Chapter 22

Chapter 22 Section 1The Scientific Revolution This Revolution started simultaneously with the Renaissance and Reformation Before this time, Scholars accepted ancient Greek and Roman authors or the Bible as truth.What changes?Geocentric V. Heliocentric Geocentric is the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe and fixed in placeHeliocentric is the belief that that the sun is the center of the (known universe) and all other planets and celestial bodies revolved around it Copernicus is credited with the Heliocentric Theory

SCIENTIFIC CHANGE = ROOTED IN ASTRONOMY

A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseBrahe- accumulated accurate data, but could not make sense of it. Kepler (Brahes Assistant)- Found the pattern (Elliptical orbit, not circular) Galilelo Law of pendulum, objects fall at a fixed and predictable rate, used a telescope to study outer spaceThe Scientific Method What is it?Francis BaconRene Descartes

MODERN SCIENCE Observation and Experiments Concluded with math Newton Explains Gravity Mathematic Principles of Natural PhilosophyMost important scientific book ever writtenNewton used data from other scientists and concluded gravity is the force that affect each of them (pendulums, orbits, apples falling, ect)

The Scientific Revolution Spreads Scientific instruments (invented and improved) MedicineVesalius- dissected human bodiesJenner- First vaccine ChemistryBoyle- founder of modern chemistry, gas laws Lavoisier- discovered oxygen 22.2The Enlightenment in Europe People began to apply the scientific method to human behavior They wanted to apply to all of society GovernmentReligionEducationEconomics With no Scientific Revolution there is no Enlightenment or Age of Reason

Two views of Government Thomas Hobbes V John Locke

HobbesLocke Humans are selfish and wicked People can learn and improveNo government = chaosGovernment's only role is to protect the rights of citizens People need to give up rights so that governments can maintain law and orderPeople can govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society Social Contract All people are free and equalAbsolute Monarchy Self-government The Philosophes Advocate ReasonMid 1700s is the peak of the Enlightenment The Philosophes believed in five tenants Reason NatureHappiness ProgressLiberty

Voltaire Combats IntoleranceWrote many book demanding equality and ridiculing the upper class

What do you think happened?

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Aristocrat and LawyerStudied ancient Rome Believed Brittan's Government was the best of his dayWhy?

Rousseau: Champion of FreedomRead the works of the previous Philosophes but did not fully agree with a any of them.He formed his ideas that was essentially a composite of what he liked from the other worksPerfect government should.Be formed by the people Guided by the general will of societyPeople should have to give up some freedoms in favor of the common goodHave the consent of the governed All people are equal (all royal titles should be abolished)

Women and the Enlightenment Although progressive, most philosophes views on women remained traditionalSome did argue for more education for women Mary Wollstonecraft Education is the key for womenEmilie du Chatelet- Stimulated Education in France Impact of the Enlightenment Caused people to question Divine RightEncouraged Reform

3 Long term Effects

Belief in ProgressA more Secular Outlook Importance on the Individual 22.3 Assignment What is a Paris SalonDescribe Diderots Encyclopedia Give 5 Examples of Art and Literature during the Age of ReasonDefine Enlightened DespotGive the Title, Location and Significance of the following people:Frederick The GreatJoseph IICatherine the Great

22.4Britain and Its Colonies King George IIIPopulation growing rapidlyColonies developed a sense of identity

American RevolutionEnglands Government was considered most Progressive Why did the colonies feel the need to Rebel?

Americans Win Independence French and Indian War puts Britain in DebtStamp act- angers colonists , eventually repealedGrowing Hostilities between the two lead to war Ideas of the Enlightenment affected the Colonists opinion Why?

Success for the Colonies American Army was rag tag and were fighting against the most powerful nation in the world How did the Americans Win?The Americans Create a Republic They need a government Articles of Confederation FailedWhy?Shays RebellionThe Federal SystemWhat is it?The Bill of RightsChapter 23 The French Revolution and Napoleon The Estates of France The First and Second Estates had privileges. The first was religious leaders and the second was nobles. The Third EstateThe BourgeoisieThe Workers Peasants How much percent of the population belonged in each estate?The Causes of the French Revolution The social divisionsFinancial Crisis Wars with Britain Main Events of The Revolution Power Contest between the nobles and King turns into a struggle Because the 3rd Estate was larger they had twice as many delegates as the other twoBastille Day THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLEY Popular SovereigntyAll Frenchman are free and equalFrance becomes a constitutional monarchy Revolution Takes a Radical Turn Poor harvest 1789Parisians went to Versailles and dragged the king back to Paris in 1790Louis XVI seemed to accept the revolution, swore to a new constitution (Tried to escape in 1791 )The New ConstitutionGave every male the right to voteA single chamber legislature, known as a conventionIn 1793 Louis XVI executed by the convemtion

New French RepublicMANY PROBLEMSSeen as a threat to many Royal European courtsOpen rebellion within their Own Country Maximilian Robespierre Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror Executed in 1794

Impact of the French Revolution Challenged (In Practice) the divine right of kings and privileges of the nobility in Europe Eradicated Feudalism and sparked the birth of modern capitalism Power shifted to the bourgeoisieBOTH the American and French Revolutions served as models for citizens in other countries seeking political change

The Rise and Fall of NapoleonThe RisePoor boy from CorsicaMilitary school in FranceCame up with new tactics that would dominate warfare for the next centuryAfter Robespierre, France was still at war with Britain, Austria, and RussiaInvaded Italy and defeated the AustriansWherever Napoleon went, he acted as a liberator

Continued Seized control of Frances governmentNegotiated peace with Great BritainDeveloped a new LEGAL CODE and instituted Domestic reforms Reached a settlement with the Catholic church Faith of FrenchmanClaimed himself Emperor in 1804

Napoleon's AdvantagesHe had a young army who would follow his orders. He was fighting against enemies who practiced outdated rules of warfare.He spoke Italian and FrenchHe was quick to organize/carry out battle plans without having to write them down.

The FallCause EffectHis Ambition to take over EuropeCreates Nationalistic Feelings Puts his brother on the throne of SpainSpain RebelsNapoleon Attempts to take over RussiaTsar Alexander I refuses to surrender Napoleon retreats to Paris The rest of Europe creates a coalitionNapoleon refuses to concede Coalition brings back old French Royals Battle of Leipzig Exiled to Saint HelenaBattle of WaterlooExiled to ElbaThe Congress of Vienna Rulers from all over Europe and the Ottoman Empire assembled to figure out how to prevent another dictator like Napoleon from ever rising to power again. Among some of their declarations were:-Frances borders were cut back to about the same as they had been in 1789-Austria/Prussia were given land that Napoleon had taken.-King Louis XVIII returned to the throne of France.William Wilberforce- Christian man who wanted to abolish the slave trade The Impact of Napoleon The Congress of Vienna Redrew the boundaries of Europe (WWI)FranceSocial equalityReligious toleranceTrial by juryWorldGrowth of NationalismMilitary TacticsLouisiana Purchase