MarineMarine

BiologyBiologyThe Science and The Science and

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine Biology

Jaques Yves Cousteau, 1910-1997Jaques Yves Cousteau, 1910-1997

Essential Question: Essential Question:

§ How have human advances led to an How have human advances led to an understanding of the oceans? understanding of the oceans?

Objectives: Objectives:

Explain how the contributions of major Explain how the contributions of major explorations and marine interactions led to a explorations and marine interactions led to a better understanding of the oceans. better understanding of the oceans.

Describe technologies that allow scientists to Describe technologies that allow scientists to study the marine environment. study the marine environment.

Think…Think… How are you connected to the sea?How are you connected to the sea? How have you interacted with the marine How have you interacted with the marine

environment?environment?

Why is it important to study Marine Science?Why is it important to study Marine Science?

IntroductionIntroduction Life may have originated in the sea!Life may have originated in the sea! Sea organisms- medical researchSea organisms- medical research Marine life- source of human wealthMarine life- source of human wealth Food, medicine, recreation, raw materials, tourismFood, medicine, recreation, raw materials, tourism Marine life shapes the Marine life shapes the

nature of our planet- oxygen!nature of our planet- oxygen! Marine life can create newMarine life can create new

land, protect and shape land, protect and shape

shorelinesshorelines

Ilya Metchnikof (1900) discovered animal immune system in marine anemones.

§ ArcheaologyArcheaology§ BiologyBiology§ BotanyBotany§ ChemistryChemistry§ GeologyGeology§ IchthyologyIchthyology§ OceanographyOceanography§ PhysiologyPhysiology§ PhysicsPhysics§ SeismologySeismology

§ MedicineMedicine§ WeldingWelding§ DivingDiving§ ResearchResearch§ EducationEducation§ RecreationRecreation

The list goes on and on…The list goes on and on…

Nearly ALL disciplines are represented in Marine Science (Biology)

Coastal cultures = practical ocean Coastal cultures = practical ocean knowledge knowledge

Ancient “clambakes” date back to stone ageAncient “clambakes” date back to stone age 42,000 year old fishing hooks discovered in 42,000 year old fishing hooks discovered in

East Timor in 2011- tuna remains foundEast Timor in 2011- tuna remains found Snail shell necklaces date back - 75,000 Snail shell necklaces date back - 75,000

years oldyears old

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine Biology

Phoenicians Phoenicians (1200 BCE)(1200 BCE) first accomplished navigatorsfirst accomplished navigators

sailing civilization of Mediterranean Seasailing civilization of Mediterranean Sea

sailed the Indian ocean- possibly around sailed the Indian ocean- possibly around Africa?Africa?

used celestial navigation (North Star)used celestial navigation (North Star)

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine BiologySkills in seamanship and navigation expanded ocean knowledge…Skills in seamanship and navigation expanded ocean knowledge…

Aristotle Aristotle (384-322 BCE)(384-322 BCE) first to record observations on marine life first to record observations on marine life = first marine biologist= first marine biologist

described many forms of marine life- described many forms of marine life- crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, fishcrustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, fish

gills are breathing apparatus of fishgills are breathing apparatus of fish cetaceans are mammalscetaceans are mammals

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine Biology

Vikings Vikings (1000 CE)(1000 CE) Led by Leif EricsonLed by Leif Ericson Master ship builders- “longship”Master ship builders- “longship” Discovered Greenland and IcelandDiscovered Greenland and Iceland discovered “Vinland” – discovered “Vinland” –

(Newfoundland today)- evidence(Newfoundland today)- evidence Nova Scotia? Cape Cod? – capable?Nova Scotia? Cape Cod? – capable?

C. Columbus C. Columbus (1492 CE)(1492 CE) mapped routes to “New World”mapped routes to “New World” landed in Caribbeanlanded in Caribbean

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine Biology

Amerigo Vespucci (1497) Amerigo Vespucci (1497) Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro America!America!

Ponce de Leon (1513)Ponce de Leon (1513) Spanish explorer- under ColumbusSpanish explorer- under Columbus Established first settlement on Puerto RicoEstablished first settlement on Puerto Rico ““La Florida!” -First European to explore coasts La Florida!” -First European to explore coasts

of Florida- St. Augustine or Melbourneof Florida- St. Augustine or Melbourne

Magellan Magellan (1519)(1519) first expedition to circumnavigate the globefirst expedition to circumnavigate the globe world not flat (accurate maps appear for first time)world not flat (accurate maps appear for first time) Philippines?Philippines?

