towards integrated management of western ghats
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TOWARDS INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WESTERN GHATS
M D Subash Chandran and T.V. RamachandraCentre for Ecological Sciences
Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore-560012
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WATER KNOWS NO RELIGION!In all human traditions water is sacred
Water is key environmental issue of 21st century. Streams from forested mountains are sources of most potable water.
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WESTERN GHATS : water tower for PENINSULAR india
Influence of the Western Ghats and its shola ecosystems on the Indian
monsoon weather patterns of the region, has been considered one of the best
examples of the tropical monsoon
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What do we have?• Western Ghats – 90million years old – Biodiversity hotspot
•Water-tower of peninsular India
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Biogeography : distribution of species and ecosystems in geological time. Organisms and biological communities vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area.
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ORIGIN OF WESTERN GHATS
Tethys Sea
India
About 88 million years ago: India’s separation from Madagascar
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An upliftment or vertical split? Gunnell &Harbor, 2008
1600 km long
Palghat gapRanotsara gap
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Western Ghats: one of the classic examples of
passive margin great escarpments in the world (?)
-V.S. Kale, 2010
Or: Is it due to the vertical split of a mountain that
linked Madagascar and Indian Peninsula (?)
Indian west coast & W. Ghats
Madagascar east coast & mountain
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K/T BOUNDARY -DECCAN VOLCANISM-SEPARATION FROM SEYCHELLES –
Deccan volcanic province
http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org.07may.html
65 Ma massive volcanism produced - largest continental lava deposit (Deccan Traps) in 200 Million years. covering 500,000 sq. km.
Photo: Hetu Sheth
View of the 1200-m-thick Deccan flood basalt sequence exposed in Mahabaleshwar
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CLIMAX RAIN FORESTS
Dipterocarps in South and central W Ghats
Rain forests: Madagascar
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REFUGIA IN SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS
• S. W. Ghats: High degree of endemism. Rainfall throughout the year. Old lineages of plants and frogs.
• Changanassery fossils: 40,000 yrs ago – Late Quaternary pollen deposit of moist evergreen forest & deciduous forest – when xeric glacial climate prevailed in Indian peninsula.
• Survival of Tertiary rain forests as riparian vegetation – rejuvenated in Holocene as modern extant flora (Farooqui et al., 2010)
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Sharavathi flowing through ancient rain forests
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Information packing & natural associationin tropical rain forest
Harmony in nature
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SIMPLIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEMS OPPOSITE PROCESS
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EARLY PEOPLES’ EFFORTS FOR HARMONY WITH NATURE
• Forest cutting for agriculture was a necessity
• Hunting was necessity
• War was necessity
• Sacred groves & sacred trees
• Sacred animals
• Vedic roots of Ahimsa
• Upanishads strengthen the concept
• Jainism & Buddhism took it to greater heights
• Mahabharata: “Ahimsa Paramo-dharma”
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Mountains merge with estuaries along the west coast
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2
Aquaculture
Fisheries Bivalves
Salt productionShells
firewoodfodder Carbon sequestration, Aesthetic scenery
Marketing
AHGHANASHINI ESTUARY: LIVELIHOODS
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ANNUAL PRODUCTION: 22,000 TONS (IN 2008)PEOPLE ENGAGED: 2500(WOMEN : ABOUT 700)ANNUAL PRODUCTION: RS. 66 CRORES
