cdm applied to waste management projects of punjab
DESCRIPTION
A presentation to the Chief Minister of Punjab, India and his Senior AdministrationTRANSCRIPT
APPLICTION OF CDM TO APPLICTION OF CDM TO WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN PUNJABPROJECTS IN PUNJAB
Presentation made to the CM Punjab on 29/06/06M.P. Singh
B. Tech.(Civil); M.I.E. (Mech.) Earthizenz
email: [email protected]
Geetika KalhaIAS
Principal Secretary, Govt. of Punjab email: [email protected]
Binding emission targets for Binding emission targets for industrialised countries (called industrialised countries (called Annex I Countries)Annex I Countries)
Voluntary participation of Voluntary participation of developing countries (called Non-developing countries (called Non-Annex I countries, e.g. India)Annex I countries, e.g. India)
What is Kyoto Protocol?What is Kyoto Protocol?
How is CDM relevant for such Projects?How is CDM relevant for such Projects?
Emission Emission capcap
Actual Actual emissionsemissions
Buyer
Carbon Credits
Carbon value ($)
Annex I CountryAnnex I Country Renewable energyRenewable energyCDM projectCDM project
IN the Host Country:
1) Projects reduce emissions
2) Projects Sequester Carbon.
By selling the carbon credits – CERs from a GHG reduction/ Carbon sequestering project to a buyer additional cash flow can be realised for projects.
Current value $25/CER
Current Fine $50, Fine will double in 2008
Relevant Green House GasesRelevant Green House Gases
1)1) Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential 1* 1*
2)2) MethaneMethane
Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential 2121**
3)3) Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide
Global Warming Potential Global Warming Potential 310310**
*Times Carbon dioxide* tCO2e
The concept of BaselinesThe concept of Baselines G
HG
em
issi
on
s
Time
Project commissioned
“With project” emission level
“Without project”
emission level(e.g. grid baseline)
Carbon credits
“The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity.”
Bundling of Small Scale CDM & A/R Bundling of Small Scale CDM & A/R CDM Project ActivitiesCDM Project Activities
Small Scale CDM Projects can be bundled Small Scale CDM Projects can be bundled together.together.
Upper limits for bundling exist.Upper limits for bundling exist.
This helps the tiniest of projects to benefit from This helps the tiniest of projects to benefit from the CDMthe CDM
Cost is further reduced after bundling.Cost is further reduced after bundling.
Bundling Small Scale & Bundling Small Scale & Community development ProjectsCommunity development Projects
Bundlingorganisation
GHG GHG offsets offsets (tCO(tCO22))
CER buyers
CERsCERs
PaymentPayment((RsRs)) Payment ($)Payment ($)
FinancialInstitution
LoanLoan
RepaymentRepayment
ODA,Government,NGOs etc.
Validation, verification, PDD
PaymentPayment((RsRs/$)/$)
Grant/Funds ?Grant/Funds ?
Bio Methanation
VER Buyers
Small Scale Small Scale A/R ProjectsA/R Projects
Possible Range of Projects Possible Range of Projects (Urban) for Punjab(Urban) for Punjab
1.1. Sewage Treatment: Methane Capture: Power Sewage Treatment: Methane Capture: Power GenerationGeneration
2.2. Wet Garbage, Fruit & Veg. Market Waste Wet Garbage, Fruit & Veg. Market Waste TreatmentTreatment
3.3. Industrial waste Treatment & energy Industrial waste Treatment & energy saving/fuel switchingsaving/fuel switching
4.4. Avoidance of Nitrous Oxide emission.Avoidance of Nitrous Oxide emission.5.5. Low emission and high output brick kilns.Low emission and high output brick kilns.6.6. Energy conserving/waste disposal of Housing Energy conserving/waste disposal of Housing
Projects etc.Projects etc.7.7. Small Hydro ProjectsSmall Hydro Projects8.8. Vertcal Shaft Brick KilnsVertcal Shaft Brick Kilns9.9. Bricks from Fly ashBricks from Fly ash
Possible Range of Projects Possible Range of Projects (Rural)(Rural)1.1. Afforestation & Reforestation ProjectsAfforestation & Reforestation Projects
2.2. Agri-biomass based Energy ProjectsAgri-biomass based Energy Projects
a.a. Bio-Methanation: Power Generation route: Organic FertilizerBio-Methanation: Power Generation route: Organic Fertilizer
b.b. Energy Generation by controlled CombustionEnergy Generation by controlled Combustion
3.3. Wastewater Projects: Methane Capture: Methane capture & Wastewater Projects: Methane Capture: Methane capture & Flaring: Organic FertilizerFlaring: Organic Fertilizer
4.4. Wastewater Cum Solid Waste Treatment: Methane Capture: Wastewater Cum Solid Waste Treatment: Methane Capture: Power Generation.Power Generation.
