trait theories ppt @ bec bagalkot mba
TRANSCRIPT
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Presentation
on
TRAIT THEORIES
BY: BABASAB PATIL
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(Costa & McCrae)
Psychological organization of the individual as a whole and especially
to those features that distinguish the individual from others
(Mischel)
Distinctive patterns of behavior, thought, emotion that
characterize each person's adaptation to the situations of life
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Contd
An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that persists over time and across situations
Two key components
Personality refers to unique differences
Personality is presumed to be stable and enduring
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Theories of Personality
Four Theories of Personality
1. Trait
2. Psychoanalytic
3. Humanistic
4. Socio-Cognitive
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Trait TheoryIn psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study
of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in
the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual
patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.According to this
perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ among
individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are
shy), and influence behavior.
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Contd
the trait approach to personality is focused on differences
between individuals. The combination and interaction of
various traits forms a personality that is unique to each
individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and
measuring these individual personality characteristics.
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GORDON ALLPORT TRAIT THEORY
Gordon Allport (1897-1967) is often called the father of
personality theory: was an early pioneer in the study of
traits, He was very much a trait theorist and believed in the
individuality and uniqueness of the person and that peoplehave consistent personalities.
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Contd.
He categorized these traits into three levels:
Cardinal Traits: Traits that dominate an individuals whole
life, often to the point that the person becomes known
specifically for these traits. People with such personalities
often become so known for these traits that their names are
often synonymous with these qualities.
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Contd
Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that formthe basic foundations of personality.. Terms such
as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are considered central
traits. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes
related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in
certain situations or under specific circumstances. Someexamples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group
or impatient while waiting in line.
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Hans Jrgen Eysenck theory
Hans Jrgen Eysenck (19161997) was a British psychologist
of German origin, best remembered for his work on intelligence and
personality, Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and
genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits
of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing
out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested
in what is usually called temperament.
His methods involve a statistical technique called factor
analysis. This technique extracts a number of dimensions from
large masses of data.
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Contd..
Eysenck's three factor model contains the
Introversion-extroversion,
Psychoticism (such antisocial traits as cruelty and rejection of
social customs),
Emotionality-stability (also called neuroticism).
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Contd..
Extraversion/Introversion
Extraversion is characterized by being outgoing, talkative,
high on positive affect (feeling good), and in need of external
stimulation. Extraverts, according to Eysenck's theory, are
chronically under-aroused and bored and are therefore in need
of external stimulation to bring them up to an optimal level of
performance.
Introverts, on the other hand, are chronically over-aroused and
jittery and are therefore in need of peace and quiet to bring
them up to an optimal level of performance.
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Contd
Neuroticism/StabilityNeuroticism or emotionality is characterized by high levels of
negative affect such as depression and anxiety.
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Contd
The two dimensions or axes, extraversion-introversion and
emotional stability-instability, define four quadrants. These are made
up of:
stable extraverts (sanguine qualities such as - outgoing, talkative,
responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership)
unstable extraverts (choleric qualities such as - touchy, restless,
excitable, changeable, impulsive, irresponsible)
stable introverts (phlegmatic qualities such as - calm, even-
tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive)
unstable introverts (melancholic qualities such as - quiet, reserved,
pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody).
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Contd..
Psychoticism/ SocializationPsychotic behavior is rooted in the characteristics of tough-
mindedness, non-conformity, inconsideration, recklessness,
hostility, anger and impulsiveness.
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Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism
Aggressive Sociable Anxious
Assertive Irresponsible Depressed
Egocentric Dominant Guilt Feelings
Unsympathetic Lack of reflection Low self-esteem
Manipulative Sensation-seeking Tense
Achievement-oriented Impulsive Moody
Dogmatic Risk-taking ------
Masculine Expressive Lack of autonomy
Tough-minded Active Obsessive
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RAYMOND CATTELL TRAIT
THEORY
According to Cattell, these 16 traits are the source of all human
personality. He also developed one of the most widely used
personality assessments known as the Sixteen Personality
Factor Questionnaire (16PF).
