The Science of Marine Biology

Marine Biology is a general science applied to the sea

Study of Marine LifeNearly all disciplines of Biology is

represented

• Oceanography – Scientific study of the physical and chemical properties of the ocean.

• Geological Oceanography: Study of the Sea Floor

• Chemical Oceanography – Study of waves , tides, currents, etc.

History of Marine Biology

• Stone Age – Evidence of clam bakes , ancient Harpoons and simple fish hook have been found

Marine animals are used for food - evidence found in an Egyptian tomb where a puffer fish is depicted as poisonous but were not maritime people• • • •

Phoenicians• First accomplished Western navigators. Sailed

around the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea, and Indian Ocean.

• Established colonies and commerce•

Minoans of Crete and Myocenean Greeks

• They made voyages within the Mediternean Sea.

Homer• The Homeric poems describe events around

1200 BC and involve fairly extensive sea voyages

• References to the sea and its mysteries abound in Greek mythology, particularly the Homeric poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey".

• However, these two sources of ancient history mostly refer to the sea as a means of transportation and food source.

Homer

• Greek• Born around • 8th century• B.C.

Aristotle• Aristotle - First marine biologist. Described

marine life forms and recognized fish breath by gills.

Writings of Aristotle

• From 384-322 BC that specific references to marine life were recorded.

• Aristotle identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish.

• He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals, and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous (producing eggs that hatch outside the body) or viviparous (producing eggs that hatch within the body).

DARK AGES

• · Vikings explored then northern Atlantic.• · Leif Eriksson - discovered “Vinland” (North

America)•

What were the Dark Ages?Causes:• Barbarian invasion brought down the Roman

Empire • Roman Empire was already in decline

militarily, economically, socially, politically • 476 A.D. to 800 A.D. ( Accession of

Charlemagne as a the First Holy Roman Emperor

• Time of constant warfare, despotic chiefs and minor kings, migrations of entire nations.

Darks Ages Cont.

• Much of the learning by the Romans built up• Destroyed with the libraries.

Erickson Voyage

Leif Erickson (Son of Erik the Red)• Father found the first European settlement On Greenland• Born in Iceland• He was on a return trip from Norway after being

converted to Christianity and sailed off of course or searched for Vinland from an Iceland trader story of seeing the shore.

• He landed 500 years before Columbus.• Never returned after spending the winter there,.• Died in Green Land• Established a Norse Settlement in Canada at the tip of

New Foundland.

Other Travels of the Vikings

Leif’s Travels

• He landed in Vinland by mistake, Leif was blown off course to Greenland to introduce Christianity.

Vikings• The Vikings Origins • Came from Scandinavia

– Present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark • Terrorized Europe

– Attacked from the sea – Their ships – had high prows, so they were good in heavy seas – had shallow drafts, so they could quickly and easily pull onto shore for

attack, then push back into water to get away – Typically carrying 30-50 warriors – Some Capable of holding 300 warriors – Fearsome fighters, often killing even unarmed churchmen

• Settlers throughout the Atlantic – Explored far into the North Atlantic

Viking s Continued• Settlers throughout the Atlantic

– Explored far into the North Atlantic – Established settlements on Iceland and Greenland – Explored as far as Newfoundland (Leai Ericson) – At one time, controlled part of ireland, nearly all of England, Northern

France (Normandy) – Pattern typically was raid and terrorize first, settle later

• End of the Viking age – Europe learned to respond quickly to Viking raids – Adoption of Christianity by the Vikings made them less hostile toward

fellow Christians – Global warming about this time made Viking settlements especially

prosperous

Arab Traders

• · Arab Traders - voyaged to East Africa, South East Asia and India

• · •

Christopher Columbus

• Rediscovered the New World 1492• European Voyage

Columbus continued….

• Born: Cristo Colombo• He Convinced that traveling west will open

new route to Asia.• Most European Rulers did not support him.• Finally Ferndinand and Isabella of Spain

financed him. • He was a cheapskate. He promised gold to the

person that first sighted land.

Columbus continued…..

• Oct 12, 1492 Rodrigo De Triana sighted the island s of the Brahamas. Chris took the sighting and claim he saw a glimpse of it at nite. Sailor did not get the reward.

• Named the Island San Salvador

Columbus Voyages a Disaster!

• Santa Maria ran aground, left 39 men stranded

• Returned to Spain without a new route to Asia , no spices/ valuable goods

• 4th voyage ship rotted out below him and was stranded for a year in Jamaica.

Columbus Reward

• King of Spain made him governor of Santo Domingo

• Ruled like a ruthless King • He was replaced and arrested in Spain.

Ferdinand Magellan

• First to sail around the world

Magellan

• Born in Portugal• Studied Mapmaking and navigation• Financed (1590 ) King Charles V of Spain to

circle the globe to prove that the earth was round.

• Studied the mistakes and discoveries of Christopher Columbus with North America and Balboa with Pacific Ocean and

• Panamanian Isthmus

Magellan cont….