5.5. Avoidance of Methane & Nitrous Oxide emission from paddy Avoidance of Methane & Nitrous Oxide emission from paddy fields.fields.
6.6. Household level biogas plants treating organic farmyard, Household level biogas plants treating organic farmyard, kitchen, and bio-wastes. kitchen, and bio-wastes.
7.7. Solar energy.Solar energy.
8.8. Special Manure making PracticesSpecial Manure making Practices
Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Management& elec genManagement& elec gen
The Waste consists of:The Waste consists of:
Kitchen waste from a population of 20000 Kitchen waste from a population of 20000 = 2 tons/day= 2 tons/day
Cow dung from 500 cattleCow dung from 500 cattle = 6 tons/day= 6 tons/day
Fruit and vegetable market wasteFruit and vegetable market waste = 12 tons/day= 12 tons/day
Wastewater from 20000 population @100lpdWastewater from 20000 population @100lpd = 2 mld /day= 2 mld /day
The net methane capture/annum The net methane capture/annum = 164.5 Tons= 164.5 Tons
Certified Emission Reduction eligibilityCertified Emission Reduction eligibility = = 2961tCO2961tCO22e/annume/annum
Translated into money this comes to Translated into money this comes to Rs. 40,00,000/annumRs. 40,00,000/annum
Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste ManagementManagement
The methane calculated above is capable of generating 100 KW The methane calculated above is capable of generating 100 KW (0.1MW) in a day running 24 hours.(0.1MW) in a day running 24 hours.
At 80% efficiency, thisAt 80% efficiency, this =700 MWh per annum=700 MWh per annum Emission of replaced electy. = mixed cycle Emission of replaced electy. = mixed cycle
= 0.4tCO= 0.4tCO22/MWh/MWh
Carbon Credit Carbon Credit =280 tCO=280 tCO22
At current CER rate this comes to At current CER rate this comes to Rs. 3,50,000 per annum.Rs. 3,50,000 per annum. Revenue from Sale of Electricity @ Rs.2/- per unit, leaving 30 Revenue from Sale of Electricity @ Rs.2/- per unit, leaving 30
units per day for self consumption.units per day for self consumption.
