1

The

Truth Is

Out

There

American History

To 1877

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Hiving Out

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The Trip◆No one forgot it (the moon

voyage)

◆6 weeks to 3 months

◆The ocean (time of year and

navigation)

–Overcrowding, bad sanitation,

disease, fear, storms, pirates, food

(biscuits, peas, cheese, some

meat)

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The Trip

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The Trip

◆By 1641, approx.

80,000 people to

the West Indies,

Bermuda and

North America

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Virginia

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Virginia

◆Economics

◆Copy the Dutch

◆Investment Capital

◆London Company

◆1609 Jamestown

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Virginia◆The Chesapeake–200 miles long by 22 miles

wide

–5600 miles navigable shoreline

–2000 miles open to seagoing vessels

–Protection from storms

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Virginia

◆The

Chesapeake

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Virginia

◆1612 New Charter

◆Trading Company

◆Always in debt

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Virginia

◆1618 The Great Charter

–Headright system

»50 acres

»100 for those already there

»One headright each (encourages

family migration

–Boroughs (private plantations)

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Virginia

–House of Burgesses

–Equality of interest between

England and Virginia

◆Sir Edwin Sandys

(1561-1629)

–Treasurer of the Virginia

Company

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Virginia

–Experiment, economic variety

–But not to fast

–1619: first General Assembly;

to elect company officers;

representative democracy

–Speech in the House of

Commons

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Virginia–Made the King angry

(James I)

–Said that government was

not legitimate unless there

was a mutual contract

between the ruler and the

ruled

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Virginia

◆A financial failure, but …

–Colony still there after

17 years

–Pattern of English village

◆1623 contract voided

◆1624 revoked Charter

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Virginia◆Tobacco

– (the “demonic vegetable”)

–1612: John Rolfe; cultivated seeds from Spanish growers (Brazil);

– 1613: shipped to London; a milder taste

–1615: Virginia growers shipped one pound for every 20 by the Spanish

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Virginia–1619: Virginia sales equaled the

Spanish in London

–1620: twice the sales

–James I was furious: “Shall wee, I

say without blushing, abase

ourselves so farre, as to immitate

these beastly Indians…refuse of

the world, and as yet aliens from

the holy Covenant of God”

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Virginia

◆1619 tax exemption on

tobacco

◆1624 tobacco expansion

–1619 2500 acres

–1640 2 million acres

–Two Acres act (corn)

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Virginia

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Virginia

◆1625 a convention

–New political forms

–New situations

–Local control

◆1625-30 left alone

–Confidence

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Virginia

◆Chesapeake society

–The basic social unit

was the farm

–Headright system

–After 1622 reprisals

against the Indians

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Virginia

◆Chesapeake society

–Not plantations

–Might hold 2000 acres

–But plant only 100-200

◆A rough form of equality

◆Character

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The Pilgrims

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The Pilgrims◆1607: The Scrooby Congregation

–Leyden, Holland

◆February 2, 1620: A Town-Plantation Grant from the London Company

◆1620: September (arrival)

◆Mayflower and Speedwell

–66 Days

–Cape Cod (instead of Hudson River)

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The Pilgrims◆Mayflower Compact

– To cultivate the land in common

◆Plymouth Plantation– William Bradford (d1657)

– Squanto

◆Second thoughts– How they might raise as much corn as

they could, and obtain a better crop than they had done, that they might not still thus languish in misery

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The Pilgrims◆ Changed the terms of the Compact

– for it made all hands very industrious

– But where one takes from those who join talent with industry to provide for those lacking either or both, where the fruits of one man’s labor are appropriated to benefit another who is less productive, self-interest reinforces laziness, jealousy engenders covetousness, and these combine in a bitter stew to produce both conflict and dearth.

◆ The first Thanksgiving

◆ Absorbed by 1791

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The Puritans

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The Puritans◆New England

The Errand into the wilderness

Sense of Mission (beyond time)

Holy Commonwealth

Tough

Literate

Resourceful

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The Puritans

◆Fundamentalist Radicals

◆Archbishop Laud

◆1628 The New England

Company

◆March 4, 1629 Grant passed

the seals

◆1629 The Cambridge Agreement

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The Puritans

◆March 29, 1630

11 ships ( 3 for livestock)

700 people

John Winthrop

John Endecott (at Salem)

a Theocracy

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Citty vpon a Hill

“Wee shall be as a Citty vpon a Hill,

the eies of all people are uppon us;

soe that if wee shall deale falsely

with our god in this worke wee have

undertaken and soe cause him to

withdrawe his present help from us,

we shall be made a story and a by-

word through the world.”

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The Puritans◆Winthrop (1588-1649): in 1630,

the General Court of the Mass.

Company transformed itself

into a commonwealth

–Redefined “freemen” from

stockholders in a commercial

venture to citizens of a state

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The Puritans◆1637 Laud revokes Charter

◆1641 Body of Liberties

Church and State

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The Puritans

◆1648 The Laws and

Liberties

Arbitrary power

Judicial procedure

Primogeniture

Debtors

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The Puritans

◆1660 Half-Way

Covenant

Jeremiad

Witchcraft hysteria

(Salem 1688-93)

What is happening ?

