Today we examine the extremes of engineering, the highest buildings and towers, the widest covered spaces (stadia etc.) and the bridges that go the farthest

let us start with a preview of the highest (building), widest (dome), and farthest (bridge).

800 m tall with architectural spire, tallest building in the world

world’s largest enclosure, Millenium Dome, completed in 1998, world’s largest!

Coverd 200,000 sq. m of floor space almost 300m on the diameter (almost 1000 ft. on the diameter) in one enclosure

world’s longest bridge

Akashi Kaikyo (Straits) Br.

Completed in 1998

1991 m – the world’s longest spanning bridge

Almost 1 ¼ miles long MAIN SPAN

How tall might we go, giving free standing towers their due as well

new figure april 2010

note jump, we will talk about most of these structuers in this lecture.. at least a little bit

working are way down (new pic 2010, Note Empire State still in there)

note on the far right, 2 IFC is in Hong Kong and will be a benchmark height when we look at HK..

(need to add the new WTC towers in NYC, this picture is now a bit dated.)

CTBUH uses “architectural top”

maybe ditch this now, Burj wins on every measure the question is moot

2010 We should replace all this with Burj, but for now CN lives on.. CN is a lot like the structure at the core of Burj... ! interesting.

2010 note, this is similar to the inner core of Burj! Just a beam in the air... --Baker did not talk about Burj prestressing... so, don’t know

wind tunnel studies a must

looking below the tallest to buildings which were world’s tallest at completion

NYC buildings dominated the world’s tallest buuildings for almost all of the 20th century!

NYC buildings dominated the world’s tallest buuildings for almost all of the 20th century!

Today... we see new trends - in addition to the middle east with Burj..

tall bldgs in US. but also in Asia! lots in asia...

Where do people live.. Explosive growth of cities and 2x in asia

National Geographic, 2002 “Cities”

http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/article/0,12543,420169-2,00.html

“But America isn't where the race has been happening anyway. Petronas wasn't an aberration; it signaled a new boom. If the 1930s were marked by the superb Chrysler Building and Empire State Building, and the 1970s by the businesslike Sears and WTC, then this 10 or 15 years -- mid '90s to, say, 2010 -- marks the era of the Far East. Seven of the world's 10 tallest buildings were completed in the late '90s; eight of the top 10 are in Asia; Kuala Lumpur will pass the crown to Taipei later this year, and Taipei, likely, to Shanghai later this decade. Hong Kong, Seoul and Tokyo are also in the race.”“Why the race? To be blunt, in Asia today, as in New York 70 years ago, nothing is more demonstrative than a huge, well, upright symbol. Rival nations and corporations work overtime to show they are high-tech powerhouses.“

skyscraperpage.com

Taipei 101

Note the scale and how much taller than it needs to be, NYC at first??

skyscraperpage.com

Taipei 101

Note the scale and how much taller than it needs to be, NYC at first??

skyscraperpage.com

sksyraperpage.com says

A 900-ton tuned mass damper is installed on the 87th floor to counter earthquakes and typhoons. It will be available for public viewing from the restaurant levels and observation deck.

images from

http://www.caece.net/iass2003/Taipei-101.pdf

more from http://www.findaproperty.co.uk/cgi-bin/story.pl?storyid=5292

The two fastest lifts in the world will be in the building, travelling at a frankly fearsome 60 kilometres an hour going up and a slightly more sedate 37 kilometres an hour on the way down. From ground floor to the observation deck on level 89 will take 39 seconds. The lifts have been built by Toshiba and are the only double-decker lifts in the world.

Architects for the building are C.Y. Lee & Partners, who have based the design on the number eight, a number of good fortune in Chinese culture. Steel, glass and concrete are the

main ingredients and the final touches will be put to the building next year. Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou said: "We completed the most difficult challenge that almost appeared to be impossible to complete. We need to congratulate all of us." The Mayor better make the best of things - the People's Republic of China across the water have a structure in Shanghai aiming to go higher and due for completion in 2007.

left: skyscraperpage.com

right: http://greenprophet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/burj-dubai-21.jpg

http://greenprophet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/burj_dubai_in_skyline.jpg

SOM picture.

