tracing the afterlife of iconic photographs using iptc
DESCRIPTION
Presentation about using IPTC to code photographs for scientific research. Presented during the 'AV in Digital Humanities' workshop during th Digital Humanities 2014 Conference, Tuesday 8 July 2014, Lausanne.TRANSCRIPT
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Tracing the afterlife of iconicphotographs using IPTC
Martijn KleppeSlides on Slideshare: bit.ly/iconicphoto
@martijnkleppe
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Charlie Cole, Newsweek – World Press Photo of the Year 1989
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Nick Ut, AP – World Press Photo of the Year 1972
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Icons
Composition
ArchetypeUnique & Generique
Often Published
Variations
Emotions
Meaningclear
SymbolicMeaning
Meaningchanges
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Outline
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1. Find images that are often published
2. Find images which meaning has changed over time
3. Lessons learned
4. Hopes for the future
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1. Often published
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• Which identical photos are published most often?
• 400 Dutch History textbooks
• Dataset of ~ 5.000 photographs
• Analyzed on 41 variables (f.e. name person & topic)
• IPTC to structure dataset
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1. Often published - IPTC
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International Press Telecommunications Council
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1. Often published - IPTC
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International Press Telecommunications Council
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1. Often published - IPTC
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Advantages for photographers:
- Code multiple images at once
- All information in 1 file- All software can read
information in the file- Easy to transfer
Advantages for academics:
- Code multiple images at once
- All information in 1 file- All software can read
information in the file- Easy to transfer (& share)
- Find images easier- Export all data
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1. Often published – My case
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• Which photos are published most often in 400 Dutch History textbooks?
• Locate photos in History textbooks
• Digitize them & add them to Fotostation Pro
• Code all images & add values in IPTC fields
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Fotostation Pro
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1. Often published – My case
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• Export data variables (f.e. topics) to SPSS
• Create frequency lists topics
• Which topics are most frequent?
• Manually go over most frequent topics to find most published photographs
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Icons
Composition
ArchetypeUnique & Generique
Often Published
Variations
Emotions
Meaningclear
SymbolicMeaning
Meaningchanges
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2. Changing Meaning
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• Back to Fotostation Pro to easily find photographs of Troelstra:
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2. Changing Meaning
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• Go over the captions provided in the history textbooks
1912?
or
1918?
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3. Lessons Learned
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• IPTC was useful & efficient
• Manual labor remained necessary & typos will happen
• Does the most frequent topic also contain the most published identical photo?(Spoiler alert: NO! )
• How to describe photographs?Do we all see the same thing in images?Do we all use the same words to describe images?
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“Universal suffrage, Portrait”
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“Political parties, social-democracy the Netherlands”
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“Protestphoto”
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3. Lessons Learned
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• IPTC was useful & efficient
• Manual labor remained necessary & typos will happen
• But does the most frequent topic also contain the most published identical photo?(Spoiler alert: NO! )
• How to describe photographs?Do we all see the same thing in images?Do we all use the same words to describe images?
• Semantic Gap
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3. Lessons learned
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“The semantic gap characterizes the
difference between two descriptions of an
object by different linguistic
representations, for instance languages or
symbols.”
Smeulders, 2000
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4. Hopes for the future
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• How to overcome or avoid the semantic gap?
• Image recognition
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lexalizer/id374904872?mt=8
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4. Hopes for the future
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4. Hopes for the future
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4. Hopes for the future
http://mw2013.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/where-do-images-of-art-go-once-they-go-online-a-reverse-image-lookup-study-to-assess-the-dissemination-of-digitized-cultural-heritage/
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4. Hopes for the future
Let me create my dataset of photos (with IPTC)
Apply image recognition to: Show me similar photos in 1 dataset
RQ: which photos are used most often?+ No more manual checking
Let me upload 1 photo and find all similar photos RQ: how did the meaning of the photo change over time?+ No dependency of words
Applicable for other research questions:Show me all newspapers that contain the photo of Troelstra
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Questions?
Martijn Kleppe
www.martijnkleppe.nl
@martijnkleppe
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LiteratureFinnegan, C.A.: “What is this a picture of? Some Thoughts on Images and
Archives”, In:Rethoric & Public Affairs 9, 116 – 123 (2006). Grijsen, C.: “In perspectief: behoud en beheer van born-digital fotoarchieven” (In
perspective: conservation and management of born-digital photo archives). In: FotografischGeheugen 75, 24 – 26. (2012).
Kleppe, M.: Canonieke Icoonfoto’s. De rol van (pers)foto’s in de Nederlandsegeschiedschrijving (Canonical Iconic Photographs: The role of (press) photos in Dutch Historiography). Eburon, Delft (2013a).
Kleppe, M.: Foto’s in Nederlandse Geschiedenisschoolboeken (FiNGS) (Photos in Dutch History textbooks) http://www.persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-l37n-bi( 2013b).
Kleppe, M.: “Wat is het onderwerp op een foto? De kansen en problemen bij het opzetten van een eigen fotodatabase” (What is the subject of a picture? The opportunities and difficulties in setting up their own photo database). In: Tijdschrift voor Mediageschiedenis 293 – 107 (2012).
Reser, G., & Bauman, J.: “The Past, Present, and Future of Embedded Metadata forthe Long-Term Maintenance of and Access to Digital Image Files”. In: International Journal of Digital Library Systems (IJDLS), 3(1), 53-64 (2012).
Smeulders, Arnold W. M. e.a., “Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22, 1349 – 1380 (2000).
Terras, M. M., and I. Kirton. “Where do images of art go once they go online? A Reverse Image Lookup study to assess the dissemination of digitized cultural heritage.” Selected papers from Museums and the Web North America, 237 – 248 (2013) .