thomas kuhn - essentiavitae.comessentiavitae1.com/dnpportfolio12/eokani/documents/curriculum/... ·...
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Philosopher’s Presentation Thomas Kuhn
John Folh Marie James Janice Ballou John Meyer Uchechi Okani
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Thomas Samuel Kuhn 1922-1996
Most influential
philosopher of science
of the second half of
the 20th century
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Life and Career
• 1922 - Born in Cincinnati, Ohio • 1939 - Entered Harvard • 1943 - BA in physics (Summa cum laude) • 1946 - MS in physics • 1949 - PhD in physics • 1948 - Professor of history of science Harvard • 1956 - Professor of history of science Berkeley • 1964 - Professor of philosophy Princeton • 1983 - Professor of philosophy MIT • 1991 - Retired • 1996 - Died from complication of throat and bronchial cancer
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Main works • 1957 - The Copernican Revolution
• 1962 - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions • 1970 – The second edition The Structure of Scientific Revolutions • 1977 – The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change • 1978 – The Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity
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Kuhn’s major influences
• Conant’s course in science
• Michael Polyani
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
• Other: Newtonian physics, Einstein Relativity theory, Copernican theory of astronomy, Kantian philosophy, Neo-Kantian epistemologists, (Meyerson, Cassirer and Maier, etc.)
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Kuhn’s Theoretical foundations from basic
sciences
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Physics
• Academic life started in physics
• The Cohesive Energy of Monovalent Metals as a Function of their Atomic Quantum Defects
• Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity
• Newtonian physics
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Paradigm shift • Paradigm – what members of scientific community
share
• Change in the basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science
• Known as the philosopher of scientific revolutions
• Two types of mature physical science: normal and revolutionary
• Scientists are puzzle - solvers
• Anomalies
• Crisis
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Scientific revolution
• Scientific Revolution
• Copernican Revolution
• Incommensurable
• Disciplinary matrix
• Exemplars
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Sociology
Created new approach in social science
Sociologists became his followers
• Standard development of a science have sociological determinants.
• Sociology improved – Kuhn influential among sociologists
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Psychology
• Appeal to psychological literature
• Learning to see the world in a different way
• Change of perception – psychological leap
• Gestalt shift
• Transition from one paradigm to another
• Common features underlie theory and perception
• Theory dependence of observation
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What is it?
A Duck or a Bunny? Kuhn used the duck-rabbit optical illusion to demonstrate the way in which a paradigm shift could cause one to see
the same information in an entirely
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What is it?
Girl or old woman?
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PREPARADIGMATIC PHASE
BIRTH OF A NEW PARADIGM – ALWAYS BETTER
THAN THE OLD ONE
NORMAL SCENCE
MULTIPLICATION OF ANOMALIES
CRISIS OF NORMAL SCIENCE
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
Kuhn – Scientific Revolutions
Quelle: Lauth/Sareiter: Wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis, Paderborn 2002, S. 123
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The Usefulness of Kuhn’s Paradigm
• Twenty-one different uses of the word “paradigm” in Kuhn’s work
• Often ambiguous
• Simply speaking a paradigm is a common belief in a theory and its principles
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Kuhn’s Duel Perspective
“Normal Science”
Versus
“Revolutionary Science”
***
The Paradigm Shift
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Normal Science
• Well Organized
• Well established concepts of how the world works
• Agreed upon framework for gathering and analyzing data
• Completing Puzzles
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“Revolutionary Science”
• New facts contradict existing paradigms
• Norms become blurred
• There is decreasing confidence in an existing paradigm
• New paradigms emerge
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The Paradigm Shift
• Begins with an idea
• Summons imagination
• Invites questions
• Creates avenues for new discoveries
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The Lack of Absolute Truth
• Each new discovery begs a new question
• Reality is constantly evolving
• No theory can explain all things
• Useful to see things in new ways
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Kuhn’s relevance to nursing science and practice
• Embraces individual contributions
• Promotes creativity to improve processes
• Values the tasks that are necessary on the path to new practice models
• Encourages participation in change
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Kuhn and Major Theories
1. Louis Pasteur Germ Theory of Disease
2. Peplau’s theory of interpersonal Model
3. Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care deficit Theory
4. Johnson's Behavioral systems model
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Germ Theory of Disease
• Kuhn:
• A scientific field’s first paradigm
• Striking piece of work
• Provides insight
• Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease:
• One of the first paradigms in microbiology.
•
• “Louis Pasteur’s paradigm!
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Kuhn enhancing/ detracting Germ theory:
• Kuhn:
• 2 kinds of scientific change:
• Change within normal science
• Revolutionary science
• Bridged by “crisis science”
• Germ Theory:
• Change within Microbiology
• Revolutionary!
• Preceded by “crisis” ??
• AGAINST KUHN:
• Not all revolutions are preceded crisis
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Kuhn & Germ theory cont.