= Rs. 10, 08,000 per Annum= Rs. 10, 08,000 per Annum Revenue from Sale of 2 t of Organic Fertilizer @ Rs. 2/- Revenue from Sale of 2 t of Organic Fertilizer @ Rs. 2/-
= Rs. 14, 60,000 per Annum= Rs. 14, 60,000 per Annum
Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste ManagementManagement
Total Projected project cost Total Projected project cost = Rs. 400 Lacs= Rs. 400 Lacs
Loan Amount (Say)Loan Amount (Say) = Rs. 200 Lacs= Rs. 200 Lacs
Total Revenues Generated Total Revenues Generated = Rs. 68.18 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 68.18 Lacs/Annum
Less Estimated O&M CostLess Estimated O&M Cost = Rs. 24.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 24.00 Lacs/Annum
Net Revenue before InterestNet Revenue before Interest = Rs. 44.18 = Rs. 44.18 Lacs/AnnumLacs/Annum
Interest on Loan Interest on Loan = Rs. 16.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 16.00 Lacs/Annum
Net Revenue EarnedNet Revenue Earned = Rs. 28.18 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 28.18 Lacs/Annum
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment = 7.05 %= 7.05 %
CDM Impact: Only Wastewater Treatment 1500 CDM Impact: Only Wastewater Treatment 1500 VillagesVillages
A total of 1500 villages are proposed to be modernised in Punjab. A total of 1500 villages are proposed to be modernised in Punjab. Assume an average population of 2000 per village.Assume an average population of 2000 per village.Total affected population Total affected population = = 2000*1500=2000*1500= 30, 00, 00030, 00, 000Sewage Generation @ 120LPDSewage Generation @ 120LPD == 360 MLD360 MLDProjected Biogas recovery/ day Projected Biogas recovery/ day == 40.50 Mt.40.50 Mt.Methane Recovery/day @70% Methane Recovery/day @70% == 28.35 Mt.28.35 Mt.Methane Recovery/AnnumMethane Recovery/Annum == 10,348 MT10,348 MTGlobal warming potential of methaneGlobal warming potential of methane = = 21t CO2 equivalent21t CO2 equivalentCO2 emitted while Flaring/t methaneCO2 emitted while Flaring/t methane == 3 MT3 MTNet Global Warming FactorNet Global Warming Factor == (21-3)=18t CO2e(21-3)=18t CO2eNo. of CERs earned/annumNo. of CERs earned/annum == 1,86,264 1,86,264 Value of these @ $25/CERValue of these @ $25/CER == $ 46,56,600$ 46,56,600
== Rs. 23.28 croresRs. 23.28 croresEarning potential over 10 yearsEarning potential over 10 years == Rs. 233 croresRs. 233 crores
CDM Impact: Combined Wastewater & Wet Garbage CDM Impact: Combined Wastewater & Wet Garbage Treatment 1500 Villages W/O Electricity Gen.Treatment 1500 Villages W/O Electricity Gen.
Assume per capita wet garbageAssume per capita wet garbage = 0.100 Kg/day= 0.100 Kg/dayWet Garbage Generated/village Wet Garbage Generated/village = 200 Kg/Day= 200 Kg/DayAssume average of 500 cattle Assume average of 500 cattle Cow dung in one villageCow dung in one village = 6000 Kgs/Day= 6000 Kgs/DayTotal Degradable SolidsTotal Degradable Solids = 6200 Kgs/Day= 6200 Kgs/DayExpected Biogas Capture Expected Biogas Capture = 170 Kgs/Day= 170 Kgs/DayMethane Capture @ 70% Methane Capture @ 70% = 120 Kgs/Day= 120 Kgs/DayMethane Captured: 1500 villages Methane Captured: 1500 villages = 180 MT/ Day= 180 MT/ DayCER Potential/day @21CER Potential/day @21 = 3780 t CO2e= 3780 t CO2eAnnual CER Potential Annual CER Potential = 13,80,000 tCO2e= 13,80,000 tCO2eRevenue @ $25/CER/ annumRevenue @ $25/CER/ annum = $ 3,45,00,000/= $ 3,45,00,000/Revenue in Rupees/Annum for wet garbageRevenue in Rupees/Annum for wet garbage = Rs. 172.5 Crores= Rs. 172.5 CroresTotal Revenue (wastewater + solids)Total Revenue (wastewater + solids) = Rs. 195.8 Crores= Rs. 195.8 CroresRevenue in 10 years Revenue in 10 years = Rs. 1958 Crores= Rs. 1958 Crores
Bundling of Household Level Bundling of Household Level Biogas DigestersBiogas Digesters
Household level digesters running on Household level digesters running on kitchen waste, cheap flour, and sugar cane kitchen waste, cheap flour, and sugar cane wastes are now available.wastes are now available.
Cow-dung can be added, if available.Cow-dung can be added, if available. World Bank has, in May this year, signed an World Bank has, in May this year, signed an
Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement with Nepal for such plants.with Nepal for such plants.
In the case of Nepal even latrine waste In the case of Nepal even latrine waste goes through this biogas digester.goes through this biogas digester.
