1

CRedcarbon reduction

Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Partnership in

Environmental Innovation

Newcastle: November 23rd 2006

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvEnergy Science Director:HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

School of Environmental Sciences

CRed

Decarbonising Culture

2

CRedcarbon reduction

Issues to consider

Education

Technical

Management

Cultural Behavioural

Economic

LegislativePolitical

Climate

Resources

Geology

Earth Systems CO2

today

3

CRedcarbon reduction

The Climate Dimension

Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960

Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960.

Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6.

To a safari suite ~ 0.5.

Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment.

Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot.

Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1960-1964

1965-1969

1970-1974

1975-1979

1980-1984

1985-1989

1990-1994

1995-1999

2000-2004

Heating

Cooling

Index 1960 = 100

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CRedcarbon reduction

• Car: 5 door Toyota Yaris

• Real performance is best at ~ 50 mph. Saves up to 15% in fuel consumption cf 70 mph.

• Driver 1 has a fuel consumption 8% higher over mid range of speeds

0

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Average Speed (mph)

(m

pg)

Driver 1

Driver 2

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0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

02/Jun 22/Jun 12/Jul 01/Aug 21/Aug 10/Sep 30/Sep

km/lt

r

Driver 1

Driver 2

Driver behaviour trials at Banham Poultry

• Driver behaviour affects performance• Driver 2 uses 13.8% more fuel

The Transport Dimension: Behavioural Issues

Yaris: Journey Norwich to Newcastle & return

Driver 2 would save ~ 10+% or 4+ litres of petrol

Extra time per journey < 20 minutes

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CRedcarbon reduction

• Distance each tonne has travelled has increased by:– 223% since 1960– 20% since 1990

• Is this increase in movement of freight conducive to optimum economic growth, energy security, and carbon reduction?

0

10

20

30

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50

60

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100

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003

Tran

spor

t of g

oods

km

/tonn

e

Car travel (2004 statistics):• 679 billion passenger kilometres• 398 billion vehicle kilometres

Average occupancy 1.71. (cf 1.81 in 1980)

Raising occupancy to 1980 level would save 3.71 Mtonnes CO2

Raising occupancy to 2 would save 9.9 Mtonnes CO2

The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues

www.liftshare.com

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CRedcarbon reduction

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000

annual car distance (km)

tota

l ann

ual d

ista

nce

(km

)

UK

D

More use of car > more total distance travelled.

Greater distance by train > greater use of car.

Compare UK with Germany

switch UK car journeys to public transport at German levels. CO2 saving by train 1.01 M tonnes CO2 saving by bus 0.74 M tonnesReducing mobility desire 9.22 M tonnesSuggests overriding issue is increased desire for mobility in UK

rather than significant switching of mode of transport.

8000

8500

9000

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600 700 800 900 1000

train distance (km)

car

dist

ance

(km

)

D

UK

6000

7000

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10000

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13000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Train distance (km)

Car

dis

tan

ce (

km

)

D

UK

The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues Personal Mobility: Does Public Transport reduce car travel?

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CRedcarbon reduction

Providing Public with more information

• Impact of carbon emissions

• Petrol receipt from Denmark

• Individuals often go for budget airlines for the cheap weekend break in Europe. Is this rational?

• e.g. Paris for weekend break

29th Sept - 2nd Oct 27th Oct - 30th Oct

BMIBaby EasyJet Eurostar BMIBaby EasyJet Eurostar

Return Tickets £95.00 £86.18 £124.00 £9.00 £56.58 £79.00

Airport Taxes £55.20 £14.50   £55.20 £14.50  

London>Airport £8.00 £22.40   £8.00 £22.40  

CDG > Gare du Nord £13.00 £13.00   £13.00 £13.00  

Total £171.20 £136.08 £124.00 £85.20 £106.48 £79.00

Total Time 04:05 04:15 03:00 04:05 04:15 03:00

Prices as per respective WEB Sites on 19th Sept. 2006

The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues

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CRedcarbon reduction

air, 11.92 tonnes

car, 1.08 tonnes

train, 0.78 tonnes

other, 0.12 tonnes

air

train

car

other

• Analysis of Journeys made by Researchers in School of Environmental Sciences (November 2005).

