(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

86.4.27 :j86.5.3å :N

³§°k§AkªTí« Apo¼«jBµo »v¼¦¢‾A JB~ß‾

Email: b_m_bakhtiari@yahoo.com /¬Ao´U ²B¢z‾Aj nB½jBTwA /#

#ºnB¼ThM ºj±ªd« p°o´M²k¼ña¬AoǽA nj »v¼¦Ç¢‾A ¬BÇMp »{p±Ç«C ðªÇ9 nAqÇMA ;¼TvhÇ‾ »�oíÇ« ³ÇM ³§B.Ç« ;ǽAnB]BÇa ºApo¼«jBµoÇ� /¨ 1853 ¤BÇw nj ³9 SwA »v¼¦¢‾A »MB~‾ ,nAqMA ;½A /jpAjoQ»«²joÇ9 ³ÇÄAnA ¨±q®Ç« yhÇM ²jpBǽ K§Ba nj An ³ª¦9 11åå j°ke »®í« ° ²j°ow An ¬C»£kÇ‾p »wnoÇM ° JB~Ç‾ ¨±´�Ç« oÇM »§BªÇ]A ºn°oÇ« ;ªÇ@ ³§B.ÇÇ« ;ÇǽA nj /SwA¬C ºBǵ²rA° ²nBÇMnj RBd¼@±ÇU pA ºA²nBÇQ ²Aoªµ ³M JB~‾ ;½A ¥«B9 ;T« ,Apo¼«jBµo�/j±{»« ³ÄAnA

Apo¼Ç« jBµoÇ$ ,nB]BÇ� ²n°j =TÇ« ,»wnBÇ$ ¬BÇMp ,»v¼¦Ç¢‾A ¬BÇMp ,JB~‾ :²rA°k¼¦�@/³§°k§AkªTí«»½AowJB~‾ ° JB~‾ /1³M nj S§±´w ºAoM pBMo½j pA ³� SwA »«±f®« ºBµ³«B‾ ²rA° »«±ªî ¬A±®î ;j±{»ªÇ‾ j°kd« ¬B£rA° ³M JB~‾ y½Aow ³TL§A /k‾A²k{»« ³¼´U ¬B£rA° ºnBPwoVBi¼�§A k®‾B« ,k‾±{»« ²k‾A±i JB~‾ ©µ ¨±f®« ±d‾ ° oæ ºBµJBT� »ioM ³ñ®½A Bª�@³ÇM xp±Ç«C ºAoÇM »MoÇî ±dÇ‾ ° oÇæ xp±Ç«C nj »T¼M nAqµ »MBT� ³� ð§B« =MA¬B¼LÇ~§AJB~‾ ,²k«Cnj »wnB$ ©f‾ ³M ³� »Moî JB~‾ =½oUn±´z« /SwA ¬B½±\z‾Ajo~‾±MA ºo\µ ©T?µ ²kw =½pB�C ºBµ¤Bw ° ©z{ ²kw »‾B½BQ ºBµ¤Bw nj ³� jnAj ¨B‾H\Ç« /SwA ²kÇ{ j±Çi pA uQ ºBµJB~Ç‾ oXÇ�@A º±Ç¢§A ° ,²j°ow An ¬C »µAo$:k®Tv¼‾ ZnBi S§Be k®a pA »wnB$ ¬BMp ³M j±]±« ºBµJB~‾

324

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

K¼~Ç‾ ,»WBÇ/§A kªeA =M &Aoñ{ Jj¿A¸oµp k®‾B«) »wnB$ ³M »Moî ºBµJB~‾oǵA±Ç] ð¦Çw ,º±¦Çµj °oÇvi o¼Ç«A UB�§¿Au¼®\U JB~‾ ,»½±i ¨Bve ¬B¼T�§AJj¿A¹MB@oÇ« , ¨B®ÇM ºjoÇ$ ²j°oÇw ¬A±i¿AK¼~‾ ,»µAo$ o~‾±MA =½k§AnkM;(o¢½j ºnB¼vM ° »‾B¼«o� ºkªeA;(º°oµ »?w±½ ºk®µ JB~‾ k®‾B«) »wnB$ ³M ºk®µ ºBµJB~‾,³§°k§AkªTíÇ« Apo¼Ç« jBµoÇ$ »v¼¦Ç¢‾A JB~‾ k®‾B«) »½BQ°nA ºBµ¬BMp ºBµJB~‾³� »‾BµAo$ ð§Bªª§AK½jA xjBæ Apo¼« ³v‾A o4 JB~‾ ,=¼vd§AkLî Apo¼« ³v‾A o4 JB~‾;(nB]B� S\´M ³v‾A o4 JB~‾ ° ;SwA ²k{ NBa °A ¬A±½j nj»Lµ° kªd« RBO¦§A¹Lh‾ ,»½±i ¨Bve ¨Bw ³�dU k®‾B«) »�oU ³M »wnB$ ºBµJB~‾;(o¢½j oYA k®a ° ºq½oLU ºp±‾p o�m« ¬B¼L~§A�±z« ,²jAp¥L®woÇ{A »¦Çî ÀÇ« ºk®Ç]o¼M JB~‾ k®‾B«) »wnB$ ³M »¦d« ºB´z½±£ ºBµJB~‾° k®«°o¼Ç‾ o�BÇM kªdÇ« ºoT{±Ç{ JB~Ç‾ ,nB]B� n±ª¼U o¼«A ºoLÇ? JB~‾ ,»e±Læ:S½B´‾ nj ° (o¢½j ºBµ³‾±ª‾Ç »wnB$ »MB~‾ ³� º±¦µj °ovio¼«A ¬B¼L~§AR±L`« k®‾B«) ³‾BMp k®a ºBµJB~‾»�oU Ç »wnB$ Ç »Moî »MB~‾ ³� ºk®Lz/‾ =vek¼w oµA±\§A©K‾ ,SwA ºk®µ Ç »MoîpA ºo¼ªÇz� Ç ºk®Çµ Ç »‾Bu$A Ç »wnB$ Ç »Moî Ç »�oU ³‾BMp y{ JB~‾ B½ ° SwA:ð‾ ,oTz¼M RBí§B�« ºAoM) j±{»« ºnAk´¢‾ ¬Ao½A »¦« ³‾BhMBT� nj ³� ³TiB®{B‾ ºA²k®½Aow/( ¥ik« ¥½l (1381) ³{±‾A ° (1351) ²jAp»wBª¦w ;(1318) ¤BLJA ;³«k^« ,³«B‾Sq§° k®Tvµ º±v‾Ao$ B½ »�oU ,»Moî HUkªî BµJB~‾ ,j±{»« ²kµBz« ³� n±V ¬Bªµnj /SwA ²kÇ{ ³TiB®Ç{ »v¼¦¢‾A JB~‾ B´®U GoµB ³§°k§AkªTí« ºApo¼« jBµo$ JB~‾/jo� ©¼µA±i n°o« An JB~‾ =½A =T« ³§B/« =½A