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Primary Factors and Descriptors in
Cattell's 16 Personality Factor ModelDescriptors of Low Range Primary Factor Descriptors of High Range
Reserve, impersonal, distant,
cool, reserved, impersonal,
detached, formal, aloof
(Sizothymia)
Warmth
Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly,
easy going, participating, likes people
(Affectothymia)
Concrete thinking, lower general
mental capacity, less intelligent,
unable to handle abstract
problems (Lower Scholastic
Mental Capacity)
Reasoning
Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright,
higher general mental capacity, fast learner
(Higher Scholastic Mental Capacity)
Reactive emotionally,
changeable, affected by feelings,
emotionally less stable, easilyupset (Lower Ego Strength)
Emotional Stability
Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces
reality calm (Higher Ego Strength)
Deferential, cooperative, avoids
conflict, submissive, humble,
obedient, easily led, docile,
accommodating (Submissiveness)
DominanceDominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive,
competitive, stubborn, bossy (Dominance)
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Serious, restrained, prudent,
taciturn, introspective, silent
(Desurgency)
Liveliness
Lively, animated, spontaneous,
enthusiastic, happy go lucky,
cheerful, expressive, impulsive
(Surgency)
Expedient, nonconforming,
disregards rules, self indulgent
(Low Super Ego Strength)
Rule-Consciousness
Rule-conscious, dutiful,
conscientious, conforming,
moralistic, staid, rule bound
(High Super Ego Strength)
Shy, threat-sensitive, timid,
hesitant, intimidated (Threctia)Social Boldness
Socially bold, venturesome, thick
skinned, uninhibited (Parmia)
Utilitarian, objective,
unsentimental, tough minded,
self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough
(Harria)
Sensitivity
Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental,
tender minded, intuitive, refined
(Premsia)
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Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting,
unconditional, easy (Alaxia)Vigilance
Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical,
distrustful, oppositional
(Protension)
Grounded, practical, prosaic,
solution orientated, steady,
conventional (Praxernia)
Abstractedness
Abstract, imaginative, absent
minded, impractical, absorbed in
ideas (Autia)
Forthright, genuine, artless, open,
guileless, naive, unpretentious,
involved (Artlessness)
Privateness
Private, discreet, nondisclosing,
shrewd, polished, worldly, astute,
diplomatic (Shrewdness)
Self-Assured, unworried,
complacent, secure, free of guilt,
confident, self satisfied
(Untroubled)
Apprehension
Apprehensive, self doubting,
worried, guilt prone, insecure,
worrying, self blaming (Guilt
Proneness)
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Traditional, attached to familiar,
conservative, respecting traditional
ideas (Conservatism)
Openness to Change
Open to change, experimental,
liberal, analytical, critical, free
thinking, flexibility (Radicalism)
Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner
and follower dependent (Group
Adherence)
Self-Reliance
Self-reliant, solitary, resourceful,
individualistic, self sufficient
(Self-Sufficiency)
Tolerated disorder, unexacting,
flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-
conflict, impulsive, careless of
social rues, uncontrolled (Low
Integration)
Perfectionism
Perfectionistic, organized,
compulsive, self-disciplined,
socially precise, exacting will
power, control, selfsentimental
(High Self-Concept Control)
Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid,
patient, composed low drive (Low
Ergic Tension)
Tension
Tense, high energy, impatient,
driven, frustrated, over wrought,
time driven. (High Ergic Tension)
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"Big Five" factors (Five Factor
Model)
Five-factor model of personality represents five core traits that
interact to form human personality. While researchers often
disagree about the exact labels for each dimension, the
following are described most commonly :The Big five factors
are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeablenes
s, and neuroticism (OCEAN, or CANOE if rearranged).
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Contd
OpennessAppreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual
ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.
Ex : I have a rich vocabulary.
I have excellent ideas.
Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline,
act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than
spontaneous behavior.
Ex:
I am always prepared.
I am exacting in my work.
I follow a schedule.
I like order.
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Contd ExtraversionEnergy, positive emotions, surgency, and the
tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.
Ex: I feel comfortable around people.
I start conversations.
I talk to a lot of different people at parties.
AgreeablenessA tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather
than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
I am interested in people.
I feel others' feelings.
I have a soft heart.
I make people feel at ease.
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Contd
Neuroticism
A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such
as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.
I am easily disturbed.
I change my mood a lot.
I get irritated easily.
I get stressed out easily.
I get upset easily.
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Thank you