Similarity to CN tower??

photo bws, Central Hong Kong as seen from the “Peak Trail”, 2 IFC, BOC visible

Density of tall buildings is astounding, recall Yeang and energy use per capita

bws photo, Ferry terminal in foreground central hong kong in background, previous pictures taken from mtn hillside behind central hong kong, density stretches up and down vistoria island asa far as the eye can see, we take the ferry from the kowloon side to central hong kong, as 2 IFC lurks over us

Notable buildings that we will briefly examine include those noted here, we will primarily work from right to left

Currently the tallest building in Hong Kong, 2 IFC towers over its neighbors.

88 stories, 420 m high, Cesar Pelli architect, structural engineer?

bws photo, 1973 Jardine house dwarfed other Hong Kong buildings first “skyscraper”.. alum. cladding

round windows supposed to evoke the bamboo cross-section.. says the architects

we see how things have changed from 1973 to 2006! The skyscraper has taken over Hong Kong in unimaginable ways

Now moving over to HSBC

Norman Foster is the architect for the HSBC building – his old boss Rogers won the 2007 Pritzker Prize

This building intends to follow in a technical tradition in part set forth by centre pompidou (a 2007 student project choice)

The “mechanical” aspect of the building does show a great deal of structure including the outrigger like trusses which transfer load to the main columns.. could the building ncome alive?

From the side we see more explicit consideration of struture in the lateral bracing, HSBC is a building that I did not like the pictures of, but upon person inspection I have a much higher affinity for it – the “technical lool” may not be for all but it does indicate in a real way how the structure is working – the question then becomes is this a reasonable way for the structure to work and is it elegant... but just the same I find it a highly though provoking building

Some novelties exist in central hong kong for sure, here the lippo centre is glass glass glass – but the idea is the shape is one of interlocking koala bears – can you see it?

Now coming back to BOC and Cheung Kong Center

BOC, Pei architext, L. Robertson structural engineer.. A modern incarnation of the John Hancock of Chicago?

A composite shot of the whole building

We can see how the base was done

We note horiz. trussing not shown on external facade, box with an X is bad luck!

This bldg is often discussed as modern structural art and is well loved by structural engineering critiquers

Perhaps I expected too much, but the expression of the trussesis just that “expression” it is not actually the trusses a la Khan and Chicago.

Marvelous at night

Next door, same height, Cheung Kong Center.

No structural expression

Seen side by side from street level one tapers as it reaches up, the other appears to ignore wind and other forces as it marches skyward

BOC at night has an external facade that highlights its structure, subdued, understated

Cheung Kong Center at night – the entire building has a sychronized lighting system that can act as a giant billboard, etc.

building vs. commerce.

International Commerce Center on the Kowloon side, back where we began our ferry ride to central hong kong will be the tallest building in HK when completed. Not the green netting

HK is an amazing combinaton of the modern and traditional, here we see the bamboo used for scaffolding.. EVEN ON HIGH RISES, bamboo is used and shored up by platforms every ten stories

International Commerce Center on the Kowloon side, back where we began our ferry ride to central hong kong will be the tallest building in HK when completed. Not the green netting

photo bws, Central Hong Kong as seen from the “Peak Trail”, 2 IFC, BOC visible

Density of tall buildings is astounding, recall Yeang and energy use per capita

Dicssuing asia, but leaving Hong Kong and going to mainland China it would be wrong to not mention some of the construction associated particularly with the olympics

R. Silman in Widespan Roof Structures makes the point that widespan roofs are primarily adopt adapting bridge technology

BWS thinks this is a bit 1D of us, no?

1851 London World’s Fair, destroyed in 1936, Iron with Glass façade

part of Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations

demonstrated the potential lightness of widespan encolsures

structurae

With a width of 115m and height of 43 m

Galerie des Machines for the Paris World Exhibition of 1889

Again demonstrated the possibilities of widespan enclosures that would come in the future

Buckminster Fuller’s 1968 design for a miles-wide dome in Manhattan – too improve the weather. - (A bit of fancy, what can his domes really do?)

Bucky’s Bioshpere in Montreal showing the lightness of his geodesic domes (structurae.de)

Thumbnail in the upper left is Buckminster Fuller’s Union Tank Car Repair ShopBaton Rouge LA, in 1958 World’s Largest Enclosure when complete!

