the science of life mrs. armstrong biology i. the science of life chapter 1 table of contents...

The Science of Life

Mrs. ArmstrongBiology I

The Science of LifeChapter 1

Table of Contents

Section 1 The World of Biology

Section 2 Themes in Biology

Section 3 The Study of Biology

Section 4 Tools and Techniques


Objectives

• Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life.

• Describe the importance of biology in human society.

• List the characteristics of living things.

• Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms.

• Distinguish between homeostasis & metabolism and between growth, development, & reproduction.

Chapter 1

Biology and You

• Biology and Society

Biology – the study of life– can be used to both

1. solve societal problems2. explain aspects of our daily lives.

Chapter 1 Section 1 The World of Biology

Biology

Chapter 1

Natural Science

Biological Science

Science of living things

Earth ScienceScience of Earth

Physical ScienceScience of

matter & energy

Botany Ecology

Zoology

Many other

branchesPhysics

Forces & Energy

Meteorology

ChemistryMatter & its

changes

Many other

branchesGeology


Chapter 1

Characteristics of Life• Living things share the same 7

characteristics: 1. organization & cells2. response to stimuli3. Homeostasis4. Metabolism5. growth and development6. Reproduction7. evolution.


The Seven Properties of Life

1. Cellular organization

2. Reproduction

3. Metabolism

4. Homeostasis

5. Heredity

6. Responsiveness

7. Growth and development


Characteristics of Life, continued

1. Organization and Cells

– Organization • the high degree of order within an organism’s

internal & external parts and in its interactions with the living world.

– A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.

– Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells• show a hierarchy of organization going from the

organism to the atom.


2. Response to Stimuli

– Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus

– a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.



3.Homeostasis– All living things have mechanisms that allow

them to maintain stable internal conditions.

– Homeostasis – the maintenance of a stable level of

internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.



4.Metabolism

– Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical reactions that

take in & transform energy and materials from the environment.



5. Growth and Development

– The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells.

– Development – the process by which an organism

becomes a mature adult.



6. Reproduction

– Living organisms pass on hereditary genetic information from parents to offspring, also called heredity.



Heredity


7. Change Through Time

– Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time.


Evolution



Section 2 Themes in Biology

Objectives

• Identify three important themes that help explain the living world.

• Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.

• Describe how living organisms are interdependent.

• Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.

Chapter 1

Diversity and Unity of Life

• Unity in the Diversity of Life

– Life is diverse, or full of variety.

– Life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.

– The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor.

– Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

Chapter 1 Section 2 Themes in Biology

Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms


Diversity and Unity of Life, continued

• Three Domains of Life

– The 3 domains of life are1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya.

– The 6 kingdoms include1. Archaea2. Bacteria3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia.


Interdependence of Organisms

• Organisms– live in interdependent communities– interact with both organisms and the

environment.


Evolution of Life

• Evolution– descent with modification– the process in which the inherited

characteristics within populations change over generations.

• Evolution helps to explain how species– came to exist– have changed over time– adapt to their environment.


Evolution of Life, continued

• Natural Selection

– Natural selection – a process by which organisms that have

certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits.

– can lead to the evolution of populations.


Natural Selection


Section 3 The Study of Biology

Objectives

• Outline the main steps in the scientific method.

• Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.

• List the elements of a controlled experiment.

• Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.

• Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.

• State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.

Chapter 1

Science as a Process• Steps of the Scientific Method

– The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

Chapter 1 Section 3 The Study of Biology

Scientific Processes• Collecting observations

• Asking questions

• Forming hypotheses and making predictions

• Confirming predictions (with experiments when needed)

• Drawing conclusions


Scientific Method


Test the Hypoth

esis

Make Observatio

ns

Draw Conclusion

s

Yes

NoDo they support

your hypothesis?

Communicate

Results

Ask a Questio

n

Form a Hypothes

is

Analyze the Result

s

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9G_bF8d9JJKP08ByW6jzbkF/SIG=128fbnrgq/EXP=1251231133/**http:/www.flickr.com/photos/felixberndt/2759388001/

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9G_bHN99JJKCzQBwoOjzbkF/SIG=12loebeh8/EXP=1251231229/**http:/www.lightingfacts.com/Graphics/light%20bulb%20loop.gif

Observing and Asking Questions

• The process of science begins with an observation.

