Oceans/Marine BiologyOceans/Marine Biology

By Ms. AveryBy Ms. Avery

88thth grade Science grade Science

What do humans need to survive?What do humans need to survive?(answer on paper)(answer on paper)

What is necessary for humans to live?What is necessary for humans to live? Where do humans get the things they need to Where do humans get the things they need to

survive?survive? What sort of impact do you think would happen if What sort of impact do you think would happen if

any one thing needed for survival was no longer any one thing needed for survival was no longer available? More than one?available? More than one?

How are nutrients and minerals used by the How are nutrients and minerals used by the human body?human body?

What does the Ocean need to survive? What does the Ocean need to survive? (answer on paper)(answer on paper)

What are some things that live in the What are some things that live in the ocean?ocean?

What do these life forms need to survive?What do these life forms need to survive? What would happen if these nutrients or What would happen if these nutrients or

minerals were not available?minerals were not available? What is the connection between humans What is the connection between humans

and living things in the ocean?and living things in the ocean?

Oceanic Animal categoriesOceanic Animal categories(write on paper)(write on paper)

Plankton: small organismsPlankton: small organisms Nekton: free swimmingNekton: free swimming

Ex. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fishEx. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fish Benthos: attached or near to ocean floorBenthos: attached or near to ocean floor

Ex.: Coral, starfish, seaurchinsEx.: Coral, starfish, seaurchins

Ocean Life ZonesOcean Life Zones(write on paper)(write on paper)

Intertidal: (Benthos and some nekton): Intertidal: (Benthos and some nekton): Coastline (beach) ex. Crabs, small fishCoastline (beach) ex. Crabs, small fish

Neritic Zone (Nekton and some Benthos): Neritic Zone (Nekton and some Benthos): Coral Reefs, Kelp Forests, Salt marshes, Coral Reefs, Kelp Forests, Salt marshes, Estuaries ex. Coral, starfish, clown fishEstuaries ex. Coral, starfish, clown fish

Oceanic: Open Ocean (Nekton) Oceanic: Open Ocean (Nekton) ex. Sharks and whalesex. Sharks and whales

Deep Sea: 1000m and below ex. Giant Deep Sea: 1000m and below ex. Giant octopus, giant squid, angler fishoctopus, giant squid, angler fish

ClassificationClassification

KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass Order Order Family Family Genus Genus SpeciesSpecies

On paper write at least 2 facts from each On paper write at least 2 facts from each of the next 4 slides (classes, of the next 4 slides (classes, plankton/benthos, fish and sharks/rays, plankton/benthos, fish and sharks/rays, and marine mammals)and marine mammals)

Ocean Animal ClassesOcean Animal Classes Osteichthyes-bony fishOsteichthyes-bony fish Chondrichthyes- sharks Chondrichthyes- sharks

and raysand rays Mammals—whales, Mammals—whales,

seals, dolphins, walrus, seals, dolphins, walrus, otters, polar bears, sea otters, polar bears, sea lionslions

Birds- penguins, sea Birds- penguins, sea gulls, etc.gulls, etc.

Reptilia- sea snakes, sea Reptilia- sea snakes, sea turtlesturtles

Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea anemonesanemones

Molluska-whelk, clam, Molluska-whelk, clam, squid, octupussquid, octupus

Phylum Arthropoda- Phylum Arthropoda- horse shoe crabs, blue horse shoe crabs, blue crabscrabs

Protista- dinoflagellates, Protista- dinoflagellates, diatomsdiatoms

Echinodermata-sea Echinodermata-sea urchins, sand dollars star urchins, sand dollars star fishfish

Plankton and Benthos AnimalsPlankton and Benthos Animals

PlanktonPlankton BenthosBenthos Attached or near Attached or near

ocean floorocean floor Includes: Cnidaria Includes: Cnidaria

(coral, sea (coral, sea anemones), Molluska anemones), Molluska (whelk, squid, clam, (whelk, squid, clam, oyster), Arthropoda oyster), Arthropoda (horseshoe crab, blue (horseshoe crab, blue crab)crab)

Autotrophs-make own food

Heterotrophs-eat food

Phytoplankton-”plantae”

and some plant-likeprotists

Zooplankton-“Animalia”

Some are babiesAnd develop intoBigger animals.

Others spend wholeLife as plankton

Plankton and BenthosPlankton and Benthos

Fish and Sharks/RaysFish and Sharks/Rays

Osteichthyes (bony Osteichthyes (bony fish)fish) Free swimming-nektonFree swimming-nekton Ex. Flounder, Ex. Flounder,

clownfish, rainbowfish, clownfish, rainbowfish, seahorseseahorse

Heterotrophs-eatHeterotrophs-eat

Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes (cartilage)(cartilage) Free swimming-nektonFree swimming-nekton Ex. Sharks and raysEx. Sharks and rays Heterotrophs-eatHeterotrophs-eat Made entirely of Made entirely of

cartilagecartilage

Fish, Sharks, and RaysFish, Sharks, and Rays

Marine MammalsMarine Mammals

Free swimming/land dwelling-nektonFree swimming/land dwelling-nekton Heterotrophs-eatHeterotrophs-eat Give live birth, mammary glands, hair or Give live birth, mammary glands, hair or

fur, breathe Oxygen (use blow hole if live fur, breathe Oxygen (use blow hole if live life in waterlife in water

