22 enI

to:

TOP

cambe-nhide-AC

oca-kentake-CP.1S

cica-kengive.PT-1S

a:

thateN-kiI-GE

‘I took and gave that cowhide of mine.’

4’25 a:

thatbuão-dold.woman-NM

eNg-eI-DA

sona-kigold-GE

enã-onCLS-one

kalsa-npitcher-AC

qaúiy-adgive.PT-3S.NM

an-kehsay-CP.3S.M

anteand

ekiy-ahgo.PT-TSG.M

‘That old woman gave me a golden pitcher.’ Having said so, he went.

4’29 ekiy-ahgo.PT-3S.M

anteand

a:huhe

taN-kiself-GE

qep-novillage-LO

ortuone

sonaregoldsmith


“He went. And there was a goldsmith in his village.”

4’36 sonare-kgoldsmith-DA

ahe-nhe-AC

a:

thatbartane-npitcher-AC

cic-ahgive.PT-3S.M

“He gave that pitcher to the goldsmith.”

4’39 anteand

a:huhe

gaói:much

pe:sa-nomoney-LO

ad-inthat-AC

badleca-kehchange-CP.3S.M

anteand

ondry-ahbring.PT-3S.M

“And he changed it for a lot of money and took [that money] away.”

4’45 anteand

qepo-male-rvillage-person-P

pu:raall

ah-enhe-AC

andu:la:ry-arbe.surprised.PT-3P

“And the village people were all surprised about him.”

31

4’48 i:this

cambe-d-atohide-NM-be.it

indrwhat

inonthis.much

úaka-n-atomoney-AC-be.it[yah ... jo hai]

sona-n-atogold-AC-be.it

bikar-lanidbe.sold-FT.NG.3S.NM

‘Things like this cowhide will not sell for this much money or gold.’[?]

4’52 ihe-khe-DA

iknehow

bikary-adbe.sold.PT-3S.NM

an-kersay-CP.3P

anteand

pu:raall

na:ku-bahnoPROP-LO

meñj.he:ry-arask.PT-3P

‘How could he sell it?’ Saying so, all asked Naku.

4’56 anteand

na:kuPROP

awãiy-ahsay.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

úunã-alook-IP

“And Naku said, ‘Look,’ ”

4’58 ortone

paco-dold.woman-NM

eNg-eI-DA

bikar-ladbe.sold-PT.NG.3S.NM

an-isay-CP

ortone

paco-bahnoold.woman-LO

ek-kengo-CP.1S

anteand

e:nI

id-inthis.NM-AC

cambe-nhide-AC

sona-kigold-GE

indru-nowhat-LO

badle:ca-kenchange.PT-1S

‘I could not sell it. So I went to one old lady’s place and I changed this hidefor something [?] containing gold.’

5’06 an-kosay-CP

qepo-male-rvillage-people-P

pu:ra:

allnaku-nPROP-AC

na:ku-kiPROP-GE

saba-nword-AC

patyar-kerbelieve.in-CP.3P

anteand

aberthey

pu:raall

tam-kithemselves-GE

tam-kithemselves-GE

oy-acow-AC

goúeriall

tam-kithemselves-GE

oy-acow-AC

piúiy-arkill. PT-3P

“Then the village people all believed Naku’s word and they all killed theircows.”

5’16 piú-kerkill- CP.3P

anteand

goúe-rall-P

cambe-nhide-AC

indruwhat

cambe-nhide-AC

otr-kerbring-CP.3P

anteand

a:

thatcambe-nhide-AC

bi:s-o:tisell-IF

leckifor

bajare-kmarket-DA

occ-artake.PT-3P

“Having killed their cows, they all took cowhide and brought it to the marketin order to sell it.”

5’25 anteand

ne:-dwho-NM

hõ:

evenqe:å-olarbuy-PT.NG.3P

“And nobody bought it.”

32

5’27 ne:-dwho-NM

hõ:

evenqe:å-olarbuy-PT.NG.3P

anteand

i:this

na:kuPROP

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

umITJ

male-rperson-P

indrawhat

kudy-ardo.PT-3P

“Nobody bought it and what did this Naku do? I mean, what did the peopledo?”