»v¼¦¢‾A JB~‾ ²k®½Aow ,³§°k§AkªTí« Apo¼« jBµo� /2,(¬Ao´U ,13å5 ²kí/½l 21 BU q½oLU ,1233 ¤°¿A ºjBª]) ³§°k§AkªTí« Apo¼« jBµo$Apo¼« tBLî ©µjq‾BQ ovQ °A /j°n»« nBª{ ³M ³½nB]B� ¥WB$ ° ³í§B�« BM ¬B£jAqµB{ pAApo¼«kªd« »®UB‾ njAoM ,=w ÀTiA ¤Bw ²jpB½ BM ° Sw°A k‾po$ 48 pA ,³®�¦v§AK½B‾o¢½j ¬B¼« nj Apo¼« jBµo$ ³� kµj»« ¬Bz‾ =ÄAo� /SwA ²j±M (ºkíM nB]B� ²B{kªd«)JA±Ç‾) SwA ²j±M nAjn±ioM j±i njAoM jq‾ ºA²s½° S¼í�±« pA ,j±i ¬AnjAoM ° ¬AoµA±i,¬BªÇµ) SwA ²j±ÇM tnB$ ° ¬Ao´U ,¬BTwp±i ,¬BTwo§ ³§B½¿AK½B‾ B´Uk« ° (1366 :6 B8æAn K/§ nB]B� ²B{ =½k§AoæB‾ pA x@/@µ 1278 ¤Bw nj =¼®`ªµ °A /(8@|

325

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

³M nBT?£ =½A nj /SwA ²k{»« jAkª¦� ºnAjA ° »wB¼w ºjo$ H\« ° ²jo� S$B½njnB�°oÇw °A »¢®µoÇ$ ³´Ç]° BM H~hz« ° ,©½pAjoQ»ª‾ °A »T«±ñe ° »wB¼w »£k‾pjAk«BÇM ³ÇM ,1366 B8Çæ JA±Ç‾ oÇM ²°Àî k®‾A±U»« °A »wB¼w »£k‾p bo{ ³M ¬Ak®ªJÀî) S{Aj ©¼µA±i/(k®®4 n±]n 92Ç@81 :1347Apo¼Ç« =ª´ÇM ,³®�¦Çv§AjBmTÇîA Apo¼Ç« »¦/¼¦î ¬±a ºjAo$A nB®� nj An Apo¼« jBµo$¥ÇµA ¬BÇ£jAqµBÇ{ pA , ³M }¦hT« u¼Äo§A g¼{ Apo¼« =vd§A±MA ° ³§°k§A¾B´M³ÇM JBLÇ{ S½AkÇM pA> Apo¼Ç« jBµo$ ,(134å :95) S½Akµ ³T?£ ³M /k‾A³Tv‾Aj nB]B� ¥m$xÀÇiA ¥¼ªÇñU ° ¨±¦î ¥¼~dU oM Sªµ ° ³T{Aj gwAn q̈î ° ¼¦M Øk] ¥½Bm$ Kv�@oM ²°Àî Apo¼« jBµo$ ,(1361) ð§Bªª§Ao¼í« ºBîjA iLV ,o¢½j º±w pA /SwA

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

nj S¼M 15 nj ³ª¦� 91 ,©´‾ Sªv� nj ,-âne³¼$B� BM o¼?iodM nj S¼M 15 nj ³ª¦� 41nj ° ,-âd³¼$B� BM ¥«n odM nj S¼M 19 nj ³ª¦� 6å ,©µj Sªv� nj ,-at ³¼$B� BM q]n odM/k‾A²k«C ,-ân ³¼$B� BM WT\« odM nj S¼M 32 nj ³ª¦� 111 ,©µjpB½ Sªv�»$oí« nj S¼M 11 ,K�@A±� S?µ »$oí« nj »T¼M °j ð½ ,²k{ jB½ jnA±« oM ²°Àînj S¼M 4 ° ºjÀ¼« ºB´µB« »$oí« nj S¼M 4 ,»‾BªwC Z°oM »$oí« nj S¼M 5 ,jAkîAkLUo« «B� ºBµyhM B´®U Âªî ³� ,k‾A²k«C BµyhM =½A ºÀM¿ nj q¼‾ ³T?µ ¨B½A »$oí«/k®Tvµ JB~‾ =½A nj »‾B£rA°n±f®Ç« ³ÇM ¬AoǽA nj »v¼¦¢‾A ¬AnBzTv« n±me ,JB~‾ =½A y½Aow ²q¼¢‾A GoµBd°oÇ{ pA y¼ÇQ ° JBTÇ� =½A Svh‾ ³½°n nj /SwA ²j±M Ao¢¦U pA ²jB?TwA xp±«C:SwA ²k«C =¼®a nB]B� ²B{ =½k§AoæB‾ ¨B‾ o½p ,³«k/«j±íÇv« j±Ç]° S9oÇM ° ;ªÇ½ pA ¬BÇz‾ ºp°o¼Ç� ¤ Ø°A ;½A nj ¹®ª§A ° &kªd§A;ÇM ¬B\¦Çv§A ,²BÇ] ¬°jo£ ²B{jBQ ,²B®Q ¬B¼«ÀwA ²Bz®µB{ ,Rnka nka RoWd¼¦îA° SwA y‾Aj ° ©¦Çî nApBÇM ZA°n ,³‾B\¦Çw ° ³ñ¦Ç« &Ak¦Çi ,¬B\¦v§A ;M ¬B\¦v§AoXÇ9@A nj ³9 SwA }Ao�¦U ©¼w ³¦ª] ¬C pA ,SwA é½B{ ¬Ao½A ð§Bª« nj é½B®æ ³ªµSîBÇw y{ HL½o.ÇU ³Ç9 ³Tñ¦9 BU ¬k®§ ³®\¦v§AnAj pA ¬±®9@A ° ²k{ ²k¼z9 RB½¿°³�ÀÇh§AnAj nj ¬±Ça ° k®®ñ¼Ç« G½B.Çe lz9 ³.¼aj k®a nj ,SwA S�Bv« »«±\‾¬BÇMp ¬C ;¼ª¦íTÇ« ° k‾joñ¼Ç« ©¦ÇñU »v¼¦Ç¢‾A ¬BÇMp ³ÇM }Ao�¦ÇU ;¼ª¦íÇ« ¬Ao´DJA±Ç‾ ¨BªTǵA ° »íÇw ³ÇM JB~Ç‾ JBTÇ9 ;½A Am´§ ,k®T{Aj »v¼¦¢‾A S�§ ³M ZB¼TeA³§ÀÇ]A ¨Aj ¨±¦Çî oǽp° ³®\¦Çv§AjBWTÇîA ²jApC ²jAqµB{ ,¿A° é�nA }o{A JB\Tv«nAoÇwA lÇz9 S�§ ¬C RÀWí« pA S§±´w ³M ³9 k«Cnj éLD S�æ ³M »§Bí§A ³§BLaA °»¦Çî Ç ºo\ǵ 1283 ³®Çw »‾BÇX§Aé¼ÇMn o´{ ©Tv¼M »� ð§l o½odU ¬B9 ° ,k®½Bª‾/ºjÀ¼« 1866 ³®w oLªTPw ¤ Ø°A G�A±« Ç ¨Àw l§A l§A Bµo]Bµ²j±M Walker Su§ ¡®µo$ Bµ²rA° ?¦U ºB®L« ,k½C»« oM JBT� ³«k/« pA ³� ³‾±¢‾C³ÇM ,Sv¼Ç‾ ¤BÇñ{A pA »§Bi JB~‾ =½A nj Bµ²rA° pA ºnB¼vM ?¦U SLY Amµé« ,SwA=½A =T« nj ,o¢½j RnBLî ³M /SwA ²k«C SwnjB‾ À«B� RBª¦� »ioM ?¦U ³� ºn±VS½BÇîn ° ,»v¼¦Ç¢‾A ° »wnBÇ$ ¬BÇMp °j »½A°C ºBµ±¢§A ºpBw¬±¢ªµ ºAoM ,JB~‾=ǽA ³� ,SwA ²k«C k½kQ RBª¦� nj »½A°C RAo¼¼uU ,o¢½j º±w pA ºoí{ ºB´Un°oWj±]±« Rn±æ ³� ,SwA ºA³�@A° ºBµ»‾±£o£j ° A°C y½Aq$A ,A°C me d±‾ pA RAo¼¼uU/k½j k¼µA±i JÀ� °j ¬B¼« nj An JB~‾ nj B´‾C:joª{oM ¬A±U»« j±]±« ºBµme ºAoM ºjkíT« ¥½¿j327

