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Chapter 1Introduction to BiologyThe World of BiologySection 1Biology and SocietyBiologyThe study of life

Biology

Visual ConceptBiologyThe Eight Properties of LifeREACH & GOResponse to Stimuli & ReproductionEnergy (Metabolism)Adaptation (DNA)CellsHomeostasisGrowth and developmentOrganizationCharacteristics of LifeResponse to StimuliStimulus - a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

Characteristics of LifeReproductionLiving organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspringcalled reproduction.

HeridityThe genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.Genes (made of DNA) on the chromosomes are passed to offspring.

Characteristics of LifeEnergyMetabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactionsEnergy and materials are taken in and transformed

Characteristics of LifeAdaptation Through TimePopulations of living organisms evolve or change through time.

Visual ConceptEvolutionCharacteristics of LifeCellsA cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all lifes processes.Multicellular organisms are made up of many cellsshow a hierarchy of organizationgoing from the organism to the atom.

Characteristics of LifeHomeostasisAll living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditionseven though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

Characteristics of LifeGrowth and DevelopmentThe growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells.Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

Characteristics of LifeOrganizationOrganization is the high degree of order within an organisms internal and external parts also includes interactions with the living world.

Brain BreakREACH & GOWithout using your notes, write out what REACH & GO stands for.Compare it with the person sitting next to you.EnergizerStand Up and walk around your row.Themes of BiologySection 2Science as a ProcessScientist investigate the natural world using inductive reasoning and experimentation.Inductive reasoning reaching a conclusion based on observation.Diversity and Unity of LifeUnity in the Diversity of LifeLife is so diverse, or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.Diversity and Unity of LifeUnity in the Diversity of LifeThe tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms

Diversity and Unity of LifeThree Domains of LifeThe three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and AnimaliaEvolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations.

Natural selection drives change in species, creating the diversity of life on Earth.

Evolution of Life

Visual ConceptNatural SelectionLife requires energy, which flows for the sun to plants and then to other organisms.Energy TransferEcosystems and individual organisms maintain dynamic balance through feedback systems.RegulationOrganisms exist in a delicate web of relationships with each other and the environment.Interdependence in natureRelationships to structure and FunctionDown to the molecular level, the individual structures of life forms enable them to function efficiently.Continuity and ChangeThe genetic code maintains the continuity of species over many generations, but also allows for gradual change.Scientific research often leads to technological innovations that can transform society.Science, Technology, and SocietyThe Study of BiologySection 3Scientific ProcessSteps of the Scientific MethodCollecting observationsAsking questionsForming hypotheses / making predictionsDesigning ExperimentsAnalyzing DataDrawing conclusions

Visual ConceptScientific MethodObserving and Asking QuestionsThe process of science begins with an observation.

Observationperceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.

Forming a HypothesisA hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.

Forming a HypothesisPredictingTo test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.

Designing and ExperimentPerforming the ExperimentA controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.

Visual ConceptControlled Experiment and VariableDesigning an ExperimentPerforming the ExperimentThe control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group. The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

Designing and ExperimentPerforming the ExperimentThe control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group. The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

Visual ConceptIndependent and Dependent VariablesDesigning and ExperimentTesting the ExperimentExperiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated.

Collecting and Analyzing DataAnalyzing and Comparing DataScientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed.

Drawing ConclusionsMaking InferencesAn inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.

Drawing ConclusionsApplying Results and Building ModelsScientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems.

Constructing a theoryA theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.

Communicating IdeasPublishing a PaperScientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication.In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.Honesty and BiasCommunication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.Honesty and BiasConflict of InterestThe threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

Units of MeasurmentsBase and Other UnitsScientists use a single, standard system of measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Systme International dUnits or SI.

Units of MeasurmentsBase and Other UnitsThe metric system has seven base units.