5’33 pu:raall

na:ku-mecaPROP-on

ro:kary-arbe.angry.PT-3P

“They all got angry at Naku.”

5’35 anteand

barc-kercome-CP.3P

anteand

na:ku-kiPROP-GE

goú

allsama:ne-npossession-AC

anteand

e:nonhow.much

a:

thatsonaregoldsmith

bah-anteplace-AB

badle:c-ahchange.PT-3S

pe:samoney

goúe-nihıall-EPH

aãa-n-indruhouse-AC-what

goúe-nihıall-EPH

me:nd-arset.on.fire.PT-3P

“Then they came and they set all the belongings of Naku, and all the moneythat he changed at the goldsmith’s place, his house, and everything on fire.”

5’45 anteand

na:kuPROP

durealone

ba:cary-ahbe.saved.PT-3S

“And only Naku was saved.”

5’47 anteand

indrawhat

kudy-ãhudo.PT-3S.M

essavery

dukwary-ahbe.distressed.PT-3S.M

“What did he do? He was distressed very much.”

5’50 dukwar-e-kibe.distressed-VN-GE

qo:qoafter

a:huhe

taN-kiself-GE

a:rand

taN-kiself-GE

aãa-kihouse-GE

joRL

qos-peburn-PP?

oóme-indruash-what

goúe-niall-EPH

pe:r-kecatch-CP

enã-onCLS-one

bail-gaói-noox-cart-LO

pe:r-kehcatch-CP.3S.M

anteand

“After he was distressed, he took all the ash of his house and what [else] wasburnt, carried it on an ox-cart,”

6’05 dosraother

qep-novillage-LO

ão:k-enstay-FT.1S

an-lesay-CP

a:huhe

eky-ahgo.PT-3S.M

“and thinking ‘I will live in another village’, he went.”

33

6’05 dosraother

qep-novillage-LO

ão:k-enstay-FT.1S

an-lesay-CP

a:huhe

eky-ahgo.PT-3S.M

“and thinking ‘I will live in another village’, he went.”

6’07 e:k-e-kigo-VN-GE

qo:qoafter

a:huhe

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

e:k-pahrago.RT-time

pa:w-noroad-LO

ortone

ra:jkumare-nprince-AC

beúary-ahmeet.PT-3S.M

“What did he do after he went? When he was going, he met a prince on theroad.”

6’16 ra:jkumare-hprince-M

a:

thatpa:wroad

essavery

qond-kebe.tired-CP

barc-ahcome.PT-3S.M

“The prince came on that road very tired.”

6’19 ãaãe-nojungle-LO

puja-indrubird-what

piú-kehkill- CP.3S.M

anteand

essavery

qond-kebe.tired-CP

barc-ahcome.PT-3S.M

anteand


“He hunted birds and so on in the jungle and he came very tired. And hesaid.”

6’25 o:

ITJ

maleman

ni:nyou

eNg-enI-AC

jokkaa.little

hiEPH

eN-kiI-GE

ra:jmahale-kpalace-DA

oy-otitake-IF

amaúuntil

eNg-eI-DA

sagacompany

behi-lebe-SJ.2S.M

‘I say, fellow, you be my companion while you take me to my palace.’

6’31 niN-kiyou-GE

oy-gaói-noox-cart-LO

eNg-enI-AC

ok-tr-kesit-TR-CP[.2S.M]

oy-letake-SJ.2S.M

‘You let me sit on your ox-cart and take me.’

6’36 anothere

essavery

e:óugood

mel-lebe-SJ.2S.M

an-lesay-CP

a:huhe


‘You will be well there [in appreciation].’ Thus he said.

6’39 anteand

indrawhat

kudyahdo.PT-3S.M

i:this

na:kuPROP

ahe-kihe-GE

saba-nword-AC

meñja-kehear-CP


“And what did this Naku do? Having heard the prince’s word, he said.”

