Slide 1

Top End

Slide 2

COMPONENTS

Slide 3

HEAD

Slide 4

CYLINDER

Slide 5

THE FOUR STROKE ENGINE (THE OTTO CYCLE) http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mech324/handouts/

Slide 6

ANIMATION

Slide 7

RESTORATION PROCESS

Slide 8

BORING THE CYLINDER

Slide 9

USING THE LATHE

Slide 10

A PERFECT FIT

Slide 11

SANDBLASTING

Slide 12

AND SOME MORE

Slide 13

AFTER THE SAND BLASTING

Slide 14

MASKING TAPE AND SILVER SPRAY PAINT

Slide 15

LOOKING GOOD

Slide 16

VALVE GUIDES

Slide 17

CUTTING THE SEATS

Slide 18

ANGLED BLADES

Slide 19

BLUING THE VALVES

Slide 20

REASSEMBLY OF THE HEAD

Slide 21

EXPLODED VIEW - VALVES

Slide 22

RE-INSERTING THE SPRINGS

Slide 23

SUCCESS!

Slide 24

ROCKER HEAD - ALMOST

Slide 25

FINISHED

Slide 26

Slide 27

TAKING MEASUREMENTS FOR THE SPRING CONSTANT CALCULATIONS

Slide 28

WHICH SPRING SET TO USE: CALCULATIONS OF SPRING CONSTANT Force applied (lbs)Force (N) Spring Length (in) X (in) X (m) Spring Constant (k) 001.7100- 1148.9281.6250.0850.00215922662.34368 25111.21.4960.2140.005435620457.72316 42186.8161.3730.3370.008559821824.80899 59262.4321.2440.4660.011836422171.60623 Average k=21779.12051 k~22000 N/m OLD SPRINGS (SINGLE)

Slide 29

Force applied (lbs)Force (N) Spring Length (in) X (in) X (m) Spring Constant (k) 001.7100 - 1253.3761.6250.0850.00215924722.55674 63280.2241.4960.2140.005435651553.46236 87386.9761.3730.3370.008559845208.53291 Average k=40494.85067 k~40000 N/m WHICH SPRING SET TO USE: CALCULATIONS CONTINUED NEW SPRINGS (DOUBLE)

Slide 30

Assuming: the intake valve allows 200cc air into the engine during each first downward stroke the air is at average atmospheric concentrations (C O2 =21%) the gas is at standard temperature (25C, 298K) and pressure (101.3 kPa) the mixture of Gasoline with Oxygen is perfectly stoichiometric the gasoline mixture is 87% Octane (by mass) (the remainder can be disregarded as alcohol additives and impurities which do not combust as readily as the gasoline) This is of course heavily simplified. Full calculations would have to take into consideration the rate of flow of air into the cylinder (as determined by the valve timings) and therefore the actual volume of air taken in per stroke, the temperature of the gases present and the possible incomplete combustion of the fuel among other factors. ENERGY PER EXPLOSION

Slide 31

The moles of oxygen present for each explosion: All gas: PV=nRT n= PV/RT n= (101.325*200*10 -6 )/(8.31*298) n= 8.18*10 -3 moles n O2 =n*0.21 =1.72x10 -3 moles C 8 H 18 + 12.5O 2 8CO 2 + 9H 2 O Therefore according to the reaction equation the moles of octane taken in per intake ought to be: N c8h18 = n O2 /12.5 N c8h18 = (1.72x10 -3 )/12.5 N c8h18 =1.38* 10 -4 moles Density( )= 730 kgm -3 = 730 000g/m 3 Concentration= (% purity* )/(Molar mass) = (0.87*730000)/((8*12)+(18*1)) = 5.57 x10 3 mol/m 3 =5.57*10 -3 mol/cc Volume gasoline necessary per stroke = N/C = (1.38* 10 -4 )/ ( 5.57x10 -3 ) = 2.48*10 -5