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

[kâtn] :RBª¦Ç� nj (Ì ºq�oÇ« ³Ç�@A° k®‾B«) jnAk‾ j±]° »wnB$ nj »½A°C »µB£@,[nobl] noble ,[bâtl] bottle ,[lesn] lesson,[bâtn] buton ,[apl] apple ,cotton/[âyrn] iron ° [katl] cattle³T?Ç£ Rn±Çæ ºA³¼$B� ° »‾p° ºBµS½j°kd« oVBi³M H$oæ me =½A ©µ »µB£@,[kâzn] cousin ,[opn] open ,[hevn] heaven ,[enmi] enemy:k®‾BÇ« ,SÇwA/@[impâsbel] impossible° [magzin] magazine,[s§ evr] shower,[vepn] weapon,[sop] soapºBµ³‾±ªÇ‾ nj ,SwA K�oÇ« ºBµ³Ç�@A° o¼¼uÇU B½ me ,o¢½j ¥½kLU/@[vâpor] vapor° [gâbril] Gabriel ,[klir] clear ,[bebi] baby:SwA bo{ =½kM q¼‾ SwA ²k{ ²j°q$A »½A°C ¬C nj ³� ºjnA±«jnA° BM ³� ²jo� nAjA° An ²k®½Aow ,»wnB$ nj »½BU ³w »‾A±hªµ ³{±i j±]° ¨kîk®‾BÇ« ,k®Ç� nB£pBw »wnB$ »f?¦U ºBµ±¢§A BM An ³ª¦� ?¦U ,³{±i nj ºA³�@A° ¬jo�@[hândered] ,[selap] slap ,[selip] sleep ,[seliv] sleeve ,[semok] smoke/[deynejer] danger° hundred,SwA ³T{Aj ºA³¼$B� ° ¬p° ¥¼§j H$oæ ,¬A±hªµ ¬k{ ³$BWA ³� Svµ ©µ ºjnA±«/[aro] arrow ° [dâyemond] diamond,[ansver] answerk®‾B«,²joÇ� o¼¼uÇU «B� ³ª¦� ºA³�@A° ¨Bf‾ B´‾C nj ³� k‾nAj j±]° ºjnA±« S½B´‾ nj °,[fârti] forty ,[ye’res] years ,[rilejân] religion ,[âyboru] eyebrowk®‾BÇÇ«[meditarniyan] ,[pikc§ evor] picture ,[bâyi] boy ,[umlet] omelet/@[kâyukâmber] cucumber° [mitâfer] metaphor ,Mediterraneanwh- ºAnAj B´Ç‾C »¢ªÇµ ³Ç� ,kÇ‾A²kÇ{ ²k‾A±i »TwnjB‾ ³M Á±æA »UBª¦� nB®� nj/[hovâyt] white³ª¦� ° [hovay] who ,[hoveyr] where,[hoven] when:k®TvµAn ¬k‾A±i ³� k‾A²k«C =T« nj »wnB$ °oe BM »v¼¦¢‾A RBª¦� ,JB~‾ =½A =T« nj»v¼¦Ç¢‾A RBª¦� ,¬B£k®‾A±i oTz¼M »TeAn ºAoM ³§B/« =½A nj /k®®�»« ³]A±« ¥ñz« BMo~U ³ª¦� ?¦U nj »Un°oW ³M B®M oîB{ ³� B]oµ ° ¨A²jn°C ¬B{»¦æA ºÀ«A BM Ank¼«A =½A BM ,¨A²jo� o�@l An ¬C ¥æA dAo~« ¬Bªµ º°oM°n ° ¬Bª� °j ¬B¼« nj ,SwA ²jo�@/k®®ñ‾ ³Mo\U =T« =½A ¬k‾A±i ¨B¢®µ ³M Ao« nB� »Thw ³§B/« =½A ¬B£k®‾A±i ³�@ºq�o« ³‾BhMBT� nj j±]±« ³hv‾ pA JB~‾ =½A c¼d~U nj ³� ©‾Aj»« o�@l ³M p̈¿j±i ¬AnBñªµ »«BªU pA ³¦¼w°=½kM ³� ,¨A²jo� ²jB?TwA (a/99 ²nBª{ ³M) ¬Ao´U ²B¢z‾Aj/©®�»« ºnAq¢wBPw (²jAq¼¦� ºB�C JB®] ° »‾B‾±� ©‾Bi nB�ow ²s½° ³M) ³‾BhMBT� ¬C nj