• Fleet of five ships• Oct 1520 entered the Strait of Magellan• March 1522 anchored in Guam• Killed in a local war in the Philipines• Remaining crew completed the

circumnavigation of the globe . Returned to Spain Sept 1522 under the guidance of Del cano.

James Cook

James Cook

• English• First to make scientific observations• A full time Naturalist was on board the ships• 3 voyages explored all the oceans.• First to see the Antarctic Ice Field..• He Landed in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti and

other Pacific Islands.

Other Firsts

Use a chronometer ( time piece) to determine his longitude and prepare accurate charts.Reshaped the European conception of the world.

Collected Samples of organisms and plantsKilled in a fight in Hawaii with some natives

Charles Darwin

Darwin Continued….

• Englishmen• He h ad extensive interest in the study of Barnacles • Sailed on the HMS Beagle for five years.• Proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural

Selection and Adaptation• In 1859 , he published “On the Origin of Species”• His College Professor Henslow recommended him

as a Naturalist position on the Beagle.• Explain how Atolls were formed.

Darwin Continue….

• He collected a variety o f specimens ( birds, plants and fossils.)

• He did experimentation and research experiencing botany, geology, and zoology.

• The Galapagos islands were of prime interest. As was South America.

• On his return , he began to develop his theory of evolution from his writings.

United States Exploration Voyages

• United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 also known as the “Wilkes Expedition

• Naturalists and Artists ( Clam diggers)• The Voyage was more of projecting American

influence than scientific discovery.• Leader Charles Wilkes

Wilke’s Accomplishments

• Charted 1,500 miles of the coast of Antarctica• Confirms Antarctica is a continent.• Mapped the coast of the Pacific Northwest of

North America• Explored 280 Islands in the South Pacific• Collected 2000 unknown species• First international survey sponsored by the U.S.• Laid the foundation for gov’t funding for

scientific research

Edward Forbes

• Carried out extensive dredging of the ocean floor.

• He dredged around Britain ,in the Aegean sea and the Mediterranean Sea

• Accomplishments: discovered unknown organisms.

• Realized that the ocean varied in depths

Forbes Continued…..

• Britain, Germany, Scandinavia and France continued the study of the ocean floor.

• This lead to the funding of the Challenger Expedition

Forbes

• He Published two books based on his interest in the littoral zone of the oceans.

• The British History of Starfishes and The British History of Mollusca.

Challenger Expedition

H.M. S. Challenger

• Financially supported by the British Government.

• Leader: Charles Wyville Thompson

Crew of the Challenger

Modern Oceanography began…..

• 1872-1876 3.5 years• Originally organized specially to gather data

on a wide range of ocean features:• temperature marine life• chemistry geology of ocean floor• currents

Ship Construction…..

• British Navy provided the war ship.• Converted it to a lab ship with microscopes

and other scientific equipment.• Naturalist : John Murray• Expedition left Portsmouth England Dec. 1872

Instrument and Sampling Platform

Challenger Laboratory

Lab work

• Salinity and other chemical variable were measured.

• James Buchanan determined that the white slime was a precipitate of calcium sulfate which is formed in alcohol .

• It was a white slime that came up in bottom deposits.

Gas analysis equipment

Gas analysis ……

• Evaporating Gases could be trapped as was carbonic acid and analyzed by chemical titration.

• Allowed for the mapping of the ocean ‘s chemistry through out the world

• Carbonic acid has to be analyzed soon after the sample was collected.

Buchanan Water Sampler

Bottom Samplers

Customs of the people in the Azores

Diatoms

Antarctica Enchinoderms

Foraminiferas

Results Reported

• 50 volumes of Information• 23 years to compile• The two summary Volume devoted to the

people , costumes and scenery• Some of the people encountered were

cannibals such as King Thacker of the Fiji Islands

Travel Map of the Challenger

Travels of the Challenger

• From England traveled to the South Atlantic• Then around Cap e Good Hope of Africa• Then cross the Indian Ocean.• Crossed the Antarctic Circle• On to Australia and New Zealand• North to Hawaii and around the tip of South

America. To England.

Discoveries

• The Marianas Trench – deepest part of the ocean in the Western Pacific

• Deepest sounding taken (Challenger Deep) 37,800 feet deepFirst broad outline of the shape of the ocean basin including the rise in the Atlantic OceanMapping of the currents, and temperature4,700 new species

Marine Labs• Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andourn - Studied the seashore at the

seashore.• Laid the foundation of Marine Labs.• • Stazione Zoological - First lab founded in Naples, Italy. 1872• Founded by Anton Dohn as a private concern • 1st, directory, German Descend, field of Biology, Darwinist• 1982 –under control of the ministry of • University and Scientific and Technological Research as a National Institute,• Introduced the “bench’ system– space rented out to universities and

governments for them to send one scientists to research with everything provided. This system established international collaboration was invented,