Henry Hudson (1609) Henry Hudson (1609) English. Ice free route to Asia? - SW discovers English. Ice free route to Asia? - SW discovers

NY Bay instead- Goes up Hudson RiverNY Bay instead- Goes up Hudson River Next voyage, discovers Hudson Bay in 1610Next voyage, discovers Hudson Bay in 1610 On last journey – crew rebels- sets him and family adrift!On last journey – crew rebels- sets him and family adrift!

Cornelius Van Drebbel Cornelius Van Drebbel (1620)(1620) Dutch inventorDutch inventor Builds first submarineBuilds first submarine 15 ft depth- powered by oarsmen15 ft depth- powered by oarsmen

John Lethbridge (1715) John Lethbridge (1715) 11stst diving suit diving suit Leather covered barrelLeather covered barrel 60 ft depth60 ft depth

James Cook (1768) James Cook (1768) English sea captain- voyages for British navyEnglish sea captain- voyages for British navy first “scientific observations” of all oceans-first “scientific observations” of all oceans-

unknown plants and animalsunknown plants and animals first to see Hawaii, New Zealand, Antarcticfirst to see Hawaii, New Zealand, Antarctic first to prevent “scurvey” on ships- Vit. Cfirst to prevent “scurvey” on ships- Vit. C first to use a “chronometer” -first to use a “chronometer” -

(time device used to tell position)(time device used to tell position)

Franklin/Folger Chart(1769)Franklin/Folger Chart(1769) First to accurately map the Gulf Stream from Florida N.AtlanticFirst to accurately map the Gulf Stream from Florida N.Atlantic GS carries greater volume than all rivers in world combined.GS carries greater volume than all rivers in world combined.

C. Darwin (1831)C. Darwin (1831) Voyages on HMS BeagleVoyages on HMS Beagle ““natural selection” natural selection” also described how atolls are formedalso described how atolls are formed studied barnacles extensivelystudied barnacles extensively

WilkesWilkes

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine Biology

History of Marine BiologyHistory of Marine BiologyTheThe Challenger Challenger Expedition Expedition (1872-1876)(1872-1876) British naval ship- 3.5 year voyage –scientific exped.British naval ship- 3.5 year voyage –scientific exped. Laid the Laid the foundationfoundation for marine science, oceanography! for marine science, oceanography! Discovered over 4000 new speciesDiscovered over 4000 new species discovered mid Atlantic ridgediscovered mid Atlantic ridge 30,000 pages of oceanographic info.30,000 pages of oceanographic info. Plot of currents, ocean temps., meticulous data, 19 years to Plot of currents, ocean temps., meticulous data, 19 years to

publish results- most info on oceans ever recorded publish results- most info on oceans ever recorded

TheThe Challenger Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) Expedition (1872-1876) cont..cont..

The deepest place on Earth is the Challenger Deep The deepest place on Earth is the Challenger Deep ((35,79835,798 ft.) in the Mariana Trench ft.) in the Mariana Trench

(Mt. Everest – the highest point on Earth is (Mt. Everest – the highest point on Earth is 29,03529,035 ft. tall) ft. tall)

All this science led to the formation of some pretty cool All this science led to the formation of some pretty cool stuff!!!stuff!!!

Woods Hole, MA 1888.Woods Hole, MA 1888. Woods Hole, MA TodayWoods Hole, MA Today

Marine LabsMarine Labs

*First major American marine lab*First major American marine lab*One of the world’s most prestigious marine stations*One of the world’s most prestigious marine stations

http://www.whoi.edu/about/

Simon Lake (1898)Simon Lake (1898) ““Father of the Father of the ModernModern Submarine,” launches Submarine,” launches ArgonauArgonaut- 2 t- 2

person submarine with 10 hour submerge time. Made 200 person submarine with 10 hour submerge time. Made 200 submarine patents (ex. Periscope and ballast tanks)submarine patents (ex. Periscope and ballast tanks)

SonarSonar(so_____ na_________ r______)(so_____ na_________ r______)

need brought on by WW1 to detect German submarinesneed brought on by WW1 to detect German submarines ““seeing with sound waves”seeing with sound waves” sends out sound pulses called “pings” then receives sends out sound pulses called “pings” then receives

returning sound echo with “transducer” returning sound echo with “transducer” 1454m/s underwater1454m/s underwater measure depth, contours of sea floor, locate vessels, measure depth, contours of sea floor, locate vessels,

determine composition of sea floor, locate fish, nautical determine composition of sea floor, locate fish, nautical charts, shipwrecks etc.charts, shipwrecks etc.