328

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

»v¼¦¢‾A JB~‾ T«ØqÇí§A°l JB~Ç‾ i½B�j ° i½B/e JB�Tv« JA±‾ oVBi [½BT‾ pA ³� »v¼¦¢‾A JB~‾/SwA »§BÇí§A ³§BL�A ¨Aj Apo¼« jBµo$ ³§°k§AkªTí« ©fîA ²jAqµB{ ,é¼®ª§A Kvd§A ° é¼$o§A©f‾ ³T{n ³M ³`‾C ° jnAj ÀTiA SMBT� Rn±æ BM ?¦U nj »v¼¦¢‾A RBu§ oX�@A ³� ¬AkM²k{ c¼d~U o�@A° Su§ º°n pA oX�@A ³� ,SwA ¬Bz½A ºBd~$ ?¦U i$A±« ,SwA ²k«Cnj²k{ ¬B¼M »wnB$ Su§ ³M »míM ° »Moî Su§ ³M »míM »v¼¦¢‾A Su§ »‾Bí« ¬±a /SwA¨±¦í« SwA ²k{ ©f‾ ³� »L¼UoU ³M ¬BMp °j ³M An Su§ °j oµ ºoí{ oµ SdU nj Am´§ ,SwA³Çw pA ¬B£k®®� ³feÀ« ³� jnB¢‾»« »v¼¦¢‾A ki ³M »v¼¦¢‾A Su§ ¬Bªµ ° jpBw»«,ºoÇ«ÒA »§oÇ ÙvÒ½ ° ºn ÖkÇ Òæ »§ Öb Òo Ö{A ÙJn ,i¼$±ØT§A ° ³‾Bî¿A &A = ß« Ò° ,k‾±{ ²B£@C Su§/»§±Ò� A± Ò́/?Ò ½ »‾Bvߧ = ß« Ó̧ k/Ôî ¥Ô¦eA Ò°

©¼e Øo§A ß ªe Úo§A ß&A ß©vßM,°n ²B« nB¢‾ ºA ²j »« ¨B] ºj ³« nj/±LñzÔ« jjo£ ¥/î ïB« ßj ¬C ©¼ª{ q�@RÀîB$ =UÀîB$ =UÀîB$ =UÀîB$:±] ³í�� =½A ¥«n nj »v¼¦¢‾A RBu§ pA, ³a eye° SwA lip , nose° SwA head/ face ° hand ° foot , tooth/ k«C tongue , cheek ;neck ° ear ° / hair ;¬A±i bosomAn ° ¬Aj navel ,belly ; ³a thigh , ³a knee , arm(âyboru?¦U BM) /eyebrow¬A±i An ,nBª{ eye lashes,world Sw , sky ,sun ° moon / ±a temper ,¬Aj day , night ° deep, j±M automn, k«C spring/±¢T?£»M k{ winter ,SwA summer¬±a, »‾Aj An north ° »‾A±i An south/±¢M An west ,ºnBª{ An east329

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

, water , fire ° wind ° earth/ market ° soap° SwA bath, An ocean±`ªµ , »‾A±i An isle/°A pA ©µ gulf , SwA sea, port, ±a daughter , father ° k«C sister/ husband,j±M mother ¬±a , wife, k{BL¼« ancient , name , part/ jar , skirt ,j±M shirt,@plain ; goat ° k{BM sheep/ k{BL¼« leech¬±a , ±a fiber ,blood / k«C dear ±`ªµ ,ºnBª{ An cheap/ An good ° ¬AkM bad An ,@dark ,cry ,laugh ° hope/ k½jo£ new ¬±a old ° light, far ° k«C long ° ³a short/@low ° high ° k{ near(kâtn ?¦U BM) , right ¬±a , left , cotton ¬±a wool / ³a smell , rose , ³a empty , ³a full(arro ?¦U BM) friend k{BL¼« ¬±a ,arrow ° bow(enmi ?¦U BM) / »‾A±i »ªµ enemy,sword ° mace, spit , knife , tongs , box/morrow »½±£ An ,° SwA bark BM husk,@dog ° fox ,puss ° mouse/(° Ôo Ôw> k{BL¼« horn ° calf ,cow ° apl ºB´f?¦ÇÇU BÇÇM) cucumber, pear ° apple(kâyukâmber/ k«C peach° quince , apricot, often , except ,over ,how much330

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

° hoven ºB´f?¦ÇU BÇM) k½jo£ where , when , how , if(hoveyr,to buy»«B‾ »ªµ An ,to have/to chew»‾A±i »ªµ ,to want ,»ªµ »‾Aj BU ³� =� ¥«BU An oiC S¼M/@to ßoe k{BL‾ BU kzhL‾ nk~« »®í«w¼3h§A odL§A »� B½A ³§°,SwA nm£ nj oªî ³� ²j »ß« ° q¼iSwA oYA ° ³½B« ³a An nm£ njRÀí$ =¦îB?« =UÀîB$:SwA oMp ¨A²k¼~� =½A o¼?i pA, SwA prophet ° God/SwA o/Tv« ¬C paradise, church , k«C angle/(rilejân ?¦U BM) SwA hell ° ¬AkM religion, SwA uncle ° SwA aunt/SwA son³ñ‾B®`ªµ ,man , SwA musket° SwA ³a gun/SwA ³a shield ,spear,SwA evening ° morning /SwA dawn° ¬Aj today/(âyrn ?¦U BM) cupper ° ¬AkM iron/SwA gold ° nBª{ silver , k{BM blind ° lame/SwA ° ³ñ‾B®`ªµ deaf ° dumb, ³a sweet,sour k{BM /SwA sugar, k{BM salt

