library of congress subject headings lecture 1. purpose of subject headings provide additional...

Library of Congress Library of Congress Subject HeadingsSubject HeadingsLecture 1

Purpose of Subject HeadingsPurpose of Subject Headings• Provide additional access to the Provide additional access to the

work via the subject contentwork via the subject content

• Bring together in the catalog Bring together in the catalog items on the same subject using items on the same subject using the same terminologythe same terminology

• Provide a formal description of Provide a formal description of the subject content of any the subject content of any bibliographic unit in the most bibliographic unit in the most precise terms possibleprecise terms possible

• Provide additional access to the Provide additional access to the work via the subject contentwork via the subject content

• Bring together in the catalog Bring together in the catalog items on the same subject using items on the same subject using the same terminologythe same terminology

• Provide a formal description of Provide a formal description of the subject content of any the subject content of any bibliographic unit in the most bibliographic unit in the most precise terms possibleprecise terms possible

Growing petunias in Poughkeepsie

Cyberterrorism, electronic warfare…

Guppies

Cataloging a book on KoiCataloging a book on Koi245 04 |a The essential book of koi /…650 _0 |a Koi.

Subject heading Title

Koi Essential book of koi

Koi Complete introduction to koi and garden pools

Koi Professional's book of koi

Subject heading: Koi

Specificity of headingSpecificity of heading245 04 |a The essential book of koi /…650 _0 |a Koi.

650 _0 |a Fishes.

Subject heading Title

Fishes Advances in fish research

Fishes Genshoku gyorui daizukan = Illustrated fishes of the world in colour

IndexingIndexing

The process of analyzing a The process of analyzing a bibliographic entity and bibliographic entity and creating entries for it, creating entries for it, especially subject entries, in especially subject entries, in an index.an index.

Subject cataloging – two Subject cataloging – two main stepsmain steps

1)1) Conceptual analysisConceptual analysis - decide - decide what the book is aboutwhat the book is about

2)2) Translation - conversion of the Translation - conversion of the conceptual analysis into a conceptual analysis into a particular set of authorized particular set of authorized termsterms

Lists of authorized termsLists of authorized terms• Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject

Headings (LCSH)Headings (LCSH)

• Subject headings for children Subject headings for children (used in conjunction with LCSH)(used in conjunction with LCSH)

• Sears List of Subject HeadingsSears List of Subject Headings

• Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Controlled vocabularyControlled vocabulary

BooksBooksAuthorized Authorized

TermsTerms

AlligatorsAlligators

AsparagusAsparagus

BananasBananas

BearsBears

CornCorn

Problem: AmbiguityProblem: Ambiguity

BooksBooks TermTerm

Faults Faults ??

Specify single meaning per Specify single meaning per termtermBooksBooks Authorized Authorized

termterm

Faults (Geology)Faults (Geology)

Problem: SynonymsProblem: Synonyms

Books on UFOsBooks on UFOs Authors’ TermsAuthors’ Terms

Flying saucersFlying saucers

Unidentified Unidentified flying objectsflying objects

Alien Alien spacecraftspacecraft

Single authorized term per Single authorized term per subjectsubjectBooksBooks

Authorized Authorized termterm

Unidentified Unidentified flying objectsflying objects

Flying saucersFlying saucersSeeSee Unidentified Unidentified

flying objectsflying objects

Controlled vocabulary (1)Controlled vocabulary (1)

• Restricted to authorized Restricted to authorized termsterms

• Increases precision Increases precision — fewer — fewer "false drops""false drops"

• Out-performs keyword Out-performs keyword searchessearches


• Expensive Expensive — requires human — requires human knowledgeknowledge


• Implemented in two ways:Implemented in two ways:– Pre-coordinate indexingPre-coordinate indexing

– Post-coordinate indexingPost-coordinate indexing

Pre-coordinate subject Pre-coordinate subject headingheading

Examples:

String built at time of indexing using the rules of the indexing language

Railroads—Right of way—Massachusetts

Children as inventorsChildren as inventors

Post-coordinate descriptorsPost-coordinate descriptors

RailroadsRailroads

Terms put together at time of retrieval

ChildrenChildren

ANDAND

Right of wayRight of way

MassachusettsMassachusetts

ANDAND

InventorsInventors

ANDAND

Railroads Right ofway

Massachusetts

Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)