34

6’47 ni:nyou

okk-a:nesit-FT.2S.M?

okk-ot-atosit-IF-be.it

lekinbut

e:kone

sa:rte-nocaravan[?]-LO

ninyou

okk-a:nesit-FT.2S.M

eN-ki-noI-GE-LO

kiCPL?

eN-kiI-GE

bail-gaói-noox-cart-LO

ok-kesit-CP

ni:nuyou

inq-oticough-IF

ca:hi-olawant-PR.NG.3S

‘You take seat if [you want] to sit. But you will sit on my ox-cart ........ Youmust not cough.’

6’57 agarif

inq-ne:cough-PR.2S.M

ta:nuthen

eN-kiI

enã-onCLS-one

so:na:-kigold-GE

indruwhat

uúa-kehide-CP

ondri-narcarry-PR.3P

goúe-d-ihiall-NM-EPH

oómeash

le:r-a:nidbecome-FT.3S.NM

‘If you cough, they are carrying a golden thing of mine hiding.’

7’05 an-lesay-CP

ah-enhe-AC

pasye:-tr-ketell.lie-TR-CP


“He said so to him lying.”

7’07 adi-kithat-GE

qo:qoafter

indrawhat

kudiy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

pu:ra:

alle:nI

andakithat.way

kud-enamalado-FT.NG.1S

andakithat.way

inq-enamalacough-FT.NG.1S

a:-leckithat-for

ni:nyou

eNg-enI-AC

ok-tr-asit-TR-IP

an-kosay-CP

“What did he do after that? [The prince] said ‘I will never do so. I will notcough. So you let me sit.’ ”

7’17 i:this

na:kuPROP

ah-enhe-AC

ok-tr-kehsit-TR-CP

anteand

a:da:

halfdu:rfar

oc-ahtake.PT-3S.M

“This Naku let him sit and took up to halfway [on the road].”

7’21 a:da:

halfdu:re-nofar-LO

essa-hivery-EPH

inq-e-kicough-VN-GE

uglimind

barc-adcome.PT-3S.NM

ah-ekhe-DA

“Halfway [on the road], he felt like coughing very much.”

7’24 anteand

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

aca:nakunexpectedly

inq-ecough-VN

tey-ahsend.PT-3S.M[?]

“And what did he do? He burst out coughing unexpectedly.”

7’27 anteand

pu:raall

a:huhe

na:kuPROP

a:ú-nothere-LO

olå-oticry-IF

suru:beginning

nany-ahdo.PT-3S.M

“And that Naku started crying on the spot,”

35

7’31 kiCPL

ni:nuyou

eN-kiI-GE

goú

allsonagold

oómeash

du:reonly

nan-kedo-CP

“saying ‘You made all my gold just ash.’ ”

7’36 a:-leckithat-for

e:nuI

anakunow

niNg-enyou-AC

dary-encatch-FT.1S

nan-kehsay-CP.3S.M

‘Therefore I will now catch you.’ Having said so,

7’39 anteand

ah-enhe-AC

pu:ra:

allra:jkumare-nprince-AC

pu:raall

qaóy-otireproach-IF

lagary-ahstart.PT-3S.M

“He started to blame the prince.”

7’43 anteand

i:this

ra:jkumareprince

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

anothere

ra:jmahale-kepalace-DA

aós-kehreach-CP.3S.M

anteand

ã:

thatoóme-nash-AC

pu:raall

e:k-tr-kehgo-TR-CP.3S.M

anteand

sona-kigold-GE

sikka-ncoin-AC

goúe-nihıall-LO.EPH

a:

thatbail-gaói-noox-cart-LO

bara-tr-kefill- TR-CP

cic-ahgive.PT-3S.M

“And what did this prince do? When he arrived at the palace, he [had] the ashtotally cleaned up and filled the ox-cart with gold coin all over.”

7’56 anteand

phi:ragain

a:

thatqep-ikvillage-DA

kir-kereturn-CP

barc-ahcome.PT-3S.M

“And he [i.e. Naku] went back to that village again.”