HERITAGE SITE STATUS FOR CLAMBEDS OF AGHANASHINI ESTUARY
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2813 2842
1336
558
1775
6139
283
996
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Kali Aghanashini Sharavathi Gangavali
water spreed area (ha) No. of fishermen in estuary
1.58
0.56 0.46
4.72
0
1
2
3
4
5F
ish
ing
are
a (
ha
)/ f
ish
erm
an
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Fis
hin
g in
co
me
/ h
a
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ESTUARIES WATERSPREAD(Ha)
NO OF FISHERMEN
NO OF FISHING DAYS
KALI -Dams 2813 1775 307,320
GANGAVALI 558 996 246,060
AGHANASHINI 2842 6139 1,497,200
SHARAVATHI-Dams
1336 283 41,420
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Mangroves (L)& Fresh water swamps (R). Plant roots in saturated soils
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LAT ° N DRY MONTHS ALTITUDE (M)
0-300
300-600
600-1200 >1200
19-20 8 7 7
18-19 8 7 7
17-18 7 7 6.5 6
16-17 6.25 6
15-16 5.75 5.5 6
14-15 5.5 5.5 5.5
13-14 4.25 5 4 3.5
12-13 4 3.75 3.5 3.5
11-12 3.75 3 2.75 2.5
10-11 2.8 3 2.75 2.25
9-10 2.5 2.3 2.25
8-9 2.5 2.1 2 2
Dry months increase with latitude& decrease withaltitude
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8-
10
10-
12
12-
14
14-
16
16-18 18-20
Dipterocarpus
bourdillonii
P P P
D. indicus P P P P
Hopea
canarensis
P
Hopea erosa P P
Hopea glabra P P
Hopea
parviflora
P P P P
Hopea ponga P P P P P
Hopea
racophloea
P P
Hopea utilis P P
Vateria indica P P P P P
Vateria
macrocarpa
P P
TOTAL 10 10 6 4 2 0
Last Dipterocarpus : in a Tirthahalli kan
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Threat-ened
Threat status
Latitudinal distribution (in degrees N)
8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
CE -- 02 03 01 01 02
EN 20 22 16 07 06 06
VU 06 10 08 05 03 02
Total threatened 26 34 27 13 10 10
Total endemics 76 95 76 40 34 31
Total fishes of Western Ghats: 176 NE+116 endemics
FRESH WATER FISHES: LATITUDINAL DECLINE
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Latitudinal decrease in of tree endemism in Western Ghats
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CONGREGATIONS OF AMPHIBIANS IN SWAMP FORESTS: 14ºN
Amphibian
groups
No. of
species
Habitat Endemic status IUCN status
Caecilians 2 Semi-aquatic: 2 Endemic: 2 DD: 2
Toads 2 Terrestrial: 1
Arboreal: 1
Non-endemic: 1
Endemic: 1
EN: 1
LC: 1
Frogs 31 Semi-aquatic: 17
Aquatic: 6
Arboreal: 8
Non-endemic: 8
Endemic: 23
CR: 1
EN: 4
VU: 5
NT: 2
LC: 12
DD: 7
CR–Critically endangered, EN–Endangered, VU–Vulnerable, NT–Non-threatened, LC–Least
concern, DD–Data deficient
Philatus ponmudi (CR)
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R-F
R-F
R-F
R-F
R-F
R-F
R-F
R-F
SALT
SHELL FISH
SHELL-FISH
R-F: ESTUARINE RICE & AQUACULTURESM: SHELL MININGSM
TOURISM
TOURISMPILGRIMAGE
SAND
SAND
SAND
MARINE FISHERY
FISHERY PORT
BIODIVERSITY & LIVELIHOOD RICH
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TORME: SG WITH MYRISTICA SWAMP
HIGH ENDEMISMPRIMEVAL NATURERICH HYDROLOGYNEW SPECIES: SEMECARPUS KATHALEKANENSIS
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Lineages to GondwanalandHydrologically rich-behaving like rain forest
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Amphibians of Kathalekan
Amphibian groups
No. of species
Habitat Endemic status IUCN status
Caecilians 2 Semi-aquatic: 2 Endemic: 2 DD: 2
Toads 2 Terrestrial: 1Arboreal: 1
Non-endemic: 1Endemic: 1
EN: 1LC: 1
Frogs 31 Semi-aquatic: 17Aquatic: 6Arboreal: 8
Non-endemic: 8Endemic: 23
CE: 1EN: 4VU: 5NT: 2LC: 12DD: 7
CE–Critically endangered, EN–Endangered, VU–Vulnerable, NT–Non-threatened, LC–Least concern, DD–Data deficient
LTM
Philatus ponmudi
Great pied & Malabar grey hornbills: Dispersers of swamp nutmegs
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SGs among highest conservation value sites
CV based on endemism, threatened spBasal areaTree heightsDiversity
Conservation values of forest areas
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RANKING FOR CONSERVATION VALUES
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