towards carbon neutrality: hsbc environmental technology partnership
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Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership. Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?. Keith Tovey ( Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Towards Carbon Neutrality:
HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership
Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?
Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvEnergy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Факультет экологических исследований, Университета Восточной Англии, Норидж NR4 7TJ, Великобритания.
汇丰银行低碳创新主管 , 东英吉利大学环境科学院,诺威治 , NR4 7TJ, 英国
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Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?
• How do we define carbon neutrality?
• Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an aim?
• What should we consider?
• With the School of Environmental Sciences (a 5** department), can we be sure that our analysis avoids criticism?
• What is extent of carbon footprint at present?
• What our boundaries?
• How should we tackle carbon neutrality?
• Do we need independent verification?
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• Gas consumption– Central Heating Boilers
– CHP generation
– Cooking / laboratories
– Other sites –Village, NAM, remotely heated buildings (EFRY)
• Heating Oil consumption – (backup for boilers)• Electricity Consumption• Transport
What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?Where is Energy used?
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Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus• How do we track how we are getting on?
• What about expansion? - should we track our performance on a student
unit basis?. - [would allow comparison with other similar institutions].
What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?What Boundaries should we use?
What should be included? • teaching and communal areas• what about residences ??
Transport? • activities associated with UEA• how are these defined? What if there is no documentary evidence of travel - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies: Government: British Council etc.• transport to and from home of workforce??
Procurement • equipment purchased• food and drink consumed on premises
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How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved?
Conversion efficiency improvements
Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass
Travel plan: Park and Ride, biodiesel
Conservation: technical improvements –
Conservation: by awareness raising
Green Electricity
Direct Action
Indirect Action
Other Offsets
Gold Standard Offsets
Indirect Activities - Can these count?
Planting Trees
Conservation: management improvements –
What if we install renewable electricity generation and sell the ROCs?
We could not then claim this action as carbon neutrality? – double counting
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Results of the “Big Switch-
Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
Target Day
Conservation: by awareness raising
BUT
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• Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24th October 2005
• Next to window• Provide no extra light• Reception Staff are aware• Cannot be switched off except from
within Office• Cause emission of 400 kg of CO2 a year.
Conservation: by awareness raising
Switch has now been taped to prevent it being turned on
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Conservation: technical improvements –
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Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.
Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.
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Quadruple Glazing
Thick Insulation
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Principle of Operation
Quadruple Glazing
Thick Insulation
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
Principle of Operation
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Heater
Diffuser
Supply duct to
hollow core slabs
Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Floor Slabs
Incoming
Air
Exhaust Air
Filter
Exhaust Airfrom rooms
Principle of TermoDeck Operation
• Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient
•Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient•Air is circulated through whole fabric of building
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Conservation: management improvements –
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Elizabeth Fry Low Average
kWh/
m2/
yr
gas
electricity
thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction
noise +26%
lighting +25%
air quality +36%
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in
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Conservation: technical improvements –
Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research
Carbon Trust: Low Energy Building of the Year 2005
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Conservation: management improvements –
On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow corridor was solely provided by red switch.Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch as an afterthought
The Green Corridor
The Yellow Corridor
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Lack of co-ordination can make things go wrong
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Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass
34 kW Photo-Voltaic array – exports electricity on summer Weekends
Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW Turbines: 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration
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Renewable generation: Solar
Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient
Need an integrated approach
Peak output is 34 kW
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EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
GAS
Engine heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
efficient
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements
61% Flue Losses
36%
efficient
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Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Condenser
Evaporator
Throttle Valve
Heat rejected
Heat extracted for cooling
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Heat from external source
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
W ~ 0
Normal Chilling
Compressor
Adsorption Chilling
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
The Adsorption chiller will save around 700 tonnes CO2
吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统 每一个可减少排放 700 吨 CO2
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• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP
• Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer
• Will reduce electricity demand in summer
• Will increase electricity generated locally
• Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
Conversion efficiency improvements
• BUT EU – ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!!
• Allocations based on recent historic performance
• Penalises early action
• Penalises greater utility (and hence efficiency) of plant
• we will emit more CO2 locally but save overall
• Allocation should be based on unit of performance
• Present system rewards the less efficient plant
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Transport
• Have do we measure transport emissions?• What do we include?
– Documentary evidence needed• But how do we account for a journey to London?
