the rules have changed: library of congress subject headings for art and architecture

The Rules Have Changed: Library of Congress Subject Headings for Art and ArchitectureAuthor(s): Amy E. TrendlerSource: Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, Vol. 20,No. 2 (Fall 2001), pp. 24-29Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Art Libraries Society of NorthAmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27949149 .

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FEATURE

The Rules Have Changed: Library of Congress Subject Headings for Art and Architecture_

by Amy E. Trendler, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries, The Art Institute of Chicago

Introduction The winds of change blew cold across the landscape of art

subject headings earlier this year. In February 2001 the Library of

Congress's Cataloging Policy and Support Office (CPSO) pub lished two Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings instruction sheets: H1148 "Pattern Headings: Art" and a revised H1250 "Art and Fine Art," that change the way Library of Congress subject headings (LCSH) for art are constructed. The new rules described in HI 148 specify a different order of subdivisions in art subject headings and expand the use of chronological subdi visions with these headings. As a result of the new rules, art

subject headings more closely follow other subject headings in the LCSH system, fewer combinations of art subject headings and subdivisions must be established in LCSH as individual

headings, and art subject headings must no longer be routinely doubled on bibliographic records. The twenty-fourth edition of

Library of Congress Subject Headings, due to be published in 2002, will contain the new art subject headings. They will bear few traces of their long road to change. What follows is an explo ration of the events leading up to the changes and a discussion of the new rules for art and architecture headings.1

The Beginnings of Change The changes to art and architecture subject headings are

only the most recent in a series of efforts to simplify LCSH. The

Library of Congress's commitment to simplification began in the late 1980s, but the endeavor took shape as a result of the Subject Subdivisions Conference, better known as the Airlie House Conference (named for the retreat center in Virginia where it took place). Convened in 1991, the Airlie House Conference was both the Library of Congress's response to current trends in cat

aloging and an appeal to the library community for help in

making the LCSH system better serve librarians and library users. Among current cataloging trends of the time was the rise of cooperative cataloging in the 1980s and the birth of the National Coordinated Cataloging Program (NCCP), which was

replaced in 1995 by the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC).2 Librarians had long used LCSH, but now they were

assigning headings to records that would be shared with other libraries. A stricter, more uniform application of the LCSH sys tem than may have been the case previously was now absolutely necessary for participants in cooperative cataloging programs.

During this same period, when the Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings was published in 1984, more informa

tion about the underlying rules of the LCSH system became available for the first time to librarians outside the Library of

Congress.3 The Library of Congress seemed to be relinquishing its exclusive hold on LCSH and acknowledging the system of

headings as a tool used by all librarians.4 The culmination of this trend is the Subject Authority Cooperative Program (SACO), begun in 1992, that enables non-Library of Congress catalogers to propose new subject headings for inclusion in LCSH. Finally, another important trend during this time was the increasingly widespread call for cataloging simplification. Long a popular refrain in the library community, the campaign for less compli cated cataloging was invigorated by the shared experiences of the NCCP.5

An Anatomy of LCSH Before delving any deeper into the history of the recent

changes to art and architecture subject headings, it is necessary to outline relevant aspects of the LCSH system. Library of

Congress subject headings are at heart simple word, phrase, or inverted phrase subject headings. Subdivisions are additions that can be made to pure word or phrase subject headings such as Drawing or Painting, American to create the subject headings, Drawing

? Technique or Painting, American ~ California. A heading

may be combined with one or more of four types of subdivisions

(topical, geographic, chronological, or form) to create more spe cific subject headings.6

There are two categories of subject heading-subdivision combinations: those headings that are established in LCSH, such as Art ? Censorship, and those headings composed of subject headings and free-floating subdivisions. The latter may be con structed by any cataloger and need not appear in the printed Library of Congress Subject Headings or the subject authority file. A

free-floating subdivision is one that can be assigned to specified groups of headings according to Library of Congress subject cat

aloging rules. For example, Exhibitions is a subdivision of general application and so may be added to any topical subject heading to create subject heading strings such as Cows ? Exhibitions or the

more familiar Painting ? Exhibitions. These are both valid subject

headings, but neither can be found in the printed Library of Congress Subject Headings or the subject authority file.7

