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The Lovell Telescope … through its surfaces Simon Garrington, JBO/University of Manchester • Original design & redesign: 1950-1957 • Radical modification & new surface: 1971 • Replacement of surface: 2001 • Replacement of original surface: 2018 • Other consequences: foundations 1 Picture A. Holloway

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  • TheLovellTelescope…throughitssurfaces

    SimonGarrington,JBO/UniversityofManchester

    • Originaldesign&redesign:1950-1957

    • Radicalmodification&newsurface:1971

    • Replacementofsurface:2001

    • Replacementoforiginalsurface:2018

    • Otherconsequences:foundations

    �1

    PictureA.Holloway

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �2

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �3

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �4

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �5

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �6

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �6

  • OriginalMkIproposalandchanges• Concept&proposals:1950-1

    • Lovell-HusbandSep1949• RadioAstronomyCttee1950• railtrack;towers,cradle,4-inchmesh

    • 2-inchmesh/5-inprofileby20Mar1951submission

    • Designchanges• 21cmlinediscovered(Ewen25Mar1951)

    • Inner100’mesh1x2-in‘atnocost’?Sep1952

    • InterestfromAirMinistry:10cmradar

    • March1954:3/4-inmesh->strongercradle…butAirMinistrystepback

    �6

  • MKI-bowl&surfaceredesign

    • New‘drum’support-Aug/Sep1954[homology?]

    • Majorredesign…inmid-construction

    • Cost,weightincrease…PublicInquiry’57

    • Husbandsuggestssolidsurface(continuous,fullywelded)• conductivity

    • ExperimentsJun-Sep’55• 1-inchprofile

    • Mainstructurecompletebythispoint…

    �7

  • MKI-bowl&surfaceredesign

    • New‘drum’support-Aug/Sep1954[homology?]

    • Majorredesign…inmid-construction

    • Cost,weightincrease…PublicInquiry’57

    • Husbandsuggestssolidsurface(continuous,fullywelded)• conductivity

    • ExperimentsJun-Sep’55• 1-inchprofile

    • Mainstructurecompletebythispoint…

    �7

  • MKI-bowl&surfaceredesign

    • New‘drum’support-Aug/Sep1954[homology?]

    • Majorredesign…inmid-construction

    • Cost,weightincrease…PublicInquiry’57

    • Husbandsuggestssolidsurface(continuous,fullywelded)• conductivity

    • ExperimentsJun-Sep’55• 1-inchprofile

    • Mainstructurecompletebythispoint…

    200kmofwire2Minterconnections30,000tie-backs

    �7

  • MKI-bowl&surfaceredesign

    • New‘drum’support-Aug/Sep1954[homology?]

    • Majorredesign…inmid-construction

    • Cost,weightincrease…PublicInquiry’57

    • Husbandsuggestssolidsurface(continuous,fullywelded)• conductivity

    • ExperimentsJun-Sep’55• 1-inchprofile

    • Mainstructurecompletebythispoint…

    200kmofwire2Minterconnections30,000tie-backs

    �7

  • MKI-bowl&surfaceredesign

    • New‘drum’support-Aug/Sep1954[homology?]

    • Majorredesign…inmid-construction

    • Cost,weightincrease…PublicInquiry’57

    • Husbandsuggestssolidsurface(continuous,fullywelded)• conductivity

    • ExperimentsJun-Sep’55• 1-inchprofile

    • Mainstructurecompletebythispoint…

    200kmofwire2Minterconnections30,000tie-backs

    �7

  • TheMkI,completed

    • Surfaceinstalled1956-7;7000plates;13/welder/day

    • Drivesinstalled…Sputniklaunched4Oct57,carrierrocketdetected11Oct57

    • EfficiencyofMkIat21cm…12%

    �8

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    LovellNov1961

    �9

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    • MkII(1964)

    LovellNov1961

    �10

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    • MkII(1964)• MkIII(1966)

    LovellNov1961

    �11

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    • MkII(1964)• MkIII(1966)• MkIV[500’x1500-15000’!]

    LovellNov1961

    �12

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    • MkII(1964)• MkIII(1966)• MkIV[500’x1500-15000’!]

    • MkV[initiallyc200’nrJBO,latera400’monster,cancellation->MERLINin1974]

    LovellNov1961

    �13

  • ConversiontoMkIA

    • ‘ImprovedMkI’1961,alongside…

    • MkII(1964)• MkIII(1966)• MkIV[500’x1500-15000’!]