• Kuhn:
• As paradigms change,
• Scientists change their:
• Behavior
• Experimental practice
• Ideas
• Bits of the world change
• **
• Germ Theory - paradigm shift!
• Changes in:
• Hospital practices
• Medical practices
• Medical world introduced to viruses
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Peplau’s theory of interpersonal Model • Kuhn:
• People in different paradigms speak slightly different languages.
• Peplau’s definition - “Person”
• “A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs”
• Dictionary
• “A human being, whether man, woman, or child”.
• Philosophy
• “A self-conscious or rational being”
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Peplau’s theory of interpersonal Model cont.
• Peplau’s
• “Health :
• “A word symbol that implies forward
movement of personality and other ongoing
human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal and community living” (UIC, 2011).
•
• Dictionary
• “The general condition of the body or mind
with reference to soundness and vigor”
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Kuhn enhancing/ detracting Peplau’s theory:
• Kuhn:
• Much of the work in normal science is “puzzle solving”
• “Puzzle” v. “problem”
• Solution v. no solution
• Peplau:
• Four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship:
• Orientation = problem identification
• Identification
• Exploitation
• Resolution
• Peplau: a problem has a solution
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Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care deficit Theory of Nursing
• Kuhn:
• Scientific field’s first paradigm happens:
• Striking piece of work
• Insight
• Model for further investigation
• Dorothea Orem:
• One of foremost nursing theorists.
• Goal - upgrade quality of nursing
• Made Contributions to nursing
• Supplied model for further nursing investigations
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Kuhn enhancing/ detracting Orem’s theory:
• Kuhn:
• Normal science -work aimed at extending and
refining the paradigm
• Dorothea Orem’s theory:
• refined and re-published
• First 1971, then 1980, 1991, 1995, and 2001
• Kuhn:
• Good scientist committed to paradigm
theoretically and experimentally
• Orem’ theory provides:
• Theoretical and experimental commitment:
• Theory for nursing science
• Nursing process for nursing practice
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Johnson's Behavioral systems model • KUHN:
• Key feature of normal science:
• Well organized
• Dorothy Johnson’s work:
• Qualifies as normal science
• Well organized:
• Proposed model in 1968
• Published “behavioral system model of nursing” in 1980
• Concepts well defined
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Kuhn enhancing/ detracting Johnson’s theory:
• Kuhn:
• Different paradigms different languages
• Johnson’s language:
• “Nursing”
• “An external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patients behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behaviors constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found” (UIC, 2011)
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Kuhn & Nursing Education • Kuhn:
• Observational data and logic alone are insufficient for
• paradigm shift
•
• Nursing education:
• Observational studies
• AND
• Experimental studies
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Kuhn & Nursing Science
• KUHN:
• Normal science work =
• Aimed at extending and refining the paradigm
• Nursing:
• Extension and refining:
• Research, education, practice
• Nursing revolution???.
• Older theories not replaced but improved upon.
• Kuhn’s:
• “One paradigm per field per time”
• Nursing science:
• Microbiology, psychology, biology etc.
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Kuhn & Nursing Practice • Kuhn:
• Progress in a scientific field measured in problem-solving power
• Nursing process:
• Problem-solving power
• Nursing process steps:
• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation - Problem-solving power measured
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Kuhn & Nursing Practice cont. • Kuhn:
• As paradigms change, world change
•
• Nursing changing the world:
• Great impact in the world’s health-care.
• Leaders of good outcomes within care models
• Excellent quality, cost-effective care
• High levels of patient satisfaction
• Voted one of most trusted professions
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1. How does did Kuhn’s philosophical perspective effect the development of Nursing Science?
2. Has this philosophical perspective changed how science is viewed by scholars and/or practitioners?
3. Does this philosophical perspective help the scholar, nurse educator, or practitioner?
Kuhn and Today’s Nursing Science
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Nursing Normal Science
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Nursing Science World
BS theories
new theories
epistemology
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epistemology
new theories
BS theories
Practice Discipline Nursing Science World
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References Becker, H. S. (1993). Theory: The necessary evil. Originally published in Theory and Concepts
in Qualitative Research: Perspectives from the Field, David J. Flinders and Geoffrey E. Mills, eds., (New York: Teachers College Press, 1993) pp. 218-229. Retrieved from http://stuff.natehaas.com/pub/TheoryThe%20Necessary%20Evil.htm
Bellis, M. (2011). Louis Pasteur: Biography of Louis Pasteur 1822 – 1895. About.com Guide. Retrieved June 26, from http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventors/a/Louis_Pasteur.htm
Dahnke, M.D., & Dreher, M.H. (2011). Philosophy of science for nursing practice: Concepts and application. New York: Springer
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003). Theory and reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nursing. (2011). Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved June 26, 2011, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nursing
Person. (2011). Dictionary.com. Retrieved June 26, 2011, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/person