7’59 anteand

male-rperson-P

meñj-arask.PT-3P

kiCPL

ni:nyou

atoTOP

oóme:

ashseEPH

pe:r-kecatch-CP

ek-kego.PT-2S.M

ni:nyou

toTOP

sona-ngold-AC

toTOP

pe:r-kecatch-CP

e:k-olkego-PT.NG.2S.M

“And people asked, ‘You went taking the ash, but you didn’t go taking gold.’ ”

8’04 ni:nyou

oóme-nash-AC

pe:r-kecatch-CP

ek-kego.PT-2S.M

niN-kiyou-GE

iknihow

so:na-kigold-GE

indruwhat

qaq-oåriy-adgive-PA.PT-3S.NM

an-kosay-CP

‘You went with ash, and how come gold was given to you?’

36

8’08 a:hhe

pu:raall

teNå-ahtell.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

malano

ra:jkumarprince

eNg-eI-DA

oóme-kiash-GE

badl-ahchange.PT-3S.M

sona-ngold-AC

qaúiy-ahgive.PT-3S.M

“He told them the whole story. ‘No, the prince changed ash [for it] for me.He gave [me] gold.”

8’12 antehe

pu:raall

male-rtell.PT-3S.M

phirCPL

dusrano

dineprince

tam-kiI-DA

tam-kiash-GE

“He told them the whole story. ‘No, the prince changed ash [for it] for me.He gave [me] gold.”

8’12 anteand

pu:raall

male-rman-P

phiragain

dusraother

dineday

tam-kithemselves-GE

tam-kithemselves-GE

“Then all people began burning their own houses on another day.”

8’17 me:nda-kerset.on.fire-CP.P

anteand

pu:raall

tam-kithemselves-GE

indruwhat

oóme-nash-AC

a:

thatra:jmahale-kpalace-DA

occ-artake.PT-3P

“After they burned their house, they all took ash to the palace.”

8’28 anteand

ra:jmahale-kpalace-DA

oy-e-kitake-VN-GE

qo:qoafter

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

i:this

ra:jmahale-nopalace-LO

a:

thatoóme:

ashbikar-labe.sold-PT.NG.3S

“What did they do after they went to the palace? That ash did not sell in thispalace.”

8’36 anteand

pu:raall

iberthese

ro:kary-arget.angry.PT-3P

“And they all got angry.”

8’39 kiCPL

i:hthis.M

oóme-nash-AC

ikna:nohow

ahe-kihe-GE

ikna:nohow

oóme-kiash-GE

badl-ahchange.PT-3S.M

so:na:

goldqaq-oåry-agive-PA.PT-3S

nam-ewe.I-DA

iknehow

qaq-oår-olargive-PA-PT.NG.3P[?]

‘How did this [Naku] change his ash? [How] was gold given [to him]? Howcome gold was not given to us?’

37

8’44 an-kersay-CP.3P

anteand

pu:ra:

allna:ku-nPROP-AC

occa-kertake-CP.3P

anteand

e:ïã-onCLS-one

úokri-nobasket-LO

pu:raall

ah-enhe-AC

coñjiy-artie.PT-3P

am-nowater-LO

e:g-emthrow.away-FT.1P.E

an-lesay-CP

“Having said so, they caught Naku together and tied him in a basket together,saying they will throw him in water.”

8’51 anteand

ah-enhe-AC

coñj-kertie-CP.3P

anteand

qow-kercarry.on.shoulder-CP.3P

occ-artake.PT-3P

“They tied him and took him carrying [the basket] on their shoulders.”

8’55 anteand

pa:w-noroad-LO

aberthey

qond-kerbe.tired-CP.3P

anteand

a:

thatúokri-nbasket-AC

ok-triy-arsit-TR.PT-3P

“And they were tired on the way and put that basket down.”

8’58 ok-tr-e-kisit-TR-VN-GE

qo:quafter

aberthey

jokasmall

nadi-kriver-DA

eky-argo.PT-3P

anteand

muñj-r-kewash.face-RF-CP

no:ã-r-kewash.hands.and.feet-RF-CP

bar-oticome-IF

uglec-arwant.PT-3P

“After they put it down, they went into a small river, washed their face, handsand feet, and felt like going back.”

9’05 anteand

goúe-r-ihiall-P-EPH

eky-ahgo.PT-3S.M

“And they all went.”