Orders: 1. Carnivora (polar bears, sea Orders: 1. Carnivora (polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, and walruses)otters, seals, sea lions, and walruses)

2.2. Sirenia (manatee, dugong)Sirenia (manatee, dugong)3.3. Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)

Marine MammalsMarine Mammals

Ocean Ocean Environments/HabitatsEnvironments/Habitats

On paper write at least 2 facts On paper write at least 2 facts about each type of environmentabout each type of environment

Rocky Shoreline vs. Beach Rocky Shoreline vs. Beach shorelineshoreline

Rocky Shoreline:Rocky Shoreline: Intertidal zoneIntertidal zone Mainly benthos but some Mainly benthos but some

nektonnekton Changes in salinity, Changes in salinity,

temperature, and water temperature, and water levelslevels

Hard substrate to be Hard substrate to be attached toattached to

Rough wave actionRough wave action

Beach Shoreline:Beach Shoreline: Intertidal zoneIntertidal zone Almost all benthos, few Almost all benthos, few

nektonnekton Some land/air creatures Some land/air creatures

(ex. Ghost crabs, sea gulls)(ex. Ghost crabs, sea gulls) Changes in salinity, Changes in salinity,

temperature, and water temperature, and water levelslevels

Soft substrate (canSoft substrate (can’’t really t really attach)attach)

Usually light wave actionUsually light wave action

Floating DocksFloating Docks

Some benthos and nektonSome benthos and nekton IntertidalIntertidal Changes in salinity, temperature, and Changes in salinity, temperature, and

water levelswater levels Hard substrate to attach toHard substrate to attach to Wave action from boatsWave action from boats

Salt Marshes and EstuariesSalt Marshes and Estuaries

Salt MarshSalt Marsh Neritic zoneNeritic zone Higher salinity levelsHigher salinity levels Along coastAlong coast Changes in water Changes in water

levels and levels and temperaturestemperatures

Nurseries for baby fishNurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrientsHigh levels of nutrients

EstuaryEstuary Ex. BaysEx. Bays Neritic zoneNeritic zone Mixture of fresh and Mixture of fresh and

salt watersalt water Along coastAlong coast Changes in water Changes in water

levels and temperaturelevels and temperature Nurseries for baby fishNurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrientsHigh levels of nutrients

Coral Reef and Kelp ForestCoral Reef and Kelp Forest

Coral ReefCoral Reef HotHot NeriticNeritic Nekton and benthosNekton and benthos Coral (tiny animals) deposit Coral (tiny animals) deposit

limestone which forms reeflimestone which forms reef—also add to it when they —also add to it when they die—animals and plants die—animals and plants grow and live on the reefgrow and live on the reef

Delicate balance, diverse Delicate balance, diverse life formslife forms

Kelp ForestKelp Forest ColdCold Kelp is a protistKelp is a protist Clear, semi-shallow waterClear, semi-shallow water Can get up to 40 m deepCan get up to 40 m deep Animals that live here are Animals that live here are

nekton and benthosnekton and benthos neriticneritic Nutrient richNutrient rich

Coral Reef and Kelp ForestCoral Reef and Kelp Forest

Arctic/PolarArctic/Polar

ColdCold High salinity in water because of glaciersHigh salinity in water because of glaciers Melting/freezing habitatMelting/freezing habitat Nutrient rich watersNutrient rich waters Mainly nekton (not much for benthos Mainly nekton (not much for benthos

animals to attach to)animals to attach to) Intertidal/NeriticIntertidal/Neritic

Open OceanOpen Ocean

CoolCool NektonNekton Mainly fishMainly fish No shelterNo shelter Many large predatorsMany large predators

Deep SeaDeep Sea High pressureHigh pressure DarkDark ColdCold Lots of nutrients from dead organisms that sink from Lots of nutrients from dead organisms that sink from

surfacesurface Nutrients from hydrothermal vents (hot here)Nutrients from hydrothermal vents (hot here) Low dissolved oxygenLow dissolved oxygen Nekton with a few benthos around ventsNekton with a few benthos around vents***Hydrothermal Vents: Depend on chemosynthetic ***Hydrothermal Vents: Depend on chemosynthetic

bacteria (not plankton)bacteria (not plankton)-Hot-Hot -High Pressure-High Pressure-Deep-Deep

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food WebsAquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs

Includes water and land animalsIncludes water and land animals Fresh and salt waterFresh and salt water Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bearEx. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear Write your own exampleWrite your own example How would water pollution effect the food How would water pollution effect the food

chain?chain?

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food WebsWebs

Includes water and land animalsIncludes water and land animals Can be Fresh and/or Salt waterCan be Fresh and/or Salt water Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bearEx. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear

Write your own example (both land and Write your own example (both land and water)-water)-on your paperon your paper

How would water pollution effect the food How would water pollution effect the food chain you created?chain you created?

Chemicals and MineralsChemicals and Minerals

Dissolved GasesDissolved Gases

GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE and the amounts of them dissolved in ocean water:

*Note: This includes all four forms of CO2

Molecule Percent in

atmosphere

Equilibrium concentration

in seawater (mg/kg)

N2 78% 12.5

O2 21% 7

Ar 1% 0.4

CO2 0.03% 90*