From Buckminster Fuller Institute

http://www.bfi.org/domes/topTen.html

1. Fantasy Entertainment Complex: Kyosho Isle, Japan, 710 feet

2. Multi-Purpose Arena: Nagoya, Japan, 614 feet

3. Tacoma Dome: Tacoma, WA, USA, 530 feet

4. Superior Dome: Northern Michigan Univ. Marquette, MI, USA, 525 feet

5. Walkup Skydome: Northern Arizona Univ. Flagstaff, AZ, USA, 502 feet

6. Round Valley High School Stadium: Springerville, AZ USA, 440 feet

7. Former Spruce Goose Hangar: Long Beach, CA, USA, 415 feet

8. Formosa Plastics Storage Facility: Mai Liao, Taiwan, 402 feet

9. Union Tank Car Maintenance Facility: Baton Rouge, LA USA, 384 feet

10. Lehigh Portland Cement Storage Facility:Union Bridge, MD USA, 374 feet

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/astro.html

Vital Statistics:Location: Houston, Texas, USACompletion Date: 1966Cost: $35 millionDiameter: 710 feetType: RibbedPurpose: RecreationalMaterials: Concrete, steelEngineer(s): Walter P. Moore; Lockwood, Andrews and Newman; John G. Turney; Robert J. Cummins OfficeThe Astrodome lasted just 35 years as a working ballpark. On March 30, 2000, the Astros began playing in Enron Field, their new retractable-roof stadium.

left – from superdome.com

right – from structurae

Louisiana Superdome

1975 Sverdrup dome, truss steel construction

210 m. diameter (690 ft. diameter, still a little smaller than the Astrodome)

buildingbig.comVital Statistics:Location: Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCompletion Date: 1989Cost: $500 millionDiameter: 674 feetType: RetractablePurpose: RecreationalMaterials: Steel, plasticEngineer(s): Ellis-Don Limited

pictures from Seattle times web site

Implosion of the Kingdome as “old” dome gives way to new retractable roof Baseball Stadium in seattle

Reinforced concrete shell structure – 201.6 m, 660ft diameter stadium

Built in 1975, destroyed in 2000

world’s largest enclosure

Millenium Dome, completed in 1998, world’s largest!

Covers 200,000 sq. m of floor space almost 300m on the diameter (almost 1000 ft. on the diameter) in one enclosure

Haj Terminal, King Abdul Aziz International Airport

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Structural Type: Membrane structure mast-supported

Function: Airport terminal building

Location: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Built: 1978 - 1981

Client(s): Ministry of Defense and Aviation, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Persons involved: architect Roy Allen architect Gordon Bunshaft architect Fazlur Rahman Khan architect Gordon Wildermuth structural engineer Horst Berger structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan structural engineer Jörg Schlaich

Firms and offices involved: structural engineering Geiger Berger Associates structural engineering Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner structural engineering Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) structural engineering Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) general contractor Hochtief steel construction Nippon Kokan fabricator Birdair (membrane)

Technical Data

Materials: membrane PTFE-coated glass-fiber fabric

Dimensions & Quantities: membrane covered area 440 000 m2 (over twice the coverage of millenium)

site area ~830 000 m2 building area 550 000 m2 height 45.75 m

Used 6 weeks out of the year for the pilgrimage to Mecca

picture from BirdAirs website

Horst Berger & Assoc. goes on with Birdair to do more of these, whether or not they are always appropriate may be of some question.

Denver International Airport

Membrance covers about 35,000 sq. m – relatively small.