ScubaScuba

ScubaScuba (s___ c______ u_____ b______ a______)(s___ c______ u_____ b______ a______)

Refined after WW2Refined after WW2 Invented by Jacques Cousteau - 1946Invented by Jacques Cousteau - 1946

(navy officer, explorer, film maker)(navy officer, explorer, film maker) 1956- Cousteau produces 11956- Cousteau produces 1stst underwater documentary underwater documentary

movie with underwater camera- “Silent World” movie with underwater camera- “Silent World”

SubmersiblesSubmersibles

1930- Bathysphere- William Beebe/Otis Barton- cast iron 1930- Bathysphere- William Beebe/Otis Barton- cast iron sphere, lowered on cable - (3,028 ft)sphere, lowered on cable - (3,028 ft)

*saw bioluminescent organisms for first time

*previous dives only reached 350ft

1960- Bathyscaphe 1960- Bathyscaphe Trieste Trieste dives dives

to “challenger deep” in Mariana to “challenger deep” in Mariana

Trench (35,800ft)Trench (35,800ft)

SubmersiblesSubmersibles

allow scientists to explore abyssal depthsallow scientists to explore abyssal depths AlvinAlvin (Woods Hole) one of the most famous marine (Woods Hole) one of the most famous marine

science vessels since 1964 (HOV)science vessels since 1964 (HOV) max depth over 14,000 feet, remains submerged for 10 max depth over 14,000 feet, remains submerged for 10

hours, 4,600 total dives.hours, 4,600 total dives. core sediments, sample water, collect specimens etc.core sediments, sample water, collect specimens etc.

Latest submersiblesLatest submersibles ROV- Remote Operated Vehicle- unmanned and tethered ROV- Remote Operated Vehicle- unmanned and tethered

to surface (to surface (Jason- Jason- 6 mile fiber optic cable)6 mile fiber optic cable)

AUV- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle- unmanned and AUV- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle- unmanned and no tether no tether ABEABE :( :( Sentry, RemusSentry, Remus

Autonomous benthic explorer2010

SatellitesSatellites Track and record ocean surface temperature, currents, Track and record ocean surface temperature, currents,

atmospheric conditions, animal behaviors, atmospheric conditions, animal behaviors,

chlorophyll concentrations…chlorophyll concentrations… 1st oceanographic satellite: SeaSat A (1978)1st oceanographic satellite: SeaSat A (1978)

2008 Okeanos Explorer- most advanced 2008 Okeanos Explorer- most advanced

ocean exploring ship dedicated to research and educationocean exploring ship dedicated to research and education

Ocean/Marine Labs TodayOcean/Marine Labs Today

R/V R/V FLIP (floating instrument platform)FLIP (floating instrument platform)Scripps instituteScripps institute

Aquarius Underwater Laboratory, Florida KeysWorlds only underwater lab

DEEPSEA CHALLENGE DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expeditionexpedition

2012- James Cameron/National Geographic2012- James Cameron/National Geographic Solo mission to “challenger deep”Solo mission to “challenger deep”

Quick Quiz Questions: Quick Quiz Questions: 1.1. Who were the Phonecians? Who were the Phonecians?

2.2. Why is Aristotle referred to as the “father of marine biology?”Why is Aristotle referred to as the “father of marine biology?”

3.3. List two key facts about the Vikings. List two key facts about the Vikings.

4.4. What were James Cook’s contributions to marine science/ocean What were James Cook’s contributions to marine science/ocean exploration?exploration?

5.5. Discuss the importance of theDiscuss the importance of the Challenger Challenger expedition to marine expedition to marine science. science.

6.6. Discuss two advantages of Sonar in exploring the oceans. Discuss two advantages of Sonar in exploring the oceans.

7.7. Discuss two technologies and specifically describe what they allow Discuss two technologies and specifically describe what they allow scientists to do to explore the oceans. scientists to do to explore the oceans.

8.8. Distinguish the following and provide an example + advantage of Distinguish the following and provide an example + advantage of each: HOV, ROV, AUVeach: HOV, ROV, AUV