331

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

, ³a spleen° SwA heart/SwA liver ° k{BM lungs, SwA key ³ñ‾±a ,SwA shop/SwA door ° ¬A±i lock An , artery ° SwA vain/SwA ¨B‾ ³TL§A lancet, herb ° SwA stream/SwA river ©µ ° mountain ,ass° mule ° panther ° lion/SwA ° SwA ° SwA ° ,cloud , ° SwA ightning/SwA ° rain ° thunder, doubt ° k«C certain/SwA ° ¬Aj ³a wet ° dry, ±a meadow,j±M garden/SwA tree ¬±a ,SwA bird, ³a beneath° down ° under/SwA up ° upon BM above±a, before ° nBª{ after /SwA behind , more, j±M now , j±M not/SwA here ¬±a ,once ,(hovay?¦U BM) who , why , ought/SwA other , each° every,(semok?¦U BM) flame ° smokek{BM /SwA pA »«B‾ spark³� BU,thorn ³a ° nBª{ < q̈¼µ> wood/SwA ³a ax , j±M saw332

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

,< ö£@> k{BM warm ° SwA cold/SwA ³a wickedness, health, clod ¬±a ,stone/SwA ³a loss° SwA gain, SwA journey ° SwA road(deynejer?¦U BM) SwA danger° SwA fear,girl , beau/SwA male female±`ªµ(Meditarniyan ?¦U BM) ?Sv¼a Mediterranean/SwA pA RnBLî Caspian Sea:S?£ ³� SwA º° Òn ¬C ° odM ¬AkM =½A

:SwA »‾BJBi pA oí{ /1SwA o®Çµ é§BÇW p ow nj º±« SwA oÇw ³Tvñ{ S« ShM ©¦J

(1)»T¼M °j H½A ³§°:¨B‾ ³M tB®{ An nB¼w K�@A±� S?µ ±U/ Mars , Venus ° SwA sun, moon , ³a Jupiter ,Saturn /¨À� Sz£ ©Ti j±M ³� Mercury ³MWT\ª§A odL§A »�,i‾°n ºn°Bi k¼{n±i p ²joM ±U fn?xoLTwA p ¥M ²nBi pA ¤j ±U q] SwAo�@,RÀí$ =¦îB?« =UÀí$ =¦îB?«:xn° S$B½ K½p ³í�� =½A pA WT\« odM p(hovâyt?¦U BM) , white ° green , black

333

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/ blue ,j±M red ° ³a yellowstork BM crane° quail ° An pheasant/ BM ° ° »‾A±i , hard ° < ö‾> SwA soft ° ³a fresh(persepirašan?¦U BM) / ³a perspiration ° oª{ body

mosquito° An beetle ,fly ° louse° Flea/ ° ° ° ° ºnBª{ ,castle ° gate ° city/ An ditch ° ¬A±i citadel An ±U, army ° tent ,j±M rope / flag ,j±M camp³`‾B®a, wall ° tang ,j±M yard / palace, ladder Svµ ³`‾B®a,needle° k{BM darning ° / ¬Aj coat ,shoes° cap ° , ²k«C easy¬±a ,secret³a (opn ?¦U BM) / oª{ An difficult ,open ³a whore »wB®{ An ° j±M semen/ lust ° Sz£ pimp ³`‾B®a

small¬Aj ° SwA large ° great/ SwA blackhead, ±a SwA clever, arsenic° sulfur nBª{/ ¬A±hM quick sliver° SwA lead, Sz£ aloes° colocynthk{ / oª{ hellebore ,Sw senna, SwA lentil ,vetch ° reddish/ ±U An beet root¬A±i ³¼$B� ºAoM, rice ° straw ° ±a millet334

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

/id§A J±i q¼a °j , bread° cheese:j±«o$ °B� ²k¼~� =½A SwA ºn±‾A JA±]

:k½±£»« »§BíU ºnBM RB]B®« nj ºn±‾A /1}npA kL®Ç£ ±a ºnBhM ¥ñ{ p k®4@ p¦�Ç« RnkÇJ ³M S§C ³M ³‾ ºnk^«

(1)/JnBMTª§A odL§A »� ,=¼zUC »« ¬C B¼�Bw ²kM/=½j ° ¥/î =«oi k‾p yUC ³�@,¤±í$ =§±í$ =§±í$ =§±í$:=½q£ Jo/U JnB/U odM ³M, SwA we ° you ° I , he/ ³a this , thou , that , they, SwA from ,or ° SwA and / such° with ,till ° to ,yet SwA , in ° through(³¼$B‾ °oe) in ° dis ° no ,un »?‾ ³M ºnB¼M,lemon ° SwA orange/ SwA fig ° SwA grape, SwA crown , throne/=¼¢‾ Hæ±~i , ring j±M,king y¼Ä±£ ,SwA jo« pA ±a/queen»‾A±i , j±M ¬p pA ±a, Egypt ° SwA Greece/ SwA china ° India j Ò±M, minister , ³a deceiver/ trusty , merchant±a

335

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

(hevn ?¦U BM) , life ° star ° heaven/ SwA time ° ¬±a SwA grave/ SwA month ±a k{BM year(ye’res?¦U BM) / years±a monthsSwA , SwA treaty , promise/ »‾A±i oath ,art SwA ±a,boots ¬±a / socksj±M(seliv° bâtn ºB´f?¦U BM) / sleeve button j±M,fault ° thin ° lean j±M/ »®í« ³M fat BM SwA plump,tea pot An ,tea oª{/ honey¬±a ,bee j±M,rib ¬±a waist¬A±hM An / forehead ,nail j±M ±a/Jewess° Jew ° /clean ±a dirty SwA ,sandSwA ±a , mine j±M/ ° pit BM SwA ground(bebi ?¦U BM) ,twins ±a k{BM baby/ fetus ° SwA ¬±a throenB´a =½A ;see° search,say° SwA drink/ ° ° ° ,gather ° sift ° SwA wash° SwA bring/ ° ° ° ,selectBM weigh° lick BM SwA grind/ ° ° ° jAkí§A »� H½A ³§°, ° three ° two ° one

336

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

/nBª{ S�° SwA five ° four, ³a eight , seven, six/nAm£ ¨B‾ ±U ³M ten , nine

/k®Tvµ 12 ° 11 jAkîA k\MA JBve nj ° ³4 SwA ²k«C S¼M n°B\« c¼]±U nj /1

,(1)SwA tweleve BM eleven/nC thirteen nBª{ nj ,fifteen o« ° SwA fourteen/nAk« jo� JBve nj ,eighteen° seventeen,SwA sixteen/nBM oiC SwA nineteenthirth ° twenty k{BM (fârti ?¦U BM) /nBªzM forty ,j±M ,kæ BU ° fifty Svµ/nC oiC nj ±`ªµ ?§(hândered?¦U BM) JBve ³M An ° hundred/nAo� ³T$o£ two hundred¨B‾,»½Aq$A ³w ° °j pA nAqµ BU/nB¼zµ ¥ªî nj ³� ºA ,RB« nj,two thousand° ¬Aj thousand/ =¼LwBd« JBve nj,JB½nj j±M =¼®a oiC ³M BU/nBØ®§A ßJAmÒî B®ØM Òn B®ß� Ò°

q]o§A odM »� H½A ³§°?¥~T« ©ñ{A ²k½j pA Sª� nj k{BM k®a BU!¥¢a ¬BM±i ð{n ºA B« º±w »µB¢‾ oiC,=¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv«