• Indexing using terms that are chosen Indexing using terms that are chosen and coordinated at the time of and coordinated at the time of indexingindexing

• Usually a person trained in indexing Usually a person trained in indexing assigns the termsassigns the terms

• Can be one term or a combination of Can be one term or a combination of terms but they are pre-determined terms but they are pre-determined (i.e., they are “authority controlled”)(i.e., they are “authority controlled”)

Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)

• Older; associated with booksOlder; associated with books• Associated with card catalogsAssociated with card catalogs• Usually referred to as subject Usually referred to as subject

headingsheadings• Examples: Examples:

–Children as air pilotsChildren as air pilots–Humor in educationHumor in education

Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)Indexing (1)

• Consistency - we all use the Consistency - we all use the same terms to mean the same same terms to mean the same thingsthings

• More precise - we can obtain More precise - we can obtain things specifically about our things specifically about our topictopic

Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)Indexing (2)

• Prevents false drops - because the Prevents false drops - because the phrase has been constructed in a phrase has been constructed in a manner that has a specific meaningmanner that has a specific meaning

Children as inventorsChildren as inventors would obtain would obtain works dealing with children in the works dealing with children in the role of inventors rather than role of inventors rather than inventors creating objects for inventors creating objects for childrenchildren

Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Indexing (1)Indexing (1)

• Assumes that users know the Assumes that users know the indexing language--both its indexing language--both its vocabulary and syntax. vocabulary and syntax.

• Everyone has to use the same term; Everyone has to use the same term; if I don't know the predetermined if I don't know the predetermined term or if I have a different term or if I have a different perception of the same thing then I perception of the same thing then I may not find the item. may not find the item.

Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Indexing (2)Indexing (2)

• Some systems will not allow user to Some systems will not allow user to search on subordinate termsearch on subordinate term

For example, if you have:For example, if you have:

SeedsSeeds—Cleaning—Equipment and —Cleaning—Equipment and suppliessupplies

The system may not allow you to search on The system may not allow you to search on equipment and supplies and find this equipment and supplies and find this subject headingsubject heading

Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading

France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.

Post-Coordinate Indexing (1)Post-Coordinate Indexing (1)

• Coordination takes place at Coordination takes place at time of retrievaltime of retrieval

• Example would be ERIC Example would be ERIC descriptorsdescriptors

• Newer; associated with Newer; associated with documentsdocuments

Eric descriptorsEric descriptors

Profiles; Cognitive Ability; Gifted; Cognitive Development; Bilingualism; Monolingualism; Socioeconomic Status; Quasiexperimental Design; Children; Hispanic Americans; Measures (Individuals); Cultural Influences

Post-Coordinate Indexing (2)Post-Coordinate Indexing (2)

• Associated with computers and Associated with computers and Boolean logicBoolean logic

• Usually referred to as descriptorsUsually referred to as descriptors

• Examples:Examples:

– ChildrenChildren

– GiftedGifted

– Foreign countriesForeign countries

Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China

gifted children china

Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in ChinaGifted children—ChinaGifted children—China—AnecdotesGifted children—China—Biography


giftedchildrenchina


No results were found.


giftedchildrenforeign countries


97


Intelligence, Gifted, Brain, Children, Comparative Analysis, Foreign

Countries

Advantages of Post-coordinated Indexing

• Allowed the freedom to Allowed the freedom to combine authorized terms combine authorized terms that are relevantthat are relevant

• Can do Boolean logicCan do Boolean logic

Disadvantage of Post-Disadvantage of Post-Coordinated IndexingCoordinated Indexing

• Lack of precisionLack of precision: Few items really : Few items really can be described by a single descriptor; can be described by a single descriptor; most searches involve Boolean logic, most searches involve Boolean logic, truncation, etc. These techniques, while truncation, etc. These techniques, while powerful, result in obtaining things we powerful, result in obtaining things we don't want (e.g., don't want (e.g., childrenchildren ANDAND inventorsinventors will retrieve items about people who will retrieve items about people who invent things for children as well as invent things for children as well as children as inventors).children as inventors).