Integrated Rural Sanitation and Integrated Rural Sanitation and bio-energy productionbio-energy production
CROP & VEGETABLE WASTE
BIOMETHANATION
LEAFY BIOMASS WASTE
JATROPHA OIL
EXTRACTION
DEOILED CAKE
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
METHANE
DAIRY WASTE MANURE
POWER GENERATION
Application of CDM: Ongoing Application of CDM: Ongoing Rural Sanitation ProjectsRural Sanitation Projects
Two Catagories:Two Catagories:
1.1. Taken up by the GovtTaken up by the Govt.:.: Mostly Small bore settled Sewerage System Mostly Small bore settled Sewerage System is being used, with septic tank outside each house.is being used, with septic tank outside each house.Since Methane is let out into the atmosphere and cannot even be Since Methane is let out into the atmosphere and cannot even be flared, CDM will not be applicable to any of these projects.flared, CDM will not be applicable to any of these projects.
2.2. Taken up by Village Life Improvement Foundation:Taken up by Village Life Improvement Foundation: Brahmpur & Brahmpur & Kharaudi cannot qualify at this stage, since the projects are complete.Kharaudi cannot qualify at this stage, since the projects are complete.Langheri, Jian, Deingrian and Jandiala can qualify with fresh Langheri, Jian, Deingrian and Jandiala can qualify with fresh modifications.modifications.
3.3. Daulatpur:Daulatpur: This is yet to be taken up. We had received a query from This is yet to be taken up. We had received a query from the DC, Nawanshahar, we had sent our recommendations to him. the DC, Nawanshahar, we had sent our recommendations to him. This village is yet to be started.This village is yet to be started.
Case Study: Solid and Liquid Case Study: Solid and Liquid Waste Management: Waste Management:
NawanshaharNawanshahar► We were asked by DC Nawanshahar to suggest solid and liquid We were asked by DC Nawanshahar to suggest solid and liquid waste management for Nawanshahar.waste management for Nawanshahar.
► Untreated Sewage is currently flowing into the bein. Untreated Sewage is currently flowing into the bein. ► Solids are being dumped outside the village.Solids are being dumped outside the village.► We proposed:We proposed:
1) Collection of kitchen waste vegetable market waste, 1) Collection of kitchen waste vegetable market waste, and dairy waste from and dairy waste from Banga, Rahon and NawanshaharBanga, Rahon and Nawanshahar at at proposed STP site and set up a methanation plant there using the proposed STP site and set up a methanation plant there using the wastewater.wastewater.
2) Treatment of sewage of Nawanshahar by the UASB 2) Treatment of sewage of Nawanshahar by the UASB technology and capturing Methane.technology and capturing Methane.
3) Removing the Hydrogen Sulphide gas from the 3) Removing the Hydrogen Sulphide gas from the Methane.Methane.
4) HARNESSING the Methane to generate electricity. 4) HARNESSING the Methane to generate electricity.
UASB ModuleBaffled Module
Pre-treatedinfluent
granularsludge
bedsludge blanket
downflowchamber
upflowchamber Vertical baffles
effluentgutter
solid media(plasitc
(beverage crates)
gas/liquid/solidsphase separator
settling zone
Modified Septic Tank/ Reactor for Primary Treatment
Cost of Project & RevenueCost of Project & RevenueConstituents of the Project:Constituents of the Project:► Primary Sewage Treatment Section design year 2034Primary Sewage Treatment Section design year 2034► Segregated Organic Waste Handling SectionSegregated Organic Waste Handling Section► High Rate Digestion Section - Modified UASB Process: design High Rate Digestion Section - Modified UASB Process: design
year 2008: 8mld sewage.year 2008: 8mld sewage.► Modified two stage high Biomethanation reactors. Modified two stage high Biomethanation reactors. ► Aeration Section Aeration Section ► Disinfection sectionDisinfection section► Manure Handling SectionManure Handling Section► Biogas Collection Biogas Collection ► Scrubbing SectionScrubbing Section► Power Generation SectionPower Generation Section► Final Disposal of Treated EffluentsFinal Disposal of Treated EffluentsProjected Cost of Project Projected Cost of Project 8 MLD Sewage8 MLD Sewage and and 30 TPD Organic 30 TPD Organic
solid Wastesolid Waste: : 700 lacs700 lacs..► Land required: Land required: 5 acres5 acres (Cost of acquisition not included) (Cost of acquisition not included)
Cost of project & RevenueCost of project & RevenueNet annual methane recoveryNet annual methane recovery = 412.5 MT= 412.5 MTCER Potential CER Potential =7424 tCO2e=7424 tCO2eAnnual Revenue from CDM (Methane)Annual Revenue from CDM (Methane) = = Rs. 92,80,000Rs. 92,80,000The methane calculated above is capable of generating 250 KW (0.25 MW) in The methane calculated above is capable of generating 250 KW (0.25 MW) in
a day running 24 hours.a day running 24 hours.