    • MkV[initiallyc200’nrJBO,latera400’monster,cancellation->MERLINin1974]

    LovellNov1961

    �13

  • MkIA-motivation[Fleckctee1961-5;£4m(=£80m)forradioastron.’64-’72]• Husbandproposal1964

    • centralsupport• newsurface

    • Tactically-LovellagreedtodelayMkVinDec’67

    • Reality:foundationsandstructurefailing

    • c.200tloadreliefonbearings/foundation

    �14

  • MkIA-motivation[Fleckctee1961-5;£4m(=£80m)forradioastron.’64-’72]• Husbandproposal1964

    • centralsupport• newsurface

    • Tactically-LovellagreedtodelayMkVinDec’67

    • Reality:foundationsandstructurefailing

    • c.200tloadreliefonbearings/foundation

    �14

  • MkIA-motivation[Fleckctee1961-5;£4m(=£80m)forradioastron.’64-’72]• Husbandproposal1964

    • centralsupport• newsurface

    • Tactically-LovellagreedtodelayMkVinDec’67

    • Reality:foundationsandstructurefailing

    • c.200tloadreliefonbearings/foundation

    �14

  • MkIA-motivation[Fleckctee1961-5;£4m(=£80m)forradioastron.’64-’72]• Husbandproposal1964

    • centralsupport• newsurface

    • Tactically-LovellagreedtodelayMkVinDec’67

    • Reality:foundationsandstructurefailing

    • c.200tloadreliefonbearings/foundation

    �14

  • MkIA• 1968report:265’• Changedduringconstructionto250’• 1968-1972• Cost£665k(c0.5MkI)• Husband’s‘hardestjob’• Newf/D=0.3surface

    • 60%at18cm• 14%at6cm

    • HI,OH,MERLIN,EVN,pulsars,quasars,gravitationallenses,+…

    • Wheelgirder+centraltrack:c.960t(96piles)

    1971-picturecredit:RWPorcas�15

  • MkIA• 1968report:265’• Changedduringconstructionto250’• 1968-1972• Cost£665k(c0.5MkI)• Husband’s‘hardestjob’• Newf/D=0.3surface

    • 60%at18cm• 14%at6cm

    • HI,OH,MERLIN,EVN,pulsars,quasars,gravitationallenses,+…

    • Wheelgirder+centraltrack:c.960t(96piles)

    �15

  • MkIA• 1968report:265’• Changedduringconstructionto250’• 1968-1972• Cost£665k(c0.5MkI)• Husband’s‘hardestjob’• Newf/D=0.3surface

    • 60%at18cm• 14%at6cm

    • HI,OH,MERLIN,EVN,pulsars,quasars,gravitationallenses,+…

    • Wheelgirder+centraltrack:c.960t(96piles)

    �15

  • Surfacereplacement(2001-2)

    �16

  • Surfacereplacement(2001-2)

    �16

  • Improvementinsurface

    STG2000-2003

    �17

  • Surfacedeformation

    TotalStationmeasurementsbyJABattilana(analysisbySTG) �18

  • Surfacedeformation

    TotalStationmeasurementsbyJABattilana(analysisbySTG) �18

  • Surfacedeformation

    TotalStationmeasurementsbyJABattilana(analysisbySTG) �18

  • Replacingthe1957surface

    • Consideredremoval,repair,replacement

    • Nowreplacingwithfullygalvanisedandpaintedpanels,boltedtonewanglebeams

    • Profilenotimportantbutfittooriginalparabola

    �19

  • MkIbowlframeworkSpring1956

    �20

  • LiDARScan(OgilvieGeomatics)

    �21

  • !22

  • Bowlframeworklayout

    Recalloriginalspec:5-8in.=130-200mm!23

  • Bowlframeworklayout

    Recalloriginalspec:5-8in.=130-200mm!23

  • Bowlframeworklayout

    Recalloriginalspec:5-8in.=130-200mm!23

  • Surfacereplacement2018

    �24

  • Foundations• Originaldesign

  • Foundations• Originaldesign

  • Conclusion• Telescopeshavemanyhistories:scientific,technological,personal,social,international• Thishasbeenav.partialengineeringperspective,lookingatchangesindesign,theirmotivation,implementation,andconsequences,setagainstacomplexbackground

    • TheLovell(MkI/IA)Telescope[surface]isauniquecaseofdesignchangeduringconstructionandmajormodification12yrslatertoaddanewsurface…andwehavenowreplacedboth‘old’and‘new’surfaces,aswellaswiderangeofmajorandminorrepairs

    • Indoingso,wecontinuetolearnaboutandaddtoitsfascinatinghistory

    �26

    ThankstoPhilClarkeandalltheJBOengineeringteamJamesPeters@JohnRylandsArchive

  • �27


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