In general…In general…

Post-coordinated indexing increases Post-coordinated indexing increases recall (retrieves more items) but recall (retrieves more items) but decreases precision. If both the decreases precision. If both the indexer and the searcher know the indexer and the searcher know the indexing language, and both do their indexing language, and both do their jobs well, then pre-coordinate indexing jobs well, then pre-coordinate indexing will do as well as or better than post-will do as well as or better than post-coordinate indexing.coordinate indexing.

Cutter's Cutter's Rules for a Rules for a Dictionary CatalogDictionary Catalog (1) (1)

• The reader as focus:The reader as focus:

Use terms that the user usesUse terms that the user uses

Published 1904Published 1904

Housefly Musca domestica


Published 1904Published 1904

• UnityUnity

Objective is to unite all the books about Objective is to unite all the books about a specific subject under one headinga specific subject under one heading


• UsageUsage

Common usage (determined by Common usage (determined by literary mandate)literary mandate)

Old term: Hawaii—History—Revolution of 1893

New term: Hawaii—History—Overthrow of the monarchy, 1893

What happened in Hawai`i in 1893?


• SpecificitySpecificityThe terms should be as specific The terms should be as specific

as possible (e.g. as possible (e.g. Calico catsCalico cats))In applying headings, rather than In applying headings, rather than

using broader subject heading using broader subject heading use 2 specific headings if applyuse 2 specific headings if apply

Rule of 3: If more than 3 related Rule of 3: If more than 3 related subject headings use the broader subject headings use the broader term (e.g., 4 dog breeds)term (e.g., 4 dog breeds)

Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject HeadingsHeadings

• Established ~1898*Established ~1898*• Adopted by many libraries around the Adopted by many libraries around the

worldworld• Now published annually Now published annually • Now five volumesNow five volumes• Referred to as LCSH or “The Big Red Referred to as LCSH or “The Big Red

Books”Books”• Subject authority records available Subject authority records available

onlineonline

*or 1902 or 1909*or 1902 or 1909

Types of LCSH headingsTypes of LCSH headings

• Single nounsSingle nouns• Two word headingsTwo word headings• Adjectival headingsAdjectival headings• Conjunctive headingsConjunctive headings• Prepositional headingsPrepositional headings• Glossed headingsGlossed headings• Proper nounsProper nouns

Authorized termsAuthorized terms

Authorized terms are in Authorized terms are in BOLD printBOLD print

Authorized terms are in Authorized terms are in BOLD printBOLD print

Authorized terms in boldAuthorized terms in bold

Aztec danceAztec dance

Aztec dramaAztec drama

USE Nahuatl dramaUSE Nahuatl drama

Aztec Eagle, Mexican order of theAztec Eagle, Mexican order of the

USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila AztecaAzteca

Aztec ethicsAztec ethics

Aztec danceAztec dance

Aztec dramaAztec drama

USE Nahuatl dramaUSE Nahuatl drama

Aztec Eagle, Mexican order of theAztec Eagle, Mexican order of the

USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila AztecaAzteca

Aztec ethicsAztec ethicsauthorizedauthorized

termstermsauthorizedauthorized

termsterms

Headings Headings — Nouns— Nouns

• Concepts Concepts — usually singular— usually singular

LoveLove

ViscosityViscosity

BereavementBereavement• Objects Objects — usually plural— usually plural

BirdsBirds

BookmobilesBookmobiles

Korean-Japanese dictionaryKorean-Japanese dictionary

Korean-Japanese dictionaryKorean-Japanese dictionary

Title:Title: ChosChosŏŏnŏ sajŏn nŏ sajŏn

Subject(s):Subject(s): Korean language Korean language Dictionaries Japanese.Dictionaries Japanese.

Japanese language Japanese language Dictionaries Korean.Dictionaries Korean.