– Should we use gross emissions of a train or incremental emissions?
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Train Composition – Norwich London (ex Anglia Railways)
unit tonnes number total weightseats per coach total seats
Loco 84.5 1 84.5
FO 33 2 66 42 84
BFK 33 1 33 24 24
SO 33 6 198 60 360
DBSO 33 1 33 30 30
Total 414.5 Total 498
Electricity Consumption 32.48 Wh/tonne – km average loading ~ 70%
30.93 Wh/tonne – km empty stock
Figures derived from Office of Rail Regulation Report ORR/CT/RECRV/191
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Distance (km)
Loading (%)
Energy (kWh)
Total Carbon
Dioxide
Emission per
passenger
Incremental Emission per
passenger
Norwich (kg) (kg) (kg)
Diss 32.2 15 423 219 2.93 0.07
Stowmarket 55.5 25 735 381 4.23 0.13
Ipswich 74.4 40 993 515 4.90 0.17
Maningtree 89.3 65 1206 624 5.24 0.21
Colchester 101.8 70 1385 717 5.51 0.24
Chelmsford 137.2 90 1910 989 6.11 0.32
Shenfield 152.5 90 2136 1107 6.38 0.36
Stratford 179.8 90 2542 1317 6.85 0.42
Liverpool St 185.0 85 2619 1357 6.94 0.44
Driving to London ~ 32 kg Train ~ 7 kg
Incremental Train ~ 0.5 kg
Emission per passenger-km ~ 24.5 g incremental 2.4 g
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How Green is Green Electricity?
Renewable Compliance by ROCs Renewable Compliance by Buy-Out
93.2% of Renewable Obligation is met by Major Suppliers: 55.8% by ROCs
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
PowerGen nPower EDF BritishGas
Scottishand
Southern
BritishEnergy
ScottishPower
TW
h
Non-Renewable
Renewable
Data from OFGEM Annual Report Feb: 2005
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How Green is Green Electricity?
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How Green is Green Electricity?
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Online ROC Register Wind farm kW TurbinesMW
CapacityDeveloper Operator Owner
November 2004
R00138RQENBambers Farm/ Mablethorpe II
600 8 4.8 Ecotricity
July 2004 R00131RQEN Ford Motors 1800 2 3.6 Ecotricity
July 2003 R00126RQEN
Swaffham Extension
1800 1 1.8 Ecotricity
June 2002 R00055RQEN Mablethorpe 605 2 1.210 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity
April 2001 R00016SQSCSainsburys, Langlands Park
605 1 0.605 Ecotricity Ecotricity Sainsburys
July 2000 R00029RQEN Somerton 1800 1 1.8 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity
August 1999 R00027RQEN Eco Tech Centre 1500 1 1.5 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity
December 1996
R00028RQEN Lynch Knoll 500 1 0.5 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity
Accreditation ID Start Number End Number No. ROCs Month Date Issued StatusRegistered
Holder
R00131RQEN 704 3990704 400 01/07/2004 08/11/2004 15:30 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00126RQEN 704 2000704 201 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00055RQEN 704 1700704 171 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00016SQSC 704 660704 67 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00029RQEN 704 1750704 176 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00027RQEN 704 1500704 151 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
R00028RQEN 704 600704 61 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC
How Green is Green Electricity?Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms
Data for July 2004
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• What is needed for Transparency– The total amount of renewable electricity generated by their plant.
– The total number of ROCs they held
– The total number of customers on their “Green Tariffs”
– The total amount of electricity supplied through their “Green Tariffs”
– The total number of consumers
– The total electricity sales to all consumers
– A clear declaration of what their respective tariffs are for non green and green tariffs
– An indication of how these tariffs are derived
• The actual tariff (responsibility of the supplier)
• The distribution charges (responsibility of DNO and common to all suppliers)
• The meter reading chargers (repsonsibility of meter reading company)
How Green is Green Electricity?
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• UEA needs to clearly define what it means by Carbon Neutrality.• Boundaries of our consideration need to be addressed.• Significant steps have been taken already.• Further renewable energy projects are planned.BUT we need to • Make awareness more effective.• Further enhance Management issues.• Tackle transport both institutionally and by the individual.• Consider methodology for transport analysis• Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs
Conclusions
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."