• Total accountable travel (Nov 2005) = 127326 km

Total accountable CO2

(Nov 2005) = 13.93 t

For UEA for whole year ~ 1335 t Alternative estimate ~ 1424 t

air, 93842 km

train, 26134 km

other, 1364 km

car, 5985 km

air

train

car

other

The Transport Dimension: UEA’s performance

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• Should University be debited with Gross Emission or Incremental Emission?

• Example - Journey Norwich to London

– By car ~ 31 kg CO2

– A train consumes 2600kWh and emits 1350 kg CO2

– With average passenger loading > 6.9 kg per passenger

» a saving of 24.1kg?

• But train still runs and if journey is not made reduction in CO2 emitted for the journey is 0.44kg

– i.e. the true saving from choice for UEA is 31 – 0.44 or 30.5 kg

• Who should account for public transport emissions?

• Should an organisation merely be debited with the incremental Emission

• What are the boundaries?

The Transport Dimension: Accounting Issues

Society as a whole???

10

0

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1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

tonn

es C

O2

Gas Oil Imported Electricity

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5000

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20000

25000

ton

nes

CO

2

• UEA is penalised under EU-ETS for generating its own electricity on site.

• Travel element based on survey in November 2005 of auditable travel. Assumes gross emission for train travel

Gas

Imported Electricity

UEA Carbon Dioxide emissions

Travel

11

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Hea

t Ene

rgy

(Mw

h)

Floor AreaClimateBaselineActual

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

Sav

ing

co

mp

ared

to

bu

sin

ess

as u

sual

• Heat Energy delivered increased by 16.5%

However• 2005 – 06 was 13.0% colder

than 2001 – 02• Floor area increased by

16.7% over period• Heating Energy consumption

per unit area normalised for climate reduced by 12% or 2.6% per annum

UEA Space Heating Energy Requirements 2001 - 2006

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CRedcarbon reduction

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000CHP

Import

Export

1999 - 00 2000 - 01 2001 - 02 2002 - 03 2003 - 04 2004 - 05

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively

More electricity could be generated in summer

UEA Electricity Generation and Imports 2001 - 2006

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1000

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7000

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

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CO

2

changes inemission factor

based on 1999emission factor

CO2 emissions from electricity imports

As fuel mix for generation has changed, CO2 emissions are even worse

Year runs from August - July

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1999_00 2000_01 2001_02 2002_03 2003_04 2004_05 2005_06

IMp

ort

ed

Ele

ctr

icit

y (

MW

H)

Baseline CHP difference heating difference

Sports Park personnel floor area

reduction from bau BAU Net Import

UEA Electricity Imports 2001 - 2006

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Loa

d F

acto

r

average

max

min

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

The Technical Dimension: Tackling Carbon Reduction in 2005 - 2006

• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP

• Provides most of chilling requirements in summer

• Reduces electricity demand in summer

• Increases electricity generated locally

• Estimated to save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

A 1 MW adsorption Chiller

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The Management Dimension:

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6000

0 100 200 300 400

Degree Days

Hea

t Req

uire

men

t (M

Wh)

• Good Management will analyse data and use bands to identify anomalous behaviour.

• Management Quality Index 1 – standard deviation/mean

0% - very poor control100% - perfect control

• UEA: Low amount of scatter Management Quality index: 88%

• Office in Norwich: 72%• Other Offices in East Anglia: 57%,

69%.

UEA Heat Demand

Office Building in Norwich

-10,000

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30,000

40,000

50,000

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Degree Days

Co

ns

um

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

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• Many facets need tackling on road to Carbon Reduction

• Technology alone will not be sufficient

A necessary and important first step

• Behavioural and Cultural Issues need to be addressed

• Methodological Issues relating to Boundaries exist in carbon accounting in many areas

• UEA has made strides by making noticeable reductions in carbon intensity, but continuation of effort is required.

Conclusions

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."