Headings Headings — Nouns (cont'd)— Nouns (cont'd)

• Exceptions to the singular/plural Exceptions to the singular/plural generalizationgeneralization

BibliographyBibliography

• Movement toward singular nounsMovement toward singular nouns

• Authorized terms in BOLD printAuthorized terms in BOLD print

New termsNew terms

Cyberspace Cyberspace (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)BTBT Space and timeSpace and timeRTRT ComputersComputers

TelematicsTelematics — — Religious aspectsReligious aspects — — — — Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

Here are entered works on attacks Here are entered works on attacks or threats of attack against any or threats of attack against any portion of an information portion of an information infrastructure.infrastructure.

Cyberspace Cyberspace (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)BTBT Space and timeSpace and timeRTRT ComputersComputers

TelematicsTelematics — — Religious aspectsReligious aspects — — — — Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

Here are entered works on attacks Here are entered works on attacks or threats of attack against any or threats of attack against any portion of an information portion of an information infrastructure.infrastructure.

Library of Congress. Subject Library of Congress. Subject Authority Cooperative ProgramAuthority Cooperative Program

Two word headingsTwo word headings

• Adjective & nounAdjective & noun

• Normal word order (current Normal word order (current policy)policy)

Chariot racingChariot racing

• Inverted form Inverted form — — used to bring used to bring noun into initial positionnoun into initial position

Charities, MedicalCharities, Medical

Inverted headingInverted heading

Bull Run, 1st Battle of, Va., 1861Bull Run, 1st Battle of, Va., 1861

Adjectival headings (1)Adjectival headings (1)• Common adjectiveCommon adjective

Dental recordsDental records

• Ethnic, national, or geographic Ethnic, national, or geographic adjectiveadjective

African American librariansAfrican American librarians

• Participial (verb form used as Participial (verb form used as adjective) modifiersadjective) modifiers

Applied anthropologyApplied anthropology

Adjectival headings (2)Adjectival headings (2)

• Common noun used as a Common noun used as a modifiermodifier

Household pestsHousehold pests

• Proper noun used as modifierProper noun used as modifier

Disney charactersDisney characters

Conjunctive phrase Conjunctive phrase headings (1)headings (1)

• Two or more nouns connected by Two or more nouns connected by andand or ending with or ending with etc.etc.

• Established to describe a Established to describe a relationshiprelationship

Conjunctive phrase Conjunctive phrase headings (2)headings (2)

• May include similar elementsMay include similar elements

Wit and humorWit and humor

• May be oppositesMay be opposites

Right and wrongRight and wrong

Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase headingsheadings

• Express relationshipsExpress relationships

Art in educationArt in education

• Inverted (no longer added)Inverted (no longer added)

Plants, Effect of alcohol onPlants, Effect of alcohol on

(New term: Plants—Effect of (New term: Plants—Effect of alcohol on)alcohol on)

Prepositional phrase heading Prepositional phrase heading examplesexamples• againstagainst

Offenses against propertyOffenses against property• asas

Alfalfa as feedAlfalfa as feed• forfor

Sports for childrenSports for children• ofof

Illustration of booksIllustration of books• toto

Ceramic to metal bondingCeramic to metal bonding

Glossed headingsGlossed headings

• Also called parenthetical qualifiersAlso called parenthetical qualifiers• Used to reduce ambiguity, clarify Used to reduce ambiguity, clarify

identical termsidentical termsAnnuals (plants)Annuals (plants)Bear (Fictitious character : Henson)Bear (Fictitious character : Henson)COGNAC (Computer)COGNAC (Computer)

UF Combined geometric-network UF Combined geometric-network analog computer (Computer)analog computer (Computer)

Headings Headings — Proper nouns— Proper nouns• Any proper name can be used as a Any proper name can be used as a

subject headingsubject heading• Not all will appear in LCSHNot all will appear in LCSH• Correct form in LC's Name Correct form in LC's Name

Authority File (NAF)Authority File (NAF)• Name established in accordance Name established in accordance

with LC's interpretation of AACR2Rwith LC's interpretation of AACR2RWashington, George, 1732-1799Washington, George, 1732-1799Gandhi familyGandhi family

Components of entryComponents of entry

• HeadingHeading• Subdivision for headingSubdivision for heading• Syndetic informationSyndetic information• Class numbersClass numbers• Scope notesScope notes

Main termsMain termsPeabody picture vocabulary testPeabody picture vocabulary test