Smaller, more specialized categories of headings are eligible for free-floating subdivisions that cannot be applied to all subject headings. The categories are: classes of persons and ethnic

groups; the names of individual corporate bodies, persons, or

24 Art Documentation ? Volume 20, Number 2 ? 2001



families; place names; and narrowly defined topical subject headings controlled by pattern headings. A pattern heading is a

representative subject heading that has been singled out for use as a model for groups of headings. Examples of these groups are

Animals, Chemicals, or Wars. Free-floating subdivisions are des

ignated for use with a pre-defined group of topical subject headings and established with the pattern heading for the group. Buddhism is the pattern heading for topical subject headings of the type Religion, English literature is the pattern heading for Literature and so on. Free-floating subdivisions that may be used with subject headings of the type Religion, such as Customs and

practices or Doctrines, are established only under Buddhism. Taoism - Customs and practices is a valid subject heading, but not one that is established independently in the Library of Congress Subject Headings.8

Subdivisions in the LCSH System Confused? Imagine trying to wade through a sea of subdi

visions and understand their application and usage before the

Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings was published in 1984 or the first edition of Free-Floating Subdivisions: an

Alphabetical Index was published in 1989.9 It is no mystery why subdivisions were an easy target in the arguments for cataloging simplification. Strictly speaking, subdivisions do not belong in

dictionary catalogs, like the original LCSH, which are composed of simple word or phrase headings. Early in its history the

appearance of inverted headings and subdivisions in the catalog turned LCSH into a composite system. Subdivisions were used

with LCSH simply because they were, and are, useful. They break up or subarrange broad headings and make possible the

specificity of headings that is a guiding principle in the rules for LCSH application.10 The popularity of subdivisions waxed and waned over the years, but while they were accepted as necessary, a core set of models or rules for subdivisions was lacking. As a

result, subdivisions grew like barnacles on the sleek subject headings of LCSH.

In 1974 the Library of Congress attempted to regulate subdi visions by estabhshing the concept of free-floating subdivisions and pattern headings. This heralded a movement away from the

past practice of establishing subject headings with subdivisions on a case-by-case basis and signaled the beginning of the orga nization and application of subdivisions according to rules.11 Each pattern heading is governed by an instruction sheet in the

Subject Cataloging Manual The instruction sheet defines the

group of topical subject headings covered by the pattern heading and describes the rules of application of free-floating subdivi sions to those subject headings belonging to the group.12 Under its new policy the Library of Congress began canceling estab lished subject headings that could be constructed using free-floating subdivisions of general application or those

approved for use with pattern headings and listed in the instruc tion sheets.

Unfortunately, the free-floating subdivisions and pattern headings model created new problems along with the new rules. Lists of subdivisions multiplied, rules were contradictory and

long, and there were many inexplicable exceptions and inconsis tent applications of the rules. Conceptually the subdivisions themselves often overlapped or were separated by fine distinc tions.13 The publication of the Subject Cataloging Manual and

Free-Floating Subdivisions: an Alphabetical Index made subject cat

aloging a little easier, but these publications were also evidence of how complex subject cataloging had become. Participants in the fledgling NCCP declared that one of the most frustrating and

time-consuming aspects of the program was the application of the byzantine rules of subject cataloging.14 Theirs were not the

only voices calling for change. The Library of Congress recognized that subdivisions were

problematic and began making changes even before the Airlie House Conference. The six recommendations made by confer

ence attendees brought order to the Library of Congress's efforts at simplification and turned those efforts into a well organized crusade. Among the recommendations were calls for a standard

order of subdivisions, a set of guidelines for the appearance of subdivisions in the developing subject authority file, and a gen eral review of subdivisions in the LCSH system.15 The Airlie House Conference recommendations were implemented in whole or in part soon after the conference ended and they con tinue to influence the LCSH system.16

Art Subject Headings: Exceptions to the Rule Art subject headings, however, belong to one of the few

groups of subject headings not included in the initial changes because of concern from the cataloging community about the

possibly detrimental effects of applying the Airlie House Conference recommendations to certain topical subject head

ings. Art, history, and literature subject headings were singled out in 1993 for further study by ALA's Subject Access Committee