• An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.


Forming a Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.


Forming a Hypothesis, continued

• Predicting

– To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.


Designing an Experiment

• Performing the Experiment

– A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.


Controlled Experiment and Variable


Designing an Experiment, continued

• Performing the Experiment– The control group provides a normal standard

against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group.

– The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

– The experimenter manipulates the independent variable.

– The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is affected by the independent variable.


Independent and Dependent Variables


Designing an Experiment, continued

• Testing the Experiment– Experiments should be conducted without

bias and they should be repeated.


• Collecting, Analyzing and Comparing Data– Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions

about the experiment performed.

Drawing Conclusions

• Making Inferences– An inference is a conclusion made on the

basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.


• Applying Results and Building Models– Scientists often apply their findings about

the natural world to solve practical problems.

Constructing a Theory

• A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.


Communicating Ideas

• Publishing a Paper– Scientists submit research papers to

scientific journals for publication.– In peer review, the editors of a journal will

send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.


Honesty and Bias

• Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.


• Conflict of Interest– The threat of a potential scandal based on

misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

Section 4 Tools and Techniques

Objectives

• List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope.

• Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.

• Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement.

• State some examples of good laboratory practice.

Chapter 1

Microscopes as Tools• Light Microscopes

– A compound light microscope is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image.

– Four major parts of a compound light microscope are

1. the ocular lens2. objective lens3. stage4. light source.

Chapter 1 Section 4 Tools and Techniques

Section 4 Tool and Techniques

Microscopes as Tools

• Light Microscopes

– The eyepiece magnifies the image.

– The objective lens enlarges the specimen.

– The stage is a platform that supports slides with specimens.

– The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing images.

Chapter 1

Microscopes as Tools, continued

• Magnification and Resolution

–Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size.

– Resolution is the power to show details clearly in an image.


Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes



• Electron Microscopes

– In an electron microscope, a beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen.

– Electron microscopes provide greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.



• Electron Microscopes

– Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen.

– Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen.


Units of Measurement

• Base and Other Units– Scientists use a single, standard system of

measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.



• Base and Other Units– The metric system has seven base units.


Safety

• Good Laboratory Practice– Lab safety involves safe and common-sense

habits such as never working alone in a lab or without proper supervision by the teacher.


Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following does evolution help explain?A. how organisms reproduceB. how organisms grow and developC. how organisms are related to each

otherD. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy

Chapter Test ReviewChapter 1

Multiple Choice, continued

2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things?F. DNAG. lipidsH. oxygenJ. carbon dioxide

Chapter 1 Chapter Test Review


3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe?A. metabolismB. homeostasisC. internal structuresD. relationship to the physical environment



4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer?F. its ability to show detail clearlyG. its power to scan the surface of an

objectH. its series of interchangeable objective lensesJ. its power to increase an object’s apparent size



5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms?A. dark roomB. light roomC. heated roomD. dark and lighted rooms

The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.



6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM :F. tissues

G. electronsH. organellesJ. organ systems



7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline?A. lawB. factC. hypothesisD. experiment

The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer thequestion that follows.


Short ResponseDolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother.Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction.

Answer: Dolly is a product of asexual reproduction because she is the offspring of only one individual and a clone of that individual’s DNA.


Extended ResponseLife is so diverse, yet it is characterized by a unity. The tree of life can relate life’s unity and diversity.

Part A Describe the relationship between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea in the “tree of life.”

Part B Explain how the “tree of life” represents and

relates both the unity and diversity of life.


Extended Response, continued

Answer:Part A Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are

members of the domain Eukarya. Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the three domains thought to have descended with modification from a single common ancestor.

Part B The living things on the tree are unified by sharing a common ancestor and having DNA with the same chemical makeup. But, no two species have exactly the same genetic makeup, which allows for a diverse array of organisms on Earth.


Section 4 Tool and Techniques


Chapter 1

the science of life mrs. armstrong biology i. the science of life chapter 1 table of contents...

Documents

biology chapter

world of biology section

world of biology slide

study of biology section

society biology

world of biology objectives

science of life chapter

relevance of biology