337

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/camel , ±a tiger q]n odM nj ¨B‾»«,leopard k«C ³¢‾C ° hog hyena/yell Sw , cub,salmon¬Aj ,trout /shell Sz£ ¬±a ,herring ¬Aj uQ,prawn ° SwA shrimp ,lobster ©µ crab /vesselk«C ,wave ° land SwA ,frost ° ice ,hot < ö£@> ° heat Sw / k«C temperate ,°j =½A kW oM, An cubit »‾A±i , k«C inch ° yard /ell ³a ,»�@l ºA ¬Aj span,grief ° joy SwA ,leaf ° root SwA / ¬Aj»« disjoint , k«C joint ¬±a,axe° spade ° ,brick ,sieve,miller ¬Aj ±a ,masonoª{ An /mill ±U »‾A±i ¬±a ,wheat , ±a barley,law ° SwA right ,free ° salve/rebel ¬Aj ,judgeSwA ,bribe ,theft ±a ,oª{ robber ° SwA thief/ pardon , sin ¬±a ,¬Aj sentence,jealousk«C ¬±`ªµ , envy ,zeal³a /belle ±U »‾A±i An ,love , servant,An pulpit oª{ ,monk ³a ,bell /knell ±U ¬Aj ,death ,preacher,enmity ³ñ‾C ,peace ° war SwA / sentiment¬±a , ° SwA feelings,impudencek«C ,impudent ±£ An < ö{»M>/ shy° shame,¬Aj An modest338

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

, soul ° spirit ¬±a , fairy , genii(gâbril ?¦U BM) /devil ¬A±i ,¬Aj Gabriel/ ° ¬Aj skepticism, faith/infidel k{BM ±a ,oª{ An believer blessedk«C »ªµ , blessk{BM/hell ±U »½±£ ¬±a , condemned(kâzn ?¦U BM) nBª{ nephew , cousin/well ° »®í« »‾A±i parents, SwA punishment³`‾C ,o]p ° ¬Aj torture/ k«C blaze³ñ‾C SwA coal, gouty ¬AkM ,k{ gout ¬±a/ ³a k{BM consumption,consumptive¬A±i ,An eclipse,halo , ³a perihelion/ ±U ¬A±h¼« shadow° shade, ¬Aj»«

/ ° ºB®í« ³M »Moî nj /1

, k{BM midnight ,copulation k«C (1)/testicle k«C ¬±a , cunt ° SwA cock, future k{BM ,¬Aj past(impâsbel?¦U BM) impossible k{BM ,possiblek«C ±a ,much ,never ,ditto ,alas/ ¬Aj»« perhaps,oª{ probable ,ºA> ±a O , behold , of , unless/level ¬Aj ,like SwA ,yesSwA , plural ¬±`ªµ noun ° verb SwA /particle »‾A±i ¬±a ,singularºnBª{ ,masculine ¬±`ªµ ,feminine k{BM(niyuter ?¦U BM) vowel k{ ¬±a , neuter k«C

339

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

, SwA negative¬±`ªµ ,spelling »‾A±i/double k«C ¬±`ªµ ,dual k{BM ¬±a,j±M an ° a ° the °B� :³$oí« RAjA ©½±£@/article »v¼¦¢‾A nj »ªµ »‾A±i An ³w oµ =½B�@,pour ,come ,hang ,break /tell ,write ,shut ,take ,draw ,let ,make ,teach /sell ,hear ,run ,light ,hurt ,stroke ,taught ,cast/fell ,laid ,cut ,heard Z°oL§A »� ³í6_ :miA ²jo� u¼¦¢‾A =¼TÒ§ p An Z°oM

Aires j±M =¼T§ ©wBM ¬±®�@,Gemini y½nBª{ ° Taurus BU/u½nkU »Q pA Cancerº±¢M,Virgo ¨B‾ ,j±M Leo /u¼¦LU»M tB®{ An Libra ±U,Virgo BM ° Scorpio nBª{(?) u½kvUo« ³‾B¢\®Q of‾ pA SwAn°,Capricorn ° Sagittarius ° /pices ° nBª{ Aquarius An ³aFnBª§A odL§A »�,JB\e nj k¼{n±i ±U º°n JBT$C p ºA,JBU ° _¼Q ³M ¥L®w ±U =½oL®î º±« p°,RÀîB$ Ó¥¼îB?« ÓRÀîB$ Ó¤±í?«:JB�Tv« odM =½A o« SwA dnBm« odM

340

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

(umlet ?¦U BM) ,omelet ° k{BM egg/ ¬Aj roast ° hash ° broth cock ,¬Aj chicken >³]±]> ° hen/ crow ° ³a turkey,nest ° oª{ sparrow/ ruin ° owl ³a ° houseSwA ,bit ¬±a ,bridle ,saddle¬Aj / stirrup ° hoof ,horseSwA ,college ¬±a ° k«C school/ o« book ,j±M ink , pen, dispute , word , sentence(ansver° lesnºB´f?¦U BM) answer, ±a lesson, lecture, medicine¬±a , ° doctor/ ³a bed , disease,ill ,perplexed ,tranquil ¬Aj / fear ,dread ,haste

sorrowful ° disappointed/ ±a hopeful ° depressionSwA child ° young° old SwA / ¬Aj youth ° j±M oldness±a

hail ,snow³a ° dew / bubble ,k«C rainbow ±a , tight ° SwA wide ° SwA room(selip ?¦U BM) / sleep° ±a An quilt »‾A±i(bâtl ?¦U BM) , ºB®í« ³M bottle ° SwA decanter/ k{ wine ° spirit Sz£ ¬±afalse ¬±a ,oª{ truth ° right/ true ,k«C err , lie