UL Schlaich, 1997 Kaula Lampur Malaysis, National Swimming COmplex (roof over pool)

UR Schlaich, 2002 with IM Pei German Historical Museum

LR Schlaich, 2001 Frankfurt Trade Fair Hall – Here the curvatures are novel, but all for a real purpose

LL Schlaich, 1984 Ice Rink

Details on LR

The new hall 3A is a large two-storey trade fair hall providing an exhibition space of 20.000 m² on each level. The suspended roof spans 165 m and consists of five adjacent groups of steel arches connected by a net of tendons and supported on either side by six A-shaped trestles. Concrete cross-wings on three sides of the hall provide the access to its levels while a glass facade takes up the fourth side. The roof is a welded tubular structure of S355 with circular hollow section, the diameters ranging from D = 323 to 911 mm and the wall thicknesses from 8 to 80 mm. The roof membrane placed on this tubular structure

is composed of a loadbearing structure, consisting of steel sections and trapezoid metal sheet, insulation, sealing and Kalzip-covering. The double curvature of the roof was obtained by cutting plain, narrow Kalzip-strips.

http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/eti/projects/bridgemain.html

Location: Strait of Gibraltar. Links Spain and Morocco.Length: 9 miles, Two spans of 4 1/2 miles eachHeight: Each tower is 3,000 feet tall. Twice as high as the world's tallest skyscraper.Width: 5 traffic lanes, 2 breakdown lanes in each directionRoad Deck Material: FiberglassLength of Wire Cables: 1,000,000 miles (Enough to circle the Earth almost 30 times)Closest living relative: Akashi bridge in Japan, world's longest suspension bridge at 12,828 feet.Cost: $15 billionDangers: Wind speeds of 80 mph at tops of towers, ship collision, ocean currents, traffic, Sahara Desert dust storms

Gimsing IABSE KOBE 1998 Symposium

world’s longest bridge

Akashi Kaikyo (Straits) Br.

Completed in 1998

1991 m – the world’s longest spanning bridge

would be nice to also plot tensile strength against span and see how strong the correlation is.

Honshu Shukoku Bridges from S. Kashima in KOBE 1998 IABSE Symposium

Honshu Shukoku Bridges from S. Kashima in KOBE 1998 IABSE Symposium

Gimsing IABSE KOBE 1998 Symposium

Tatara Br. – structurae – photo by John Ochsendorf

indentations on cables to stop rain wind induced vibrations

high winds required some separation of pylons

picture is under construction – completed in 1999

Aschrafi pg 448 KOBE IABSE Symposium 1998

proposal by Menn for a 3000m main span bridge

proposal by Menn for a 3000m main span bridge

main suspender

tower

vertical suspenders

inclined suspenders at midspan

outrigger trusses

cable stays from outriggers to deck

cable stays from tower to outriggers

backspan columns

slender deck

IABSE – Vejrum and Petersen

Spatial Cable System design proposal (architect model)

world’s tallest building (Burj Dubai will soon beat it)

Taipei 101

Topped out in November 2003

Roof is 448 m, 6 m higher than Sears Tower roof (1974)

Spire is 508 m 56 m higher than Petronas Towers…

Shanghai city scape

Wonderful National Geographic Article on our biggest cities

http://is-beton.epfl.ch/Photos/Small/I/I34/I34-12.jpg

Chandoline over the Rhone 1989 – C. Menn

140m main span, slight horizontal curvature necisstitated the out-of-plane stays at the ends.

All concrete – including concrete trussing of deck

Tower/mast shape interesting but logical?

Sunniberg 1999

IABSE article

JSE Billington article

Pier, pylon, cables, and deck each designed to satisfy technical requirements and aesthetic requirements.

Pier(below road), pylon(above road): pier and pylon are integrated. Pier shape expresses the pier bending demands for live loading on one span.

Pylons are flared: (1) visually interesting, (2) allows cables to remain straight as deck curves (3) resists bending due to curvature for LL on 1 span

Cables: low slung = high tension, deck thickened near piers to resist compression there.

Deck: continuous thin line, no expansion joints, breathes laterally as needed

In the same valley as Salginatobel.

http://www.deuring.ch/christian-menn/english/projekte_e/zakim_e.htm

The new Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge is the only one of its kind ever built. In addition to being the widest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the bridge will be the first "hybrid" cable-stayed bridge in the United States, using both steel and concrete in its frame. The main span consists of a steel box girder and steel floor beams, while the back spans contain post-tensioned concrete.

http://www.deuring.ch/christian-menn/english/projekte_e/zakim_e.htm

http://www.bigdig.com/thtml/gw_crc.htm#bridge1

Menn 1991 at a lecture at Harvard he met a MASS public works official who talked to him about his Big Dig bridge needs.