At 80% efficiency, thisAt 80% efficiency, this =1750 MWh per annum=1750 MWh per annum
Emission factor of replaced electy. = mixed cycle Emission factor of replaced electy. = mixed cycle = 0.4tCO= 0.4tCO22/MWh/MWh
Carbon Credit (Electricity Gen) Carbon Credit (Electricity Gen) =700 tCO=700 tCO22
Annual Revenue (Electricity Gen) Annual Revenue (Electricity Gen) ==Rs. 8,75,000Rs. 8,75,000
Sale of Electricity @6000 units/daySale of Electricity @6000 units/day = = Rs. 35,00,000Rs. 35,00,000
Annual rev.from 5 t fertilizer/ day @ Rs. 2000/t Annual rev.from 5 t fertilizer/ day @ Rs. 2000/t =Rs. =Rs. 36,50,00036,50,000
Total Revenue/AnnumTotal Revenue/Annum = Rs. 1,73,05,000= Rs. 1,73,05,000
Return on Investment: Return on Investment: NawanshaharNawanshahar
Total Projected project cost Total Projected project cost = Rs. 800 Lacs= Rs. 800 Lacs
Loan Amount (Say)Loan Amount (Say) = Rs. 600 Lacs= Rs. 600 Lacs
Total Revenues Generated Total Revenues Generated = Rs. 173.05 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 173.05 Lacs/Annum
Less Estimated O&M CostLess Estimated O&M Cost = Rs. 75.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 75.00 Lacs/Annum
Net Revenue before InterestNet Revenue before Interest = Rs. 166.05 = Rs. 166.05 Lacs/AnnumLacs/Annum
Interest on Loan Interest on Loan = Rs. 48.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 48.00 Lacs/Annum
Net Revenue EarnedNet Revenue Earned = Rs. 120.05 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 120.05 Lacs/Annum
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment = 15 %= 15 %
Required return on
investment threshold
Project returnexcluding
CDM revenue
Project returnincluding
CDM revenue
CDMrevenue
CDM cash flow
The gap betweenthe project
return and the requiredreturn on
investment threshold
AdditionalityAdditionality
Additionality testAdditionality test► Need to prove the project would not have Need to prove the project would not have
happened without CDMhappened without CDM
► Some steps in the test: Some steps in the test: ► 1. Initial Project Stage: Proof of CDM 1. Initial Project Stage: Proof of CDM
influencing decision influencing decision ► -> Key for all projects stared before -> Key for all projects stared before
registrationregistration► 2. Investment or barrier analysis2. Investment or barrier analysis
► Projects that lack sufficient proof of additionality Projects that lack sufficient proof of additionality become rejected by the CDM EB. become rejected by the CDM EB.
Application of CDM to Ongoing Application of CDM to Ongoing Urban Sanitation ProjectsUrban Sanitation Projects
►Ongoing Urban Sanitation Projects Ongoing Urban Sanitation Projects under the Satluj Action Plan, may be under the Satluj Action Plan, may be made eligible for Carbon Credits, after made eligible for Carbon Credits, after restructuring the projects suitably.restructuring the projects suitably.
