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Three basic components 1.Heart 2.Blood vessels 3.Blood Cardiovascular system function: 1.Transport oxygen 2.Nutrients 3.Cell wastes 4.Hormones via the blood

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Cone shape Muscular pump 250 300 g Size of a persons fist

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Location Mediastinum Superior surface of diaphragm Anterior to the vertebral column Posterior to the sternum Apex is directed toward the left, rests on the diaphragm, at about the fifth intercostals space

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Pericardium

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Pericardium : A superficial fibrous pericardium A deep two-layer serous pericardium 1.The parietal layer 2.The visceral layer 3.They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity The pericardium: Protects Prevents overfilling Allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment

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Heart Wall Epicardium visceral layer of the serous pericardium Myocardium Endocardium

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Anatomical position surface 1.Sternocostal 2.Diapgragmatic 3.Pulmonary R &L Borders 1.Left 2.Right 3.Inferior 4.superior Base Apex

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Four hollow chambers: 2 atria receiving chambers divided by the interatrial septum 2 ventricles discharging chambers divided by the interventricular septum

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Atria Septum Ventricles

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Sternocostal surface Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Right Atrium Left Atrium Sinus coronary sulcus Anterior Inter ventricular sulcus

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Coronary Sulcus Left Ventricle posterior Inter ventricular sulcus Diaphragmatic surface

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Right atrium Ineratrial septum Fossa ovalis Right auricle Superior Vena Cava inferior Vena Cava Coronary sinus Right atrioventricular foramen

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Pectinate Muscle Fovea Ovalis

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Blood Enters The Right Atrium Via Three Veins 1.Superior vena cava 2.Inferior vena cava 3.Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus

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Right ventricle: Papillary muscles Chorda tendineae Tricuspid valves Pulmonary artery Right ventricle Papillary muscles Chorda tendineae Tricuspid valves Pulmonary artery Trabeculae carneae

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Chordae tendoneae Papillary muscles

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Left atrium Left auricle Left atrioventricular foramen Aorta foramen

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Blood enters the left atrium via four veins Right and left pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Right Pulmonary veins

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Left ventricle Papillary muscles Chorda tendineae bicuspid valves Aorta Papillary muscles Chorda tendineae Bicuspid valves Aorta

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Radiographic Landmarks

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Vessels returning blood to the heart include: Superior venae cavae inferior venae cavae Right and left pulmonary veins Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: Pulmonary trunk Ascending aorta Major Vessels of the Heart

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Valves of the Heart Right AV (Tricuspid) Left AV (Bicuspid) Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves

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Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Left AV (bicuspid) valve Right AV (tricuspid) valve Chordai tendineae Papillary muscle

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Circulatory System Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs RA tricuspid valve RV RV pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary arteries lungs Lungs pulmonary veins LA LA bicuspid valve LV LV aortic semilunar valve aorta Aorta systemic circulation

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Pulmonary Circulation

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Systemic Circulation

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Setting the basic rhythm 1.Sinoatrial (SA) node : located in right atrium pacemaker of the heart 2.Atrioventricular (AV) node : at junction of atria and ventricles 3.Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of his) 4.Bundle branches 5.Purkinje fibers Two systems act to regulate heart activity : 1.Extrinsic conduction system 2. Intrinsic conduction system = or nodal system

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SA Node Internodal Pathways AV Node Bundle of His Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers

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Regulation of Heart Rate Increased heart rate Sympathetic nervous system thoracic N 1- 4 Low blood pressure Hormones 1.Epinephrine 2.Thyroxine Exercise Decreased blood volume Decreased heart rate Parasympathetic vagus N High blood pressure or blood volume

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Heart sounds Lub dup Lub closing of AV valves ( systole ) Dup closing of semilunar valves (diastole ) Murmurs = abnormal heart sounds

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Cardiac Cycle Systole : lup Rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves Atria relax Diastole : dup relaxation of heart muscle

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Capillary Beds Figure 19.4a

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Blood Pressure (BP) Force wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood Expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) in large arteries near the heart Systemic pressure: Is highest in the aorta Declines throughout the length of the pathway Is 0 mm Hg in the right atrium

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Measuring Blood Pressure first sound heard = systolic pressure Second sound heard = diastolic pressure Systole = contraction Diastole = relaxation

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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors Neural factors (sympathetic division) Renal factors ( Renin ) Temperature Heat has a vasodilation effect Cold has a vasoconstricting effect Chemicals Various substances can cause increases or decreases Diet Normal 140110 mm Hg systolic 8075 mm Hg diastolic Hypotension Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) Hypertension High systolic (above 140 mm HG)

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Types Of Cardiovascular Disease Atherosclerosis ----(Plaque ) Coronary heart disease (CHD) ---Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack Chest pain (angina pectoris) Ischemia Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min Bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min Congestive heart failure (CHF) heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally Congenital heart disease Stroke--- Myocardial infarction (MI) Embolism: blockage of blood vessels

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Common Blood Vessel Disorders

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Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery Coronary bypass surgery

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Pericarditis Inflammation of pericardial sac Clinical Manifestations of Pericarditis 1.Chest pain 2.Dyspnea 3.Chills 4.Fever

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Clinical Manifestations of Mitral Stenosis Cough Frequent respiratory infections Weakness, fatigue Diastolic murmur

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Varicose Veins