341

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

dunceSwA , fool ,wiseSw / choice ,¬A±i An refuse, ° ° wealth ° poor ° SwA rich/ shun ,inclination k{BM ±a , guitar ° flute ° harp SwA / rebeck¬±a ,minstrel nBª{ , wolf ° antelope ° hare / tusk ° elephant ° SwA bear,misses¬Aj ° mistress ¬±a/ ¬Aj veil uQ ,k«C virgin ¬±a,thirsty ° desertk{BM/ k{ reproof ° k«C injure(dâyemond?¦U BM) diamond¬±a ° k{ emerald/JB{±i ° pearl ° rubylatitude ° longitude ° SwA / meteor j±M ° SwA axis,pole ±`ªµ ° zodiacSwA ¬±a/globe equator ¬±a Sw

n±´z§A »� ³í6_:Ài»M n̈Bª{ An »v¼¦¢‾A ºB´µB«/¥ªTz« An Januaryj±M ¬Bz§°A ²B«May ° April BM March uQ ,FebruaryuQ ¬Ap/¥~ØT« ¬Aj»« August ,July ° June³« oM,JBve nj ºnBª{ October ,SeptemberuQ pA/¥~?®« k{BL‾»« December¬±a NovemberpA/¥/T®« jjo¢‾ °p ,k{BM ºk] pA ²jpB½ ,ÀTiA»M ¬Bz§Bw oµ ¤ Ø°A ,=½A ¬BzµB«

342

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

WT\ª§A odM »�,pAoV ¬BTLí§ ð{n ºA ±U º°n ¤B¼i/pAnj ¬BL{ =½A nj ¨kªµ ° u‾±« SwAo«,RÀí$ =¦îB?« =UÀí$ =¦îB?«:pA°C n̈°CoM yñ§j ßWT\« odM p, peace° thank , praise/ SwA prayer , worshipSwA ±a, SwA conclusion, nBª{ breath/ commencement¬±`ªµ ° moment, partridge ° ºnBª{ peacock/ ³a goose° SwA parrot ,eagle,glass ±a ,hour ° minute/ k{ mystery° half ,degree, Svµ bride , Sv¼a wedding/ SwA bridal ¬±a ,oª{ marriage, precursory,j±M cue/ honor , genius, deceit, ostrich ° ¬Aj rhinoceros ±U/ SwA sow , bull ° frog,fate ° belief ° reward/ SwA supplication¬±a ,poison ±a, heavy¬±a ,light ° broad(mitâfer ?¦U BM) / ±a metaphor ° indeed j±M,ChampaignBM Rums ° Brandy ,Beer ,Madeira/ pA »½B´ªv� Liquor ° Port ,Sherry, ³a cloy ° SwA hungry / k{ avidity ¬±a oª{ food ,but ° ³a also , beyond343

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/ k{ again ,as³� ,lest , for ° sinceuQ , SwA then/because³a ,both j±M ³a blandishmento« ,SwA ±a beautiful/ An coquetry±`ªµ »‾A±i , ³a beak , talon ,game/ nBª{ An hawk ,j±M wing ±a,onion BM turnip ,asparagus±a carrot/ ° , °

»®íªM

F±LwA ¨B½A »� ³í6_:week ³� ©½AovM An ³T?µ ¨B½A/SwA Monday ³a ° SwA Sunday,TuesdayºnBªzM An p°n/SwA»« SM±‾ ° »« Øoi ° Bz‾ p°n, Thursday° Wednesday uQ/SwA º° uQ pA °A ³� ,SwA Friday ,Ro$Bv« ºAoM SwA Saturday/SwA »ßQ ±ñ‾ p°n ³� ,¤±wn ³T?£ pAw¼3h§A odL§A »� ,³‾Bu« »« ²kM RoU ºA/³‾Bua ° j ° »‾ ° ºB‾ BM,=§±í$ =¦îB?« Õ¤±í?«/³‾AoU nj o¼?i odM k{, mulberry ° lettuce Sw / SwA watermelon, ¨B‾ SwA looking-glass/ ° SwA comb° SwA lock

344

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

, An pleasant»‾Aj/ An age° mean, sad° soon±a SwA / An pretence»‾A±i, money¬±a , SwA bill/ An treasure»½±£@, bowl ° plate / hole ° ±a SwA ant, tB®{ pillow ° cushion/ home ° floor SwA ,threshold BM SwA sap° stair/ ° ° (bâyi?¦U BM) ,woman ° ³a boy/ oª{ An womanly(selap?¦U BM) ,mouth ¬±a ,SwA slap/ SwA jaw , ±a SwA fist, SwA paw ° ±a SwA fowl/ grain ,j±M net, pestle° ,SwA garlic/ tB®{ mortar uQ, village¬±a , SwA town/ »ªµ ºoª{ marginq]o§A odL§A »�,SLU ð{n ¨A³‾Bi k{ ºj nB½ o§p º±M pA(k¦�) /S¦� ¨jBT$A nBM kæ xA³w±M JBve nk‾°,=¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv« =¦í?Tv«/bat ,moth q]n odM nj ±U »‾A±i,tomb ° coffin ,thumb ,embrace

345

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/mat k½jo£ ¬±a , dust ,carpet SwA , ¬Aj unkind ° kindred An ¬A±i/fat , SwA oil ° j±M ±a victim hill ,fountain ,ridge ¬±a ,valley/gnat ° sting ,foe ° serpent(vepn ?¦U BM) dull SwA , weapon , sharp , poniard(magzin?¦U BM) rat ° tail SwA ,heap ,magazine,lot , oblige ,< ö]> guilt , spoil(šâvr?¦U BM) flat BM even ,¬Aj shower uQ, k«C host ¬±a fork , spoon/pat ° kiss ,banquet ¬A±i,ewe ,»‾A±i ram ,roe , hart/cat ° mare SwA , ¬±a ²k«C bitch,bud ° dream ,seed ° awake/chat ¬±a ,fever sick ,pin ,bag ,pantaloon k{BM /hat k®½±£ »ªµ An °B� , pA k{BM ©v� ð½,took ,wear ,hung ,wrote /sat ,tore ,rose ,sold , so ° anySwA ,some ° all SwA < Ø¥�@>/that SwA ,this SwA ,thoseSwA ,theseSwA ,pish SwA ,hush ,hale ±a ,fie ³a /at k½jo£ ,about ,below ,ever ,though , o« me ,whether (hovat ?¦U BM) what thither ,enough ° thus¥« Øo§A odM »� ,jBM ³M ²jAj ¨A±U izî =½j ° ¤j/jAo« _¼µ ¨A±U ¥æ° q] Sv¼‾