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The Puritans

◆The Federal Theology

Piety and Reason

Invisible and Visible

Harvard college (1637)

Evangelism and

Enlightenment

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The Puritans◆Human Nature

Jonathan

Edwards

◆The Plain Style

◆The American Myth

Errand (unique

destiny)

Setting an

example

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The Puritans

◆Vanity

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The Puritans

◆Symbols

◆Samuell Sewell

(1652-1730)

❖Plum Island

◆The American Landscape

◆The Legacy

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Pennsylvania

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Pennsylvania◆William Penn

(1644-1718)

◆George Fox (1624-1691)

–the Society of Friends

–the Quakers

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Pennsylvania

◆Religious tolerance

◆1681 Land Grant

(Charles II, debts)

◆To colony

–1682-83

–1699-1701

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Pennsylvania

◆Religion in the new

world

–Meetinghouse

–Countinghouse

–Two worlds, (two

plantations)

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Pennsylvania

◆The Meetinghouse

–The inner light

–Pacifism and governing

–By 1740s, a split

◆Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

◆John Rittenhouse (1732-1796)

–Becoming “yankees”

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Pennsylvania◆William Penn was also something of

a political visionary

◆1693: An Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe–Suggested the creation of an

organization of European States to arbitrate disputes and prevent war. Thought that Turkey should be included as long as they were willing to give up their Islamic faith and convert to Christianity.

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Pennsylvania◆Penn was a 17th Century

constitutionalist

–Arbitrary power

–Rights are founded upon

history and legal precedents

–The historical rights of

Englishmen

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Pennsylvania

◆The frame of government

–Liberty of conscience

–No taxation without consent

–Secret ballots

–Protection from illegal arrest

–Trial by jury

–Decision binding on judge

–Assembly makes the laws

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Elizabethan Spirits

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Elizabethan Spirits◆Religion

–With the exception of Maryland, the colonies would be Protestant

–Henry had acted with the approval of Parliament

–“God is English”; “God is Protestant”

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Elizabethan Spirits◆Government (Statecraft)

and Navigation

–Elizabeth and the idea of Adiaphora; indifferent to religious dogma; desired a more pragmatic approach

–39 Articles of Religion

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Elizabethan Spirits–1561 Arte of

Navigation (Dr. Dee)

–Elizabeth: “All are at liberty to navigate … since the use of the sea and the air are common to all”

–Hugo Grotius and the basic principles of international law; 1609 Mare Liberum.

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Elizabethan Spirits–This is why Elizabeth

was interested in the work of Hakluyt. He became Oxford’s first lecturer in Geography; 1589 The Principal Navigations

–Died 1616 (same year as Shakespeare)

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Elizabethan Spirits

◆Legal and Philosophical

–The English Common

Law; the habit (from

northern Germany) of

resolving disputes

through legal custom and

judicial interpretation.

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Elizabethan Spirits

–Created a system of

civil justice based on

contracts, notions of

fairness, equal access

to the courts and

property rights.

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Elizabethan Spirits

–(1552-1634) Sir

Edward Coke

and the Petition

of Right;

Institutes of the

Lawes of

England.

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Elizabethan Spirits–Established the essential foundations of English law; from the struggle between the King (Charles I) and Parliament; that members of Parliament could say whatever they wished.

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Elizabethan Spirits–(17 May 1628) The Petition of

Right proclaimed various “rights and liberties” of free Englishmen.

–Freedom from taxation without Parliament’s approval; right of habeas corpus; prohibition against martial law; and soldiers could not be housed without the owner’s approval.

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Elizabethan Spirits–(1641) Passed into formal law by the Long Parliament.

◆Economics

–Since 1348 there had been chronic labor shortages because of the black death.

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Elizabethan Spirits–In response, the landowners slowly dismantled feudalism, enclosed common lands and increased cultivation; farming for “rents”; invested profits in mining and textiles.

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Elizabethan Spirits

–Gave rise to contracts

and property law; the

idea of the

“improvement ethic” of

the land and self (books

and printing)

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Elizabethan Spirits–Feudal dues, land tenures and village commons were replaced with limited free markets in land, labor and food.

–95% earned their living from the land; also disowned slavery.

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Elizabethan Spirits–A new social development in

terms of urban markets under the Tudors which produces a growing and mobile population; Commerce was based on the family firm and a network of business ties based upon kinship or religious affinity. Begins the idea of caveat emptor.

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Elizabethan Spirits–The first free market trading

society. The idea that trade is natural. Emerged from the countryside. Not from trade in luxury goods.

–Happened because there were no internal barriers. Created a national market.

–The profit motive encouraged the growth of regional and natural markets.

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Elizabethan Spirits–The idea of the chartered

company; a combination of public (Royal) and private investment; resulted from two ideas from the Middle Ages; shares could be sold on the open market and there would be limited liability (sharing the risk).

–1599, Elizabeth approved the East India Company.

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Elizabethan Spirits–1675 Roger Coke, England’s Improvements

–In time, leads to the industrial revolution

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Elizabethan Spirits

◆Property

–The promise of mobility and social participation

–From indenture to full ownership and political standing in the community.

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The

Truth Is

Out

There