(SAC), which in turn formed the Subcommittee on the Order of Subdivisions in Library of Congress Subject Heading Strings to

study the issue. In January 1996 the subcommittee submitted its final report to SAC supporting the idea of a default order of sub divisions with the caveat that several groups of topical headings would be excluded from the general rule. Separate recommen dations were made for the history subdivisions, geographic and

chronological subdivisions, and art subject headings. These sub divisions and headings were also slated for simplification, but

they were to be treated individually, outside of the series of

changes begun after the Airlie House Conference.17 The next step in the simplification of art subject headings

was the creation of an instruction sheet and the designation of a

pattern heading. As part of that process, in fall 1999 the Library of Congress solicited comments from the cataloging community on proposed revisions to the subdivisions of art and architecture

subject headings.18 The mix of geographic and chronological subdivisions used with these subject headings presented the

biggest challenge to making them conform to the rules for sub divisions that had been adopted for LCSH following the Airlie House Conference. The model among other subject headings was one of topical subject headings followed first by geograph ic, then chronological subdivisions, the opposite of the order used for art subject headings. Relatively few chronological sub divisions appeared under art and architecture subject headings. Instead they were grouped under broad stylistic qualifiers such as Medieval or Renaissance that were further subdivided geo graphically. Some art forms were established individually with

chronological subdivisions, but the only group of subject head

ings that consistently used chronological subdivisions were the much maligned Modern headings. Furthermore, the Modern

Volume 20, Number 2 ? 2001 ? Art Documentation 25



subject headings were set up as topical subject headings fol lowed by chronological then geographic subdivisions. The 1999

proposal called for a change in the order of subdivisions and a broader range of chronological subdivisions for use under a

greater number of art and architecture subject headings. Most

importantly, the expanded subdivisions would be governed by a

single set of rules of application.

The Changes to Art Subject Headings The result of the original six recommendations of the Airlie

House Conference, the 1996 Subcommittee on the Order of Subdivisions in Library of Congress Subject Heading Strings report, and the 1999 proposal is instruction sheet H1148. This addition to the Subject Cataloging Manual establishes Art, Italian as the pattern heading for art and describes rules for the appli cation of free-floating subdivisions to art subject headings.19 Before turning to the rules, it is important to note which subject headings are covered by the instruction sheet. Subject headings for the decorative arts and the performing arts are not covered, nor are headings qualified by religion. Architecture subject headings are not covered. The stand-alone heading Art is also not covered by the instruction sheet. Subject headings covered

by H1148 are fine art forms and art or art forms qualified by time period, nationality, geographic region, or ethnic group.

Thirteen topical and form subdivisions have been desig nated for use as free-floating subdivisions under art subject headings covered by the pattern. They are: Appreciation, Attribution, Catalogs, Chronology, Conservation and restoration,

Copying, Expertising, Foreign influences, Forgeries, Influence, Reproduction, Technique, and Themes, motives (see Figure 1). It is not an exclusive list. Subdivisions that appear on the list of

free-floating subdivisions of general application, such as Exhibitions and Catalogues raisonnes, may also be used alone with art headings or in conjunction with the subdivisions list ed in H1148. Previously some of the subdivisions on the new list had been established in LCSH with select art subject head

ings as was the case of Painting, Italian ? Attribution. Now any of the topical or form subdivisions listed in H1148 may be used with any fine art form. SACO participants need not establish such headings individually in the subject authority file; no one

must wait for such headings to be approved. The free-floating topical and form subdivisions of HI 148

will instigate few changes in subject cataloging practice, but the same is not true of the new list of free-floating period subdivi sions. Here it is important to note that several further restrictions have been placed on the art subject headings eligible for use with free-floating period subdivisions. Art forms quali fied by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are treated separately under the pattern headings Art, Chinese, Art, Japanese, and Art, Korean. With the exception of 21st century, all of the period sub divisions for these three pattern headings had previously been established individually under several art forms. Therefore, HI 148 merely increases the range of Chinese, Japanese and Korean art forms that may be subdivided by period. Whereas before Art, Chinese ? Tang-Five dynasties, 618-960 was an estab lished heading, Landscape painting, Chinese - Tang-Five dynasties, 618-960 was invalid because the period subdivision had yet to

appear with Landscape painting, Chinese. Now Landscape painting, Chinese - Tang-Five dynasties, 618-960 or any other art form qual

ified by Chinese is a valid heading (see Figure 2). The only other

significant change for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean art head

ings is that the qualifier Modern has been dropped so that

subject headings of the type Art, Modern ? 20th century -

Japan became Art, Japanese

? 20th century. For the subject headings of all other art and art forms qual

ified by nationality, geographic region, or ethnic group Art, Italian is the pattern heading for free-floating period subdivi sions. Art forms that are qualified by time period, such as