346

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

,RÀí$ =UÀí$ =UÀí$:jB½ ³M ³í�� =½A ¨k{BM ¥«n pA, »wB®{ student/ o« An teacher° An tutor, ¬C o« accentS?£@/jB´‾ ¨B‾ syllableAn (nobl ?¦U BM) noble ° sovereign/ ³a origin ° descentSvµ,tyrant ±a ° tyranny/ justice ,j±M just , ° miser ° SwA avarice/ ° liberal ,liberality,people ° ºoª{ creator/ ß»®í« ³M creature¬±a apostle±a nation/ liberated , ease, plaster ° SwA wound/ ° groan ° SwA pain(pikc§ evor ?¦U BM) painter ±a ° picture/ hunter ±a ,SwA chase, SwA current ° SwA inn/ »®í« ³M SwA not current(klir ?¦U BM) clear ° j±M shape/ Svµ pillar ° SwA arch, curtain ° sheet/ ³a soil , SwA strong,swanSvµ ° vulture/ ²k«C kite ° ±a duck, ±a SwA flour ,SwA dough347

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/ SwA top ° round, always° size/ help ° j±M fine, SwA wrung ±a ° bent/ stood ° ¬±a camelady ° ³a SwA last night/ bare ° lad °

WØT\ª§A odL§A »� ,¬B‾B] o� pA »U±�B½ ²jBM x±®M/¬B´] [‾n p AoU k‾BµoM »TîBw ³�@,RÀí$ =¦îB?« =UÀí$ =¦îB?«:¬B¼M ©¼®� An ³í�� =½A WT\« odM p,letters ° paper , meaning/ ¬Aj file ° pen knife±a , history ±a ° SwA story / Svµ language,dictionary ±a ,chair ,table SwA ° fruit/ ±¢M An guest,oª{ foreign,An pomegranate,hazel BM ±U almond ° nut/ ° ° ° nBª{, basin° SwA milk ° SwA coffee/ j±M cup ,³Tz£ ±a saucer,tallow ° meat SwA ° grease/ o« toast ° raw ° SwA lamb,milk way ¬±a equinoctial / SwA »wnB$ nj ° k{BM , compasses±a circle »wB®{/ SwA middle ±a ,center nBª{348

³§°k§AkªT

í«Apo¼«jB

µo»v¼¦¢

‾AJB~ ß‾.

¥ÄBwn

, bitter ° debtor , SwA debt/ sign° SwA sound° mute,scissors ° royal ° ashes/ place ,lash ,j±M safe±a, An heir , neighbor º±¢M/ o« SwA forget , wrong ³`‾B®a, mind ° SwA thought ° fancy/ ¬±a proof ° SwA question,satin SwA , ³a SwA cloth/ liner ,j±M silk ³`‾B®a,éª] ° jo?« ³M ©µ pitch ºnBª{ An ±U/ ©µ ° ©µ j±M deer ³`‾B®a,lover SwA , ±a SwA beloved/ children , ¨jC SwA gay, ²k«C carpenter³a ° smith/ o« SwA anvil ,j±M ³a hammer,topaz SwA ,preciousSw/ j±M carol , SwA gem,elements»ªµ oª{ ° weather/ An beast° tB®{ cave, mast° ship SwA ° sail (vâpor ?¦U BM) / flood ¬±a ,foam ° vapor,Tigris ° Nile ,Euphrates/¬C source° bank j±M /kidneysAn , womb nBª{/ An bone ,SwA wrist ³`‾B®a, tear ° j±M expect±a/ o« SwA accusation° lamp (katl ?¦U BM) cattle ±`ªµ , j±M herd ° flock349

(41»QB¼Q

)1387¬

BTvMBU,¨°

j¶nBª{,

©z{¤Bw

,k½k]¶n

°j

/ Shappard¬±a ,field j±M ³`‾B®aJosephSwA ° Rome ±a Jacob/ Canaan¬±a ° Isaac³`‾B®a, o« SwA Syria ,Abyssinia/ Persia° ±a Prussia,Sv½°j ° nAq´ñ½ kíM pA ³‾ ° S~{ ¤Bw ³M,¬BLí{ ³« pA y{ ° Sv¼M ³L®{ p°n ³M,JBve ¤Bw ³� ¬±] ²B« pA n̈Ba p°n ³M(1853) ¬Aj k~Tzµ ° nAqµ pA y¼M =¼vªi ° W¦YAp±] nj o¼U ° k¼{n±i ° ²oµp j±M ³�@,¬Bª� ³M ºoTz« ° °B� nj ³« BM ud‾ °j,jAjoi ³« pA j±M ©µjq‾B{ p°n ³�@/¬A°n ° qu‾ ºBµoí{ =½A k½jo£ ¨BªU/1864 Sw±£@A 24 ,k{ ¨BªU o½odU 1281 ³®w ¤°¿Aé¼Mn o´{ ©Tv¼M ³L®{nB´a p°n

éMB®«/¨±w ²nBª{ ,©´‾ ¤Bw ,xn°oQ ° xp±«C , /(1318) ,tBLî ,¤BLaA /1° ¡®µoÇ� RnAp° :¬Ao´ÇU ,¨°j k¦] ,»wnB »MjA ³«B®¢®µo ,(1381) ,[nBTwAo½°] ;¼ve ,³{±‾A /2/»«ÀwA jB{nA(3 Z) ,nA°p :¬Ao´U /n@/@µ 14 ° 13 ,12 ¬oa :¬Ao½A ¤B]n g½nBU ,(1347) ,ºk´« ,jAk«BM /3/¬Ao´U ²B¢z‾Aj RAnBzT‾A :¬Ao´U ,³«B‾S�§ ,(1381) ,oL9@A »¦î ,Akhµj /4²nBªÇ{ ,©Çµj ¤BÇw ,k¼e° , ,(1351) ,jA±] ,²jAp»wBª¦w /5/4å4Ç397 }æ , n̈B´a/³®\¦v§AjBWTîA :¬Ao´U ,»v¼¦¢‾A JB~‾ ,(n 1269) ,³§°k§AkªTí« Apo¼« jBµo� /6/g½nBU oz‾ :¬Ao´U ,ºoæB‾ o~î ¤B]n ,(1361) ,¬Bh¼¦íTw°j ,ð§Bªª§Ao¼í« /7/nA°p :¬Ao´U ,³§°k§AkªTí« Apo¼« jBµo ¤Be bo{ ,(1366) ,¥¼îBªwA ,B�æ JA±‾ /8/o¼L9o¼«A :¬Ao´U ,B�~« oµBq« c¼d~U ³M ,Bd~'§A éª\« ,(134å) ,¬Bi»¦a B@n ,S½Akµ /9

350