topic #4 peace and cooperation international organizations and multi-party states

TOPIC #4

PEaCE AND COOPERATION

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND

MULTI-PARTY STATES

POSITIVES OF THE 20TH CENTURY

• MAJOR THEMES– INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

AND THEIR WORK

– MULTI-PARTY STATES

– DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS:

– NATO and SEATO-STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

HISTORICAL ORIGINS

– LEAGUE OF NATIONS: TO PREVENT A SECOND WORLD WAR

– YALTA AND POTSDAM GAVE THE LEAGUE A SECOND LIFE.

THE UNITED NATIONS


• STRUCTURE

UN

GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL SECRETARIAT


• ORGANIZATION:

EUROPEAN UNION IS ORGANIZED BY REGION TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC TIES.


THE WARSAW PACT WAS ORGANIZED IN RESPONSE TO NATO.


• SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

– WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

– INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• AIMS: THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AIMED TO DENATIONALIZE THEIR COLONIES?

• WHAT WERE SOME OF THESE COLONIES?– INDIA– SOUTH AFRICA– HONG KONG


• EFFORTS TO PRESERVE PEACE:– VERSAILLES

AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM

– EUROPEAN UNION AND CIVIC NATIONALISM

ALLIANCES v COLLECTIVE SECURITY

• ALLIANCES– WW I– WW II– COLD War

• COLLECTIVE SECURITY– HAGUE

CONFERENCES– LEAGUE OF

NATIONS– UNITED NATIONS


• IMPROVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

– WORLD BANK

– UNESCO


• TO FURTHER TRADE AND REGIONAL COOPERATION– WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

SUCCESSOR TO GATT– NAFTA-NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE

ASSOCIATION– OECD-ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN

COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT


• SUCCESSES– DEBATING SOCIETIES– ALLOWS COUNTRIES TO

VENT– EXPOSURE TO STAID

AND CREATIVE THINKERS

– GREATER PUBLIC SCRUTINY

– FOSTERS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

– DUES BASED ON ABILITY TO PAY

• FAILURES– OPTIONAL MEMBERSHIP– DEBATING SOCIETIES– FACADES– STRONG

PEOPLE/COUNTRIES THAT WANT TO DOMINATE

– INDIVIDUAL VS COLLECTIVE ACTION

– GRIDLOCK

ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• PARTY ORGANIZATION

– BASIS (IDEOLOGY, ethnicity)– CONSTITUENCY– ELECTABILITY– FLEXIBILITY– INCLUSIVENESS– DOMESTIC v FOREIGN POLICY


• DEMOCRACY– CIVIC NATIONALISM– VARIATIONS AND TYPES OF PUBLIC

PARTICIPATION– IMPORTANCE OF TRADITION– INCLUSION OF MINORITIES– ROLE OF WOMEN– PREPARATION OF YOUNGER

GENERATIONS


• ELECTORAL SYSTEMS– DIRECT OR INDIRECT VOTING– QUALIFICATIONS TO VOTE– INTEGRITY OF VOTING– SAFETY OF VOTERS– SECRET BALLOT– POWER OF MONEY– NEPOTISM– ACCEPTANCE OF OUTCOME


• DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT– REPUBLIC (DEGAULLE AND THE FIFTH

REPUBLIC)– CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY

(ADENAUER AND WESTGERMANY)– CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (GREAT

BRITAIN AND JAPAN POST-WWII )– IMPOSED MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY

(WEIMAR AND POST-WWII JAPAN AND

GERMANY)


• DEMOCRACY– EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY• FRANCO-PRE-WWII TO HIS DEATH IN

1975

FINDING ANOTHER WAY

– EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO MULTI-ETHNIC FEDERATION

• TITO– EXPELLED FROM THE COMMUNIST

INFORMATION BUREAU (COMINFORM)– CENTRALIZED CONTROL TO

DECENTRALIZATION– TRIED TO LEAD NON-ALIGNED STATES

• WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENED AFTER HIS DEATH?


• POWERFUL PRESIDENT– ELECTIONS

DETERMINED BY SET TERMS

– LAME DUCK– RE-ELECTION

EFFORTS CAN PREEMPT THE COUNTRY’S INTERESTS

– DIVIDED GOVERNMENT

• POWERFUL PRIME MINISTER– REQUIRES A

MAJORITY OF REPRESENTATIVE SUPPORT

– RESIGNATION HAS LESS OF A STIGMA

– TENDS TO FAVOR MULTI-LATERALISM IN WORLD AFFAIRS

– COALITIONS


• POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS– WORLD DEPRESSION IN THE 1930’S

• TENDS TO WEAKEN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• GERMANY PULLED OUT OF THE LEAGUE• ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA IN VIOLATION OF

LEAGUE PRINCIPLES• JAPAN INVADED CHINA IN VIOLATION OF MANY

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS


• ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AIMS AND POLICIES– LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

• SPECIAL COMMISSIONS ON HEALTH, SLAVERY, REFUGEES, MINORITIES, WOMEN AND CHILDREN


– EUROPEAN UNION• ALLIGN MEMBER COUNTRIES TO

FACILTATE TRADE

SET STANDARDS FOR TECHNOLOGY

COORDINATE INTER-COUNTRY TRAFFIC

STANDARDIZE WAGE AND BENEFIT PAYMENTS

DETERMINE AID FOR WEAKER MEMBERS

COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY


o STATUS OF WOMEN

– UNITED NATIONS

COMMISSION ON STATUS OF WOMEN

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT


• FOREIGN POLICYEUROPEAN UNION

STRUGGLING WITH THIS ISSUE FEDERATION v CONFEDERATION

NATO DISSOLUTION, CHANGE MISSION, SCALE-

BACK OR SOMETHING UNDETERMINEDUNITED NATIONS

CHANGES IN SECURITY COUNCIL VALIDITY OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY

• IMPACT OF COLD WAR POLICIES– NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT– MARSHALL PLAN AND COMECON– UNITED NATIONS-ACTION OR GRIDLOCK

• KOREAN WAR AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY

• VIETNAM AND UNILATERALISM

• PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS

SAMPLE QUESTION

Compare and contrast the peace keeping aims and methods of the League of Nations and the United

Nations

Comparison• Similarities:

Aims of both were to preserve peace, prevent war and respect national sovereigntyBoth worked to obtain disarmamentBoth organized after a major war to promote peaceBoth dominated by winning powers of major warsBoth could use sanctions to halt aggressionBoth structured to foster debate rather than actionBoth toted the utopian concept of collective actionNeither had a standing armyBoth had some successes in resolving disputes between smaller statesBoth had social and economic agencies to address underlying causes of warBoth looked to consensus rather than mobilization to preserve peace See next slide for contrasts (differences)

Contrast

• Differences

League never attempted to militarily halt invasions of weaker countries, UN only once in the Korean War with mixed results

League never used peacekeeping forces, UN has on many occasions with some success

League required unanimous vote in council, UN gave veto power to permanent members in council, a more confrontational structure

topic #4 peace and cooperation international organizations and multi-party states

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