Painting, Modern or Sculpture, Medieval, as well as unqualified headings for art forms, such as Landscape painting or Drawing, are not eligible for use with the free-floating period subdivi sions. Period subdivisions for these headings must be

individually established in the subject authority file. Therefore

Drawing - 13th century is not a valid subject heading and will

not be until it is formally submitted for inclusion in LCSH by the Library of Congress or a participating SACO library. Drawing, German ? 13th century, on the other hand, is a valid

heading constructed using the rules found in H1148. A total of twelve free-floating period subdivisions, from

10th century to 21st century, can now be used with art headings to create subject heading strings such as Painting, American ?

19th century (see Figure 3). Geographic subdivisions used with these subject headings will precede the free-floating period subdivisions to form headings of the type Painting, American ~

Illinois - Chicago ? 20th century. This represents a significant

departure from past subject cataloging practice in the field of art. Period subdivisions were never used with art subject head

ings qualified by nationality, geographic region, or ethnic

group. Instead, two separate subject headings were necessary to fully express such concepts as "18th century French sculp ture" or "20th century American painting." This practice is known as doubling subject headings. There was no good way of getting at such specific concepts as "13th century French

sculpture" because period subdivisions for the 10th-15th cen turies did not exist for art subject headings. Art forms of the 10th-15th centuries were grouped in broad headings qualified by the time periods Medieval and Renaissance and headings such as Sculpture, Medieval or Painting, Renaissance became

repositories for works dealing with more specific time periods (see Figure 4).

And then there was Modern. Used with art forms in subject headings in the broad sense of the modern era, "modern" is both an ill-defined time period and an unfortunate art histori cal term that no doubt has inspired much confusion among library users through the years. Furthermore, the 17th and 18th centuries were combined under Art, Modern and Painting,

Modern, but under Drawing, the 17th and 18th centuries had been established separately, without Modern. The valid head

ings were Painting, Modern - 17th-18th centuries, but Drawing -

17th century and Drawing - 18th century (see Figure 5). This is a

classic example of the uneven treatment of subdivisions

throughout the LCSH system that inspired the recent reforms. In accordance with the new rules established in H1148,

changes to authority records for art subject headings appeared frequently on the CPSO's Weekly Lists beginning with Weekly List 05 (January 31, 2001).20 The period, form, and topical sub divisions listed in H1148 were established under the pattern heading Art, Italian in the first wave of changes. The authority




records for the subject headings Art, Modern ? 19th century, Landscape painting

? 20th century and the like were changed to reflect the fact that these subject headings are no longer eligible for geographic subdivision. Subject headings of this type may still be used, but only for broad concepts such as "art of the 19th century" or "20th century landscape painting."

Additionally, the subject headings similar to Art, Modern ?

17th-18th centuries were split into two distinct headings: Art, Modern ? 17th century, Art, Modern ? 18th century. The see and see also references under subject headings for art movements and other topics are being changed as necessary. For example, the heading De Stijl (Art movement) was updated to include the see also reference Art, Dutch ? 20th century, and the references to

Art, Dutch and Art, Modern ? 20th century ? Netherlands were

removed.

At the same time H1148 was issued, a revised H1250, the

general instruction sheet for Art and Fine Art, was also pub lished by the CPSO.21 The revised HI250 reflects the new

practices described by H1148, especially in the examples, and it contains some additional information that clarifies the use of

free-floating period subdivisions with art subject headings. According to HI250, now that Art, Modern is no longer subdi vided geographically, the subject headings appropriate for the

concept of art of the modern era from a specific nation, geo graphic region, or ethnic group, should be assigned a heading composed of art form subject heading and a qualifier for the

nation, geographic region, or ethnic group in question. For the

concept "art of the 17th-20th centuries in France" the heading Art, French is preferred. Headings for pre-1500 art may be dou bled as the cataloger deems necessary. For example, a work

may be assigned the headings Sculpture, Italian - 12th century and Sculpture, Medieval -

