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Theories of Nationalism…

outline

1) Conclude Migration + Urbanization

2) Enter “the nation”

3) Define “the nation”

4) Consider “the national question”

5) Visualize “the periodic table”

6) First, “the primordialists”

7) Second, “the constructivists”

8) Third, “the inventors”

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Globalization + World Cities: Networks

Migration + States*States shape migration via their powers to manage movement over borders*

1) Terms and Conditions: “Forced” vs. “Voluntary” categories

2) Economic Explanation I: Neoclassical Economics

3) Economic Explanation II: New Economics of Migration

4) Economic Explanation III: Dual Labor Market Theory

5) Economic Explanation IV: World-Systems Theory

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Conclusions

1) Uneven: Contrary to modernization theory, history shows that

processes of urbanization and migration are not linear.

2) Regulation: The proper role of the state in mediating processes of

urbanization and migration continues to be debated.

3) Equilibrium I: Central to this debate are disagreements over the

market and its power to equilibrate supply & demand.

4)  Equilibrium II: Examples over past 160+ years show markets

cannot balance push/pull factors driving urbanization + migration.

5) Neoliberalism: Policies that assume markets can or should do this

have dire consequences for human beings.

Nation(alism): Key Geographic Questions

1) Do nations have navels?

‘mists of time’ vs. ‘invention of tradition’

2) What is ‘proper’ role and scale of identity?

‘Nations’ vs. ‘Nationalism’

3) What is form and scale of nation/state or nation-state?

Liberal self-determination vs. Post-socialist projects

4) How are nationalisms in the periphery best understood?

Resistance vs. Modernization

5) Where are allegiances ‘when the chips are down’?

States vs. Religious/Tribal/Kinship/Diaspora/___

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Keywords, I: the “nation”Nation (common use):

(1) “ a daily plebiscite” (Renan, 1882)

(2) self-aware community……seeking a defined homeland…sharing a cultural connection…speaking the same language

(3) should self-determine future and govern territory

Nation (academic use): (4) A. Smith- ethnic and perennial; shared ancestry and ‘sacred center’

(5) J.Stalin- objective measures of subjective features of ‘historically constituted andstable community of people, formed on basis of a common language, territory,economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture’

(6) E. Gellner- modern and constructed; ‘nationalism makes nations’

(7) B. Anderson- limited, sovereign, imagined; print-capitalism + vernacular languagesustain communities

Keywords, II: “nationalism”Nationalism: ideology that nations should have sovereign space (state)

(1) Hobsbawm- elite-led movements employing invented traditions viaeducation, monument, ceremony, etc; ‘two types of tradition’

(2) Gellner- modern idea that ‘nations’ + ‘states’ contingent and ‘political and national’ units should be congruent, culturally/voluntarily

(3) Breuilly- political movements seeking (state) power and justifying suchactions with nationalist arguments as ideological doctrines built on 3 ideas:

a.There exists a nation with an explicit and peculiar character

b.The interests and values of this nation dominate

c.The nation must have (at least some) political sovereignty.

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Gellner: Multi-ethnic space vs. Ethno-national territory

Young: African exceptionalism?

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Nationalism: A Periodic Table

Israel, Iran,Turkey, Japan

Nation-state returns tohistoric greatness20th C.renewal

US, LatinAmerica, SEAsia, Africa

Nation-state fromcolonial empire

1776;1945liberation

Greece,Romania,Finland,Bulgaria

Nation-state from dis-integrating sovereign

1821-1914separation

Germany, ItalyNation before state19th C.unification

England,FranceState before nation1430-

1800proto

ExamplesCharacteristicTimeType

Academic Approaches: Ethnic or Economic?

Primordialists (Ethnic)

Authors: W. Connor; A. Smith

Origins: ethnies old, nationalism as modern form of social mobilization

Membership: Jus sanguinis; Kulturnation

Territoriality: Exclusive, ethno-national

Modernists/Constructivists (Economic)

Authors: Anderson; Gellner; Hobsbawm

Origins: ‘Creole Pioneers’; French Revolution; Industrialization + modernization

Membership: Jus soli/Jus domicili; Political or civic nation with privileges protections

Territoriality: Nested, hybrid, multi-ethnic, multi-national, local

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Anderson: Creole Pioneers + Official Nationalists

Anderson: “Print-capitalism”

N. Rockwell, ca. 1932