•

Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom founded in Plymouth, England. Marine Biological Lab at Woodshole, Massachusetts: (WHOI)· First major American marine lab. Initiated by U.S. Fish Commission. It closed! Cape Cod, Mass. 1888.· Center for the world's expert in cell division. · Using polarizing light microscopy and video imagining clarifying the events of mitosis and discovering the spindle fibers .· 1980’s the first class of proteins (cyclin) that regulated the cycle of cell division· Cornerstone Institution in the Encylopedia of Life (EOL) project a global initiative to electronically document all 1.8 million named species on Earth. 2nd lab opened up after another lab moved to same location from Cape Cod. Largest Independent

Woodshole

Woods Hole MA Tour

Woods Hole studies Penguins

Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, CA.,

Ariel View of Hopkins

Seals on the Beach at Hopkins

Hopkins in the early Days

Hopkins and Monterey Bay Aquarium

Steinbeck Books

John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts

• Stein beck author of • Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men and East of EdenSteinbeck had an interest in Marine BiologyMet Ed Ricketts owned Pacific Grove Biological laboratory

Steinbeck/Ricketts cont….

• Lab was located near the Hopkins Marine Station and the present site of the Monterey Bay Aquarium

• Ricketts collected marine specimens and sold them to museum and universities.

• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on humanity and the world.

• Ed Rciketts was a character in six books .• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row

• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on humanity and the world.

• Ed Ricketts was a character in six books .• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row

Hoveden Cannery 1934

Cannery Row 1947

Light house Ave 1930

Monterey Bay Aquarium

the Monterey Bay Aquarium opened onOct 20, 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery Hovden on Cannery Row of the Pacific Ocean shoreline in Monterey Ca, (1916-1973) It was the last cannery to close with the collapse of sardine industry1st in the world to grow Gaint California KelpSponsored by David Packard cofounder of Hewitt and PackardThe aquarium was built to honor the work of Ed Ricketts

Entrance to the Aquarium

Main Lobby of Monterey Aquarium

Facing the Bay ! See the Seals in their natural habitat

Self Contained Giant Kelp Forest

Black footed Penguin

View down the street of Cannery Row

Sand Dollars

Corals

Sea Otters habitat

• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on humanity and the world.

• Ed Rciketts was a character in six books .• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row

Ed Ricketts

• Published 1939 Publication • Between Pacific Tides • Comprehensive guide to sea life along

the Pacific coast of North America• It was he most enduring contribution to

marine biology,

Ricketts Book• A handbook to the

rocky shores and tide pools of the Pacific Coast of the United States, first published in 1939 and now in its fifth edition. After 50 years this standard reference still reflects Ed Ricketts' considerable personality and enthusiasm for tidepooling and marine biology. Each intertidal zone is discussed in depth, augmented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Much revised, this edition includes the original forward by John Steinbeck and a tribute to Ed Ricketts.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA (SIO) 1903Largest center for ocean and earth science research

Scripps Dock Area

Part of the U.S.D. San Diego, CA. Operates the R/P F.L.I.P. - open research

vessel owned by Naval researchManages the Deep Sea Drilling Program.

Founded 1903 - Marine Biological Association of San Diego.

Friday Harbor Marine Lab - Friday Harbour, Washington

• Restricted to educational use, 500 acres campus, They do give periodic tours but some people drive through to get a feel for the lab.

• •

Washington Marine Lab

Friday Harbor Dock area

Back in The Day at Friday Harbour

World War II - Effects on Marine Biology

Sound Navigation Ranging - used in submarine warfare - based on underwater echoes

Sonar

• Scuba - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus - engineered by Emile Gagne and Jacque Cousteau.

• It allows breathing underwater with compressed air.

• Dives are only limited to 165 feet. If you are going to go deeper than 165 feet, you must take an ROV.

•

• ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicle - controlled from surface

• • AUV - Autonomous Underwater Vehicle -

preprogrammed to their jobs independently of direct human control

• • Automated Instrument Buoys - collect data while drifting

with the current• •

• Autonomous Samplers - animals with date packages on them that collect live data, i.e., temperature, currents

•

• R/V FLIP - Floating Instrument Platform - provides a stable platform for Research at sea

• • Satellites - capture the big picture where

hurricanes are, how big they are, where they are going, where the eye is

•

Floating Instrument Platform

Scientific Method• Scientific Method - observations - 5 senses: Taste, Smell,• Hearing, Sight• Touch • • Goal - Decision of facts about the natural world and principles• to explore those facts. • • Tools - M Microscope - extend our senses.• • Macroscopic - observation - visible to the naked eye• • Microscopic - observation - invisible to the naked eye • • Observe the part of the ocean (environment) and the organisms living there.•

• Two Ways of Thinking • • · Induction - one uses separate observations to arrive to • general principles. • • · Deduction - Reasoning from general principles to specific• conclusions.• • Hypothes : IF “then” statement. Educated guess of what might• happen.• • Experiment - stepwise process.• • Data - make tables/graphs • • Analyze - comparisons etc. Compare to our control experiment under standard

conditions. •