1500-17801500-1780

• Causes of Scientific RevolutionCauses of Scientific Revolution– Renaissance emphasis on people understanding world Renaissance emphasis on people understanding world

around them around them – Reformation attacks on authority provided example on Reformation attacks on authority provided example on

how to challenge traditional authorityhow to challenge traditional authority

• Scientific Thought prior to 1500Scientific Thought prior to 1500– Based on ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy; Based on ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy;

supported by Catholic Churchsupported by Catholic Church• Geocentric theoryGeocentric theory• World made up of 4 elements- earth, air, World made up of 4 elements- earth, air,

fire, & water fire, & water

• Geocentric theory shattered by Nicolaus CopernicusGeocentric theory shattered by Nicolaus Copernicus– Published Published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

(1543); explains the (1543); explains the heliocentic theoryheliocentic theory

• Tycho BraheTycho Brahe– Set stage for modern astronomy; built an Set stage for modern astronomy; built an

observatory; observed heavens for 20 years, observatory; observed heavens for 20 years, collecting data collecting data

• Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler– Studied planetary motion Studied planetary motion

• Developed 3 laws of planetary motion & idea Developed 3 laws of planetary motion & idea that planets traveled in elliptical orbits; that planets traveled in elliptical orbits; demolished the ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy demolished the ideas of Aristotle & Ptolemy

• Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei– Used observation to form ideas; establishes Used observation to form ideas; establishes

experimentation as cornerstone of scienceexperimentation as cornerstone of science– Used telescope to discover moons of Jupiter, mountainous Used telescope to discover moons of Jupiter, mountainous

surface of moon, sun spots, rings of Saturn surface of moon, sun spots, rings of Saturn – Observations supported CopernicusObservations supported Copernicus– Arrested, imprisoned, & tried for heresy Arrested, imprisoned, & tried for heresy

by Catholic Church; forced to by Catholic Church; forced to publicly recant his viewspublicly recant his views

• Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton– Greatest figure of Scientific Revolution; united ideas of Greatest figure of Scientific Revolution; united ideas of

Copernicus, Kepler, & GalileoCopernicus, Kepler, & Galileo– Developed law of universal gravitation; explains how Developed law of universal gravitation; explains how

planets revolve around the sun planets revolve around the sun

• Work of Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes led to the Work of Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes led to the creation of scientific methodcreation of scientific method

• Consequences of Scientific RevolutionConsequences of Scientific Revolution– Emergence of professional scientific community Emergence of professional scientific community – Beginning of the Age of Reason- led to the EnlightenmentBeginning of the Age of Reason- led to the Enlightenment

• Scientific Revolution had little effect on daily life Scientific Revolution had little effect on daily life before 1800s; was primarily an intellectual revolution before 1800s; was primarily an intellectual revolution

• DefinitionDefinition– Immanuel Kant- Immanuel Kant- ““emergence from self-imposed nonage. emergence from self-imposed nonage.

Have the courage to use your own understanding!Have the courage to use your own understanding!””

• Philosophes were the thinkers of the EnlightenmentPhilosophes were the thinkers of the Enlightenment– Wanted to educate economic & social eliteWanted to educate economic & social elite– Used satire & double meaning to spread ideas & keep Used satire & double meaning to spread ideas & keep

books from being banned/burnedbooks from being banned/burned

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

• Wrote Wrote Leviathan Leviathan (1651)(1651)– Believed all humans in state of nature Believed all humans in state of nature

were unhappy; life was constant warfarewere unhappy; life was constant warfare– Supported an absolute monarchy; would Supported an absolute monarchy; would

provide order & security; rebellion was provide order & security; rebellion was not tolerated & could be put down by not tolerated & could be put down by any means possibleany means possible

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– John LockeJohn Locke

• Wrote Wrote Two Treatises on Two Treatises on Government Government (1690)(1690)

– Believed that man was basically good & Believed that man was basically good & has natural rights (life, liberty & property)has natural rights (life, liberty & property)

– Governments are created by consent of the Governments are created by consent of the governed to protect natural rights & are limited to protect those rights; if governed to protect natural rights & are limited to protect those rights; if rights are violated, people have a right/duty rebel & establish a new rights are violated, people have a right/duty rebel & establish a new governmentgovernment

• Ideas influenced American Founding Fathers Ideas influenced American Founding Fathers

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu

• Wrote Wrote Spirit of Laws Spirit of Laws (1748)(1748)– Believed in separation of power into 3 branches of Believed in separation of power into 3 branches of

government (legislative, executive, government (legislative, executive, judicial) & checks & balances judicial) & checks & balances

• Ideas influenced US Founding Ideas influenced US Founding FathersFathers

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– VoltaireVoltaire

• Wrote Wrote Candide Candide – Best we can hope is to Best we can hope is to ““tend our tend our

own gardenown garden””

• Spoke out against organized Spoke out against organized religionreligion; ; supported freedom of supported freedom of speech, religious freedom, & speech, religious freedom, & freedom of the pressfreedom of the press

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– BeccariaBeccaria

• Austrian; wrote Austrian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment On Crimes and Punishment (1764)(1764)– ““It is better to prevent crimes rather than punish them.It is better to prevent crimes rather than punish them.””– Wanted standard procedures to govern criminal trials; rich & poor Wanted standard procedures to govern criminal trials; rich & poor ““equal equal

under the lawunder the law””– ““Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guilty””– Base punishment for crime damage to societyBase punishment for crime damage to society– Rejected torture & death penaltyRejected torture & death penalty

• Ideas implemented by US Founding Ideas implemented by US Founding FathersFathers

• Enlightenment philosophesEnlightenment philosophes– RousseauRousseau

• Supported individual freedom (IF it didnSupported individual freedom (IF it didn’’t threaten state)t threaten state)• Believed rational thought & civilization destroyed liberty; placed Believed rational thought & civilization destroyed liberty; placed

greater emphasis on feeling & emotiongreater emphasis on feeling & emotion• Wrote Wrote The Social Contract The Social Contract (1762)(1762)

– People surrender their natural rights to the People surrender their natural rights to the community & the general will community & the general will

• Enlightened economicsEnlightened economics– Adam SmithAdam Smith

• Wrote Wrote Wealth of Nations Wealth of Nations (1776); explained (1776); explained laissez-faire economics; government should only laissez-faire economics; government should only intervene when needed intervene when needed

– People should be left alone to pursue their own People should be left alone to pursue their own economic interestseconomic interests

– ““Invisible handInvisible hand”” of supply, demand, & competition of supply, demand, & competition would ensure people act in best interest of would ensure people act in best interest of everyoneeveryone

– Supported division of laborSupported division of labor