Italy.22

Architecture: Changes in Practice

While subject headings for architecture are not covered by the pattern heading for art or HI 148, they too have changed, albeit in a more limited fashion. There has been some specula tion that an instruction sheet for architecture may be

forthcoming, but at the time of writing this was not the case. To

date, the changes in architecture subject headings were made

directly to the authority records for established headings and this information was disseminated via the Weekly Lists.23 More

changes to the authority records of subject headings in this field

may appear on the Weekly Lists in the future. Architecture subject headings have long played the ugly

stepsister to art subject headings in the LCSH system. The equiv alent of Art, French is not Architecture, French, it is Architecture -

France. The subject heading Architecture, French is reserved for architecture in a French style that is located outside France, hence Architecture, French - United States. However, architecture

headings with the qualifier Modern mirrored the use of Modern with art headings as in Architecture, Modern - 19th century

-

France. Just as this practice changed in relation to art forms, Architecture, Modern - 20th century and similar subject headings may no longer be subdivided geographically. Likewise, the

heading for Architecture, Modern - 17th-18th centuries has been

split into two separate headings. Weekly List 14 (April 4, 2001) recorded the addition of a new scope note to the authority record for Architecture to the effect that when subdivided geographically

Architecture can be further subdivided by 17th century, 18th cen

tury, 19th century, or 20th century. Architecture - United States was set up as an unofficial pattern heading with all four century subdivisions and these subject headings are used as examples under the headings for Architecture, Modern ? 17th century, etc. to illustrate the new format (see Figure 6).

Now What? All librarians must acquaint themselves and library patrons

with the new forms of art and architecture subject headings, but it is too soon to forget the old forms. Old and new style subject headings will appear in library catalogs during the transition

period and in some catalogs the two forms will coexist indefi

nitely. Although a number of library online catalog systems offer the option of mass changes to headings, this is not universally true. Due to the sheer volume of headings to be converted it will be nearly impossible for librarians to update the old headings on a record-by-record basis. Furthermore, it is unrealistic to expect that all libraries everywhere can afford the time and effort to

update their art and architecture subject headings. Certainly art libraries have a vested interest in doing so and indeed many began converting headings soon after the changes were broad cast, but some libraries may need to draw the proverbial line in the sand; new subject headings will be used from now on, but the old ones will linger.

Catalogers face a period of transition during which they must absorb the new rules and adapt to the new format of art and architecture subject headings, but in the long run subject cat

aloging can only benefit from the changes. Undoubtedly it will be easier to train new catalogers to assign subject headings for art. Instead of learning the idiosyncrasies of individual headings one must only learn the rules for assembling art subject head

ings, rules that resemble those used to construct Library of

Congress subject headings for other topics. Art subject headings are no longer the exception in the LCSH system. Revitalized by a revised order of subdivisions, pattern headings, and a new instruction sheet, art subject headings are finally mainstream.




Fakes: an Exhibition of Un-Original American Art*

Old Subject Headings Art, American ? Exhibitions.

Art ? Forgeries

? Exhibitions.

New Subject Headings Art, American ?

Forgeries ? Exhibitions.

Figure 1: An example of the new free-floating topical subdivisions for art subject headings. *All titles used in the examples are flctitious._

Landscapes of the Tang Dynasty

Old Subject Headings Landscape painting, Chinese.

New Subject Headings Landscape painting, Chinese ?

Tang-Five dynasties, 618-960.

Figure 2: An example of free-floating period subdivisions.

What's New: Canadian Art Now

Old Subject Headings Art, Modern ? 20th century

? Canada.

Art, Canadian.

New Subject Headings Art, Canadian -- 20th century.


The 13th Century: 100 Years of French Sculpture

Old Subject Headings Sculpture, Medieval ? France.

Sculpture, French.


New Subject Headings Sculpture, French ? 13th century.

Exquisite Detail: An Exhibition of 17th Century Dutch Paintings

Old Subject Headings Painting, Modern ? 17th-18th centuries - Netherlands ~ Exhibitions.

Painting, Dutch ~ Exhibitions.

New Subject Headings Painting, Dutch ? 17th century

? Exhibitions.

Exquisite Detail II: An Exhibition of 17th Century Dutch Drawings

Old Subject Headings Drawing

? 17th century ? Netherlands ? Exhibitions.

Drawing, Dutch ~ Exhibitions.

New Subject Headings Drawing, Dutch ? 17th century

~ Exhibitions.

Figure 5: Examples of the new 17th century free-floating period subdivision.