[BF432.5.P42][BF432.5.P42]BTBT Intelligence testsIntelligence tests

Psychological test for childrenPsychological test for childrenVocabulary testsVocabulary tests

Peabodys (Awards)Peabodys (Awards)USEUSE Peabody AwardsPeabody Awards

PeacePeace

Use referencesUse references

Pacifists, African AmericanPacifists, African AmericanUSEUSE African American African American pacifistspacifists

Direct user from unauthorized heading Direct user from unauthorized heading to authorized headingto authorized heading

Use-for referencesUse-for references

Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects[TL789-TL789.6][TL789-TL789.6]

UFUF Flying saucers Flying saucers [Former [Former heading]heading]

Saucers, FlyingSaucers, FlyingUFO phenomenaUFO phenomenaUFOlogyUFOlogyUFOsUFOs

See-from reference. UF term should See-from reference. UF term should point to authorized term.point to authorized term.

MARC authority record for MARC authority record for Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects

150150____ |a |a Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects

450450____ |a |a Flying saucersFlying saucers

450450____ |a |a Saucers, FlyingSaucers, Flying

450450____ |a |a UFO phenomenaUFO phenomena

450450____ |a |a UFOlogyUFOlogy

450450____ |a |a UFOsUFOs

150150____ |a |a Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects

450450____ |a |a Flying saucersFlying saucers

450450____ |a |a Saucers, FlyingSaucers, Flying

450450____ |a |a UFO phenomenaUFO phenomena

450450____ |a |a UFOlogyUFOlogy

450450____ |a |a UFOsUFOs

USE and UF referencesUSE and UF references

AhimsAhimsāāUFUF Non-harming (Ethics)Non-harming (Ethics)

Non-injury (Ethics)Non-injury (Ethics)

ReciprocalReciprocal

.

Non-harming (Ethics)Non-harming (Ethics)USEUSE AhimsAhimsāā.

NT - Narrower termsNT - Narrower termsCereal products Cereal products ((May Subd GeogMay Subd Geog))

[TP434-TP435][TP434-TP435]UFUF Grain productsGrain productsBTBT Seed productsSeed productsNTNT Alimentary paste Alimentary paste productsproducts

Cereal-soy blendsCereal-soy blendsCereals, PreparedCereals, PreparedEnriched cereal productsEnriched cereal products……

Narrower and broader termsNarrower and broader terms

Elves Elves BTBTFairiesFairies

Fairies Fairies BT BT FolkloreFolkloreNTNTChangelingsChangelings

ElvesElvesFairy Fairy

poetrypoetryGnomesGnomes

……

RT RT - Related- Related terms terms

Stars Stars UFUF Sedereal systemSedereal systemBTBT GalaxiesGalaxiesRT RT Circumstellar matterCircumstellar matterSASA names of individual names of individual stars, e.g. stars, e.g. Sirius; Sirius; and headings and headings beginning with the wordbeginning with the word Stellar StellarNTNT Alpha CentauriAlpha Centauri

……

RelatedRelated terms - reciprocal terms - reciprocalLibrarians Librarians

BTBT Information Information scientistsscientists

Library employeesLibrary employeesRT RT LibrariesLibrariesNTNT Acquisitions Acquisitions librarianslibrarians

……

Libraries Libraries BTBTDocumentationDocumentation

Public Public institutionsinstitutionsRT RT LibrariansLibrarians

……

Syndetic structureSyndetic structure

TermTerm

BTBT

NTNT

RTRT

RTRT

RTRT

RTRT

Topical subdivisionsTopical subdivisionsDecoration and ornament Decoration and ornament (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog) ......