9’06 ad-nothat-LO

ortone

gowale-hherdsman-M

aúi-bahnothere-LO


“There lived a herdsman there.”

9’09 anteand

a:

thatgowaleherdsman

úunãiy-ahsee.PT-3S.M

úokri-nbasket-AC

“And that herdsman saw the basket.”

9’12 kiCPL

iberthese

indrawhat

oy-nertake-PR.3P

an-kehsay-CP.3S.M

anteand

a:

thatúokri-nbasket-AC

úunã-otisee-IF

eky-ahgo.PT-3S.M

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

‘What are they carrying?’ Wondering so, he went to see that basket then.

38

9’17 úokri-nobasket-LO

ortone

male-hman-M

oky-ahsit.PT-3S.M

“There was a man sitting in the basket.”

9’19 anteand

a:

thatmale-nman-AC

alk-tr-keopen-TR-CP

meñj.he:ry-ahask.PT-3S.M

kiCPL

niNg-enyou-AC

indru-le:ckiwhat-for

indakithis.way

coñj-kertie-CP.3P

oy-nertake-PR.3P

an-kosay-CP

“And he opened [it] and asked that man [sitting inside], ‘Why do they tie youthis way and carry?’ ”

9’25 a:

thatmale-hman-M

indrawhat

awãy-ahsay.PT-3S.M

úunã-alook-IP

eNg-enI-AC

biha:

weddingnan-otido-IF

awã-nersay-PR.3P

“What did that man [i.e. Naku] say? ‘Look, they tell me to get married.’ ”

9’29 anithen

e:nI

a:

thatpeligirl

maóm-alkenlove-PR.NG.1S

a:-le:ckithat-for

e:nI

e:k-otgo-IF

ugley-o:kenwant-PR.NG.1S

‘But I don’t like that girl. That’s why I don’t want to go.’

9’33 anithus

iberthese

indrawhat

kud-nerdo-PR.3P

eNg-enI-AC

indakithis.way

coñj-kertie-CP.3P

anteand

oy-nertake-PR.3P

an-lesay-CP

‘So what they are doing is they tied me this way and are taking me.’

9’38 i:huthis.M

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

ah-enhe-AC

pusle:-try-ahlie-TR.PT-3S.M

“What did this man do? He told a lie to him.”

9’40 anteand

ı:hhe

awãy-ahsay.PT-3S.M

e:noI

majaqanipretty

peligirl

ni:nyou

indrikwhy

maómen-o:kelike-PR.NG.2S.M

“Then he said, ‘Why don’t you like a pretty girl?’ ”

9’44 e:nI

a:.dinethen

accha:

okayni:nyou

urq-acome.out-IP

‘Well, then, you come out.’

9’46 e:nI

ok-kensit-CP.1S

anteand

ni:nyou

qo:qwjo:

afterwardsumITJ

e:nI

peli-ngirl-AC

bedu:r-enmarry-FT.1S

‘I will sit and you, I mean, I, will marry the girl later.’

39

9’53 ni:nyou

eN-kiI-GE

oy-acow-AC

oy-anetake-FT.2S.M

an-kehsay-CP.3S.M

anteand

pu:raall

a:hhe

pusle:-tr-kolie-TR-CP

‘You take my cattle.’ He [i.e. herdsman] said so. He [i.e. Naku] made himbelieve the lie.

9’57 ithis

gowaleherdsman

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

úokri-nbasket-AC

pu:raall

kol-keopen-CP

tanthen

korc-keenter-CP

oky-ahsit.PT-3S.M

na:kuPROP

urqy-ahcome.out.PT-3S.M

“What did this herdsman do? He opened up the basket totally, then went in itand sat. Naku came out.”

10’04 urq-e-kicome.out-VN-GE

qo:quafter

na:kuPROP

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

a:hhe

ah-enhe-AC

e:óuwell

seEPH

enã-onCLS-one

úo:kri-nobasket-LO

bicr-kehput.in-CP.3S.M

anteand

a:

thatgowale-nherdsman-AC

coñjiy-ahtie.PT-3S.M

“What did Naku do after he came out? He put the herdsman in a basket andtied him tight.”