The Sweet Life: Queen Anne Architecture in England and the United States

Old Headings Architecture, Modern - 19th century

? England.

Architecture, Modern -- 19th century - United States.

New Headings Architecture ~ England

~ 19th century. Architecture ? United States ? 19th century.

Figure 6: An example of the changes in practice for architecture subject headings.




Notes

1. The instruction sheets and Weekly Lists are available on the CPSO Web page online at: http: //lcweb.loc.gov/ catdir/ cpso. The instruction sheets were included in the Spring update to the

Subject Cataloging Manual; the subject headings appearing on the

Weekly Lists are also listed in the Summer 2001 volume of the

Cataloging Service Bulletin.

2. The PCC oversees the Bibliographic Record Cooperative Program (BIBCO), the Name Authority Cooperative Program (NACO), and the Subject Authority Cooperative Program (SACO).

3. The current edition of the Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings is the 5th ed. published in 1996 by the Library of

Congress Cataloging Distribution Service and updated semi

annually.

4. Alva Stone, "The LCSH Century: a Brief History of the

Library of Congress Subject Headings, and an Introduction to the Centennial Essays," Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 29, no. 1-2 (2000): http://www.haworthpressinc.com:8081/ccq/ccq29nrl 2ed.htm.

5. Henriette D. Avram, "Foreword" in The Future of Subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings System (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service, 1992), in.

6. Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings, 5th ed.

(Washington, DC: Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service, 1996), H1075.

7. Subject Cataloging Manual HI095. Subject heading and free

floating subdivision combinations are generally not established, but there are many exceptions to this rule and one can find numerous examples of such headings in Library of Congress Subject Headings and the subject authority file.

8. See the Subject Cataloging Manual, H1147-H1200 for pattern headings and their instruction sheets.

9. Information about subdivision practices could also be found in the introductions to Library of Congress Subject Headings. The introduction to the 8th ed., the first edition published after

free-floating subdivisions were officially established, was reprint ed in 1981 by the Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service as Library of Congress Subject Headings: Guide to Subdivision Practice. However, this guide was not updated before it was

published. Lynn M. El-Hoshy, "Introduction to subdivision prac tice in the Library of Congress subject headings system" in The Future of Subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings System, 122.

The current edition of Free-Floating Subdivisions: an

Alphabetical Index is the 12th edition published in 2000 by the

Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service.

10. Lois Mai Chan, Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application 2nd. ed. (Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 1986): 64.

Stone, http://www.haworthpressinc.com:8081 /ccq/ccq29nrl 2ed.htm.

Martha O'Hara Conway and Karen M. Drabenstott, 'The

Expanded Use of Free-floating Subdivisions in the Library of

Congress Subject Headings System," in The Future of Subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings System: 27-28.

For specificity in LCSH see the Subject Cataloging Manual, H180: 2-3.

11. Conway and Drabenstott, op.cit., 26; Chan, op.cit., 79.

12. Instruction sheets for pattern headings can be found in the Subject Cataloging Manual, H1147-H1200.

13. Conway and Drabenstott, op.cit., 30.

14. Glen A. Zimmerman, "Conference Overview" in The

Future of Subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings System: 1.

15. "The Conference Recommendations" in The Future of Subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings System: 6-10.

16. "Five-Year Progress Report on Subject Subdivisions Conference Recommendations," December 1996:

http:/Avww.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/subdconf.html. The Cataloging Service Bulletin reports on the latest simplification activities and lists subdivisions that have been modified, consolidated, or canceled.

17. "Five-Year Progress Report on Subject Subdivisions Conference Recommendations,"

http: //www.loc.gov / catdir / cpso / subdconf.html.

18. "Revisions in Cataloging of Art Materials," [1999]:

http: / Zlcweb.loc.gov/catdir/ cpso/artrev.html. 19. Subject Cataloging Manual, H1148.

20. http:Mcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/awis0105.html.

21. Subject Cataloging Manual, H1250.

22. Subject Cataloging Manual, H1250: 4-5.

23. To date, changed architecture subject headings have

appeared in Weekly List 06 (February 7,2001) available online at:

http: //lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/awisOl06.html and Weekly List 14 (April 4, 2001) available online at: http:/Acweb.loc.gov/cat dir/ cpso/awis0114.html.




the rules have changed: library of congress subject headings for art and architecture

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