the role of cdm in technical change in refrigeration - current cdm regulations - successful cdm...

The role of CDM in technical change in refrigeration

- current CDM regulations

- successful CDM projects and methodologies

- failed projects and methodologies

- Conclusion

1

Modalities and Procedures FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.1 p. 17 45. A baseline shall be established: (a)By project participants in accordance with provisions for the use of approved and new methodologies; (b) In a transparent and conservative manner, and taking into account uncertainty; (c) On a project-specific basis; (d) In the case of small-scale CDM in accordance with simplified procedures developed for such activities; (e) Taking into account relevant national and/or sectoral policies

46. The baseline may include a scenario where future anthropogenic emissions by sources are projected to rise above current levels, due to the specific circumstances of the host Party.

47. The baseline shall be defined in a way that CERs cannot be earned for decreases in activity levels outside the project activity or due to force majeure.

48. In choosing a baseline methodology for a project activity, project participants shall select from among: (a) Existing actual or historical emissions, as applicable, or (b) Emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment, or (c) The average emissions of similar project activities undertaken in the previous five years, in similar social, economic, environmental and technological circumstances, and whose performance is among the top 20 per cent of their category.

Current regulations in CDM

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- Bottom-up mode led to 4 selective methodologies

- no general guidance on refrigeration has emerged from KP secretariat

- HFC-134a accounting decisions are not coherent

Carbon accounting resembles EIA in the complexity of boundaries

the EB struggles to follow boundary definitions but doesn‘t escape their variability

as in EIA, the results are hard-wired in the boundary definition and so EB decisions are circular, reaffirming and changing boundaries

few attempted to make refrigeration boundaries explicit

Current regulations in CDM

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AM 60 replacing 531 CFC chillers with any non-CFC chiller 343.177 CER pa

AMS III.X household refrigerators replacement low-income

AM 70/71 manufacture of higher efficiency refrigerators, switch to cyclopentane

AMS III.AB Ice-cream cabinets 0.2 kg < 134 < 6 kg

ITC Sonar Hotel 0686 reg. 11/06 chiller mod., AMS II.E 355 of 1996 CER in 2008

EIH hotels 5 vapour compression chillers 0.855 – 0.64 kW/TR, AMS II.E, 10,178 CER pa

BKC chiller + building mod 1.17 – 0.7 kW/TR AMS II.E 1.601 CER pa

Kloof Mine replace cold water with ice 134a+NH3 chiller AMS II.D 1.8 mio€ 53,624 CER pa

Ecospace Kolkata new chiller baseline DOE4.1 AMS II.E 2.1 mio€ 14,542 CER pa

Mindspace Bldg Serene Prop 0.517 kW/TR AMS II.E 15,063 CER pa

Successful CDM projects and methodologies

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AM60 1st CDM methodology for refrigeration approved 11/2007

accelerated replacement of old CFC chillers

financial intermediary ICICI is offering carbon finance + commercial loans

GEF, MLF as seed funding for first chiller generation then CDM revenues

only CO2 emission reductions out of power savings are claimed (CFC not)

expected number of chiller replacements 2008-12: > 500

Total investment 91 mio US$ CER revenues 14 mio US$

expected volume of CO2 ERs up to 2012: > 2.3 m t CO2


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AMS III.X Efficiency and 134a recovery approved 11/2008

first to useeligibility criteria:

EU directive 2002/96 <15 GWP

WEEE standardRecycling

0.3-0.8 CER/fridge

credits GWP 1,430



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AM 70 Manufacturing refrigerators approved 9/08

10 % annual efficiency increase (600/290 already) 59,915 CER pa

720,000 fridges pa 1.3 mio € cost of switch 0.08 CER/fridge

90 %data


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AM 71 HFC-134a to 600a in refrigerators approved 9/08

1 mio annual production 36,072 CER pa

3.3 € per DC 7.1 € FF 0.03 CER/fridge

.

..


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AMS III.AB avoidance of HFC emissions in Commercial Refrigeration Cabinets

• Avoidance of HFC 134a emissions during the life cycle of refrigeration equipment (0.2kg < HFC usage< 6kg) such as freezer ice cream cabinets. 5,000 pa

• emissions during manufacture, servicing and disposal is baseline 720 CER pa

• Project cabinets use refrigerants and foam blowing agents having no ODP and negligible/low GWP propane

• The cabinets introduced by the project activity are equally efficient or more • Retrofit of HFC 134a to use alternative low GWP refrigerants is not eligible • PP is using HFC-134a cabinets for at least three years and has not been using refrigerants with a low GWP prior


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Refrigerant Assumptions and Impacts

AM 60 account for refrigerants only if leakage increases, GWP decreaseshortens lifetime

AMS III.X only one charge of 134a is saved, excludes maintenanceimposes HC

AM 70 refrigerant excluded technology leader wants to extend its leadand beats 3.5% ATD

AM 71 only refrigerant, and no efficiency changes switch has no qualityeffects

AMS III.AB only refrigerant switch has not qualityeffects


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Refrigeration value chain:

components manufacture usage recycling

AM 60

AM 70/71 -------- --------

AMS III.X AMS III.AB

NM0323


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Failed refrigeration CDM

Pão de Açúcar supermarket 2007 bundles of 10 stores AMS II.E improved maintenance, replacement of minor system components rejected because baseline used energy data for whole store, changes to store and its operation not documented

Automobile AC re-fill with propane NM013

AC Labelling NM0159

Lighting NM0157

Failed CDM projects and methodologies

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NM0159 Ghana AC Standard enforcement CDM by Ghana Energy Foundation

required minimum “Energy Efficiency Ratio” or EER of 2.8 or higher electricity required per unit of “cooling” watt/watt or Btu/hr/watt.

any AC units below this standard cannot be sold in the Ghanaian market.

a testing laboratory enforces the standard

the goal is to stop the “dumping” in Ghana of inefficient units

Reasons for rejection:

Ownership of CER, baseline scenario, decisive: signal to noise


14

NM013 Promotion of natural refrigerants in AC and refrigeration

after market for mobile AC, by major national car manufacturer

refilled with propane/butane blend HyChill, recovered 134a destroyed

210,000 cars 22,382 CER pa

Reasons for rejection:

monitoring of converted cars relies on the cars return to the sameservice station


15

...


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Potential

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CDM can bedesigned tosupport this,build on theGhana NM159experience

AM70 could bereinforced bylabelling

Koizumi 2007 IEA

Current LCC at average EER 2.8

Potential

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Conclusion

Ideally new methodologies can:

Use operational conditions

Replace all F-gases

Accelerate replacement periods

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Potential

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Payment for fridge &

recyclingPaymentElectric

ity

CO2 Emission Reduction (CER‘s)

1 yr

2 yr

3 yr

4 yr

5 yr

6 yr

7 yr

8 yr

9 yr

10yr

Old refrigerator

New refrigerator

CDM Utility Exchange Program

household

Utility

manufacturer

Recycling

Discount

CO2 Emission Reduction (C

ER‘s)

1 yr2

yr3 yr4

yr5 yr6

yr7 yr8

yr9 yr10y

r

21

the role of cdm in technical change in refrigeration - current cdm regulations - successful cdm...

Documents

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