10’13 coñj-e-kitie-VN-GE

qo:quafter

a:hhe

indrawhat

kudy-ahdo.PT-3S.M

gowale-kiherdsman-GE

o:y-acow-AC

eóe-ngoat-AC

goúe-nihıall-EPH

indrwhat

taN-kiself-GE

ta:nuself

oc-ahtake.PT-3S.M

“What did he do after tying? He took all the cattle and goats of the herdsmanas his own.”

10’22 a:that

gowale-nherdsman-AC

iberthese

na:kuPROP

oky-ahsit.PT-3S.M

an-kersay-CP.3P

male-rman-P

gowale-nherdsman-AC

goúe-nihıall-EPH

pe:r-kercatch-CP.3P

anteand

enã-onCLS-one

nadi-baha-kriver-place-DA

aósy-ararrive.PT-3P

“Saying of that herdsman ‘Naku is sitting’, these men took the herdsmantogether and arrived at a river.”

10’32 anteand

awãy-arsay.PT-3P

kiCPL

na:muwe.I

i:this

na:ku-nPROP-AC

id-nothis-LO

e:g-etthrow.away-FT.1P.I

anteand

i:hthis.M

atoTOP

key-ehdie-FT.3S.M

anakunow

any-arsay.PT-3P

“And they said, ‘We will throw away this Naku here, and he will die rightaway.’ ”

40

10’38 anteand

jabwhen

a:berthey

e:g-otithrow.away-IF

úokri-nbasket-AC

peú-arthrow.PT-3P

a:

thatpahr-notime-LO

a:hhe

cirqy-ahshout.PT-3S.M

indrawhat

“And when they threw the basket to dump it, he shouted.”

10’45 kiCPL

e:nI

e:g-omathrow.away-IP.NG

eNg-enI-AC

bihawedding

nan-nerdo-PR.2P

an-kosay-CP

seEPH

e:nI

id-nothis-LO

ok-kensit-CP.1S

barc-kencome.PT-1S

‘Don’t dump me. I sat in here and came because he said you are marrying meoff.’

10’50 e:nI

na:kuPROP

mal-kenbe.not-PR.1S

e:nI

atoTOP

gowale-nherdsman-1S

an-kosay-CP

‘I am not Naku. I am a herdsman.’

10’53 annothen

goúeall

ni:nyou

ju:ú

lieqa:w-netell-PR.2S.M

an-kersay-CP.3P

a:

thatmale-nman

e:gy-athrow.away.PT-3S

“Then all said ‘You are telling a lie’, and threw that man away.”

10’56 anteand

qo:qwjo:

laterbarc-kecome-CP

úunã-nerlook-PR.3P

ta:nthen

na:kuPROP

taN-kiself-GE

e:óe-ngoat-AC

oy-acow-AC

goúe-nihiall-EPH

taN-kiself-GE

aãa-khouse-DA

aós-tr-kereach-TR-CP

ij-ahstand.PT-3S.M

“And when they came back, they saw that Naku had taken home all the goatsand cattle and was standing there.”

Abbreviations:AB: ablative;AC: accusative;CPL: complementizer;CLS: classifier;CR: correlative;CP: conjunctive participle;DA: dative;DISTRB: distributive;EPH:emphatic;E: exclusive;F: feminine;FT: future;GE: genitive;HP: habitual present;I: inclusive; IF: infinitive; IN: instrumental;IT: intransitive; IP: imperative; ITJ:interjection;LO: locative; M: masculine;NG: negative;NM: non-masculine;NO:nominative;OP: optative;PA: passive;PAP: passive participle;PT: past;P: plural;PR: present;PROP: proper noun;PP: present participle;REC: reciprocal;RF: re-flexive; RL: relative;RT: root; RED: reduplicant;SG: singular;SJ: subjunctive;TR:transitive;TOP: topicalizer;VN: verbal noun

41

Malto phonemes:

short vowels a i u e olong vowels a: i: u: e: o:

voiceless stop p t ú c k qvoiced stop b d ã j gnasal m n (ï) (ñ) (N)flap r ó

lateral lfricative s (T, D) (S) å

glide w y

42

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