— — Chippendale styleChippendale style……— — Queen Anne styleQueen Anne style……

Decoration and ornament Decoration and ornament — Chippendale — Chippendale stylestyle

Headings appear in card catalog as:Headings appear in card catalog as:

Decoration and ornamentDecoration and ornament — Queen Anne — Queen Anne stylestyle

Period subdivisions (1)Period subdivisions (1)Church and state Church and state (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

— — GermanyGermany—— —— HistoryHistory—— —— —— 19th century19th century—— —— —— 1933-19451933-1945—— —— —— 1945-1945-

—— IrelandIreland —— MexicoMexico

……

Period subdivisions (2)Period subdivisions (2)Church and state Church and state (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

— — GermanyGermany—— —— HistoryHistory—— —— —— 19th century19th century—— —— —— 1933-19451933-1945—— —— —— 1945-1945-

Church and state Church and state — Germany — History — 1945-— Germany — History — 1945-

Heading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:

Geographic subdivisions (1)Geographic subdivisions (1)Musical instruments Musical instruments (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog) — — AfricaAfrica

—— Andes RegionAndes Region—— Arab countriesArab countries—— ArmeniaArmenia—— Asia, CentralAsia, Central……

Musical instruments Musical instruments — Africa— AfricaHeading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:

Geographic subdivisions (2)Geographic subdivisions (2)

Musical groups Musical groups (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

Musical groups Musical groups — Italy— ItalyHeading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:

Geographic subdivisions (3)Geographic subdivisions (3)Construction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

Construction industry Construction industry — Italy— ItalyAllowed headings:Allowed headings:

Construction industry Construction industry — Italy — Finance— Italy — Finance

Geographic subdivisions (4)Geographic subdivisions (4)

Construction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

Allowed heading:Allowed heading:

Construction industry — Finance — Law and legislation — Italy

most specific part that can be most specific part that can be subdivided geographicallysubdivided geographically

Building heading with Building heading with geographic subdivisiongeographic subdivisionConstruction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)

1) Select or construct heading without place1) Select or construct heading without place

Construction industry — Finance — Law and legislation — Italy

2) Determine most specific point 2) Determine most specific point where heading can be subdividedwhere heading can be subdivided

3) Add geog. subd.3) Add geog. subd.

Scope notesScope notes

Bongo musicBongo music[M146][M146]Here are entered compositions not in a Here are entered compositions not in a

specific form or of a specific type for one specific form or of a specific type for one performer playing bongos, and collections performer playing bongos, and collections of music in several forms or types for one of music in several forms or types for one performer playing bongos.performer playing bongos.

scope notescope note

Class referencesClass references

Asteroids Asteroids (Not Subd Geog)(Not Subd Geog)[QB377-QB379 (Planetary [QB377-QB379 (Planetary theory)]theory)][QB516 (Observations for solar [QB516 (Observations for solar parallax)]parallax)] [QB651 (Descriptive [QB651 (Descriptive astronomy)]astronomy)]

class referenceclass reference

Subject headings in the card Subject headings in the card catalogcatalog

Bahamas Bahamas — — Anniversaries, Anniversaries, etc.etc.— — AntiquitiesAntiquities— — Description and Description and traveltravel— — HistoryHistory

Bahamas Bahamas — History— History

Cole, Octavia JaneA history of the Bahamas / by Octavia

Jane Cole. — Pittsburgh : Gambit Press, 1975.

127 p. : col. Ill. ; 28 cm.

Bibliography: p. 125-127

1. Bahamas — History I. Title.

Call no.

Subject headings: MARC formatSubject headings: MARC format

Bahamas Bahamas — — Anniversaries, etc.Anniversaries, etc.— — AntiquitiesAntiquities— — Description and travelDescription and travel— — HistoryHistory

651651 00 Bahamas $x History.Bahamas $x History.

Library of Congress Subject Headings

MARC subject access fieldsMARC subject access fields

600 - Subject Added Entry--Personal Name (R) 600 - Subject Added Entry--Personal Name (R) 610 - Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name 610 - Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name

(R) (R) 611 - Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name (R) 611 - Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name (R) 630 - Subject Added Entry--Uniform Title (R) 630 - Subject Added Entry--Uniform Title (R) 648 - Subject Added Entry--Chronological 648 - Subject Added Entry--Chronological

Term (R) Term (R) 650 - Subject Added Entry--Topical Term (R) 650 - Subject Added Entry--Topical Term (R) 651 - Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name 651 - Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name

(R) (R)

library of congress subject headings lecture 1. purpose of subject headings provide additional...

Documents

subject books

subject entries

subject cataloging

subject headingsusually

subject headings examples

purpose of subject headings

postcoordinate indexing

education slide