►Solid waste Management with the Solid waste Management with the same wastewater will have a same wastewater will have a ballooning effect on the revenues, as ballooning effect on the revenues, as we have seen in the case of Rural we have seen in the case of Rural Projects.Projects.
Application of CDM to Ongoing Application of CDM to Ongoing Urban Sanitation ProjectsUrban Sanitation Projects
The CDM eligibility as per existing structure is:The CDM eligibility as per existing structure is:1.1. Ludhiana: Ludhiana:
Total sewage from three plants= 311 MLDTotal sewage from three plants= 311 MLDMethane Recovery/annum = 8513 MTMethane Recovery/annum = 8513 MTCERsCERs = 1,53,000 tCO2 = 1,53,000 tCO2
Revenue Earning Capacity = Revenue Earning Capacity = 19 Crores19 Crores
2.2. Calculations for Jullunder would be on the same Calculations for Jullunder would be on the same lines.lines.
3.3. However, projects like However, projects like Phagwara Phagwara etc., which are still etc., which are still in their in their nascent stagenascent stage can be conveniently altered to can be conveniently altered to convert them into CDM Projects.convert them into CDM Projects.
The CDM ProcessThe CDM Process
Task Responsibility
Step 1 Project Assessment EarthizenzStep 2 Project Financing Project Developer Step 3 Project Construction Project Developer and
Earthizenz and/or Executing agencyStep 4 Methodology Earthizenz/Consultant/buyerStep 5 Project Design Document Earthizenz/Consultant/buyer
Baseline Calculation of credits Monitoring and verification plan
Step 6 Host Country Approval DNA (arranged by Earthizenz/GTZ)
Step 7 Validation DOE (arranged by Earthizenz/GTZ)
Step 8 Registration EB (arranged by Buyer)Step 9 Monitoring Project DeveloperStep 10 Verification DOE (arranged by EarthizenzStep 11 Issuance of CERs Executive Board
Methodology CriteriaMethodology Criteria
► A Methodology is the method for estimating A Methodology is the method for estimating carbon emissions from a technology/projectcarbon emissions from a technology/project
► If a methodology exists, this simplifies the CDM If a methodology exists, this simplifies the CDM process.process.
► In the present case, methodologies exist. In the present case, methodologies exist. Methodology for Biomethanation of MSW Methodology for Biomethanation of MSW (Lucknow, India) is approved by the CDM Board.(Lucknow, India) is approved by the CDM Board.
► Small Scale Methodology for untreated Small Scale Methodology for untreated wastewater stream has now been added to the wastewater stream has now been added to the approved list.approved list.
► Methane capture and power generation Methane capture and power generation methodologies always existed.methodologies always existed.
Selling your CERs: risks!Selling your CERs: risks!
If the Project does not take off or does not deliver
Risks can be carried by the buyer or the seller. Examples: -Buyer can take on the entire expected CERs or
parts -Penalties in case CERs do not accrue
Price of CERs and risk go hand in hand
Value of Carbon CreditsValue of Carbon Credits► A sale of CERs made after issuance , A sale of CERs made after issuance ,
fetches the highest price ( currently fetches the highest price ( currently $25, and expected to treble)$25, and expected to treble)
► But then the risk is all of the project But then the risk is all of the project developer.developer.
► Advance against CERs: penalties for Advance against CERs: penalties for non-deliverancenon-deliverance
► Advance sale of CERs: all risks and cost Advance sale of CERs: all risks and cost to the buyer’s account. Value goes to the buyer’s account. Value goes down.down.
Concept of VERsConcept of VERs
► VER is a verified emission reduction. Many VER is a verified emission reduction. Many Annex one companies trade in VERs. Annex one companies trade in VERs.
► These are mutual arrangements between These are mutual arrangements between buyers and sellers.buyers and sellers.
► They are verified by Designated They are verified by Designated Operational entities in the Host country.Operational entities in the Host country.
► Later approved by the host country.Later approved by the host country.► They need not go to the CDM Executive They need not go to the CDM Executive
Board for approval. These have the Board for approval. These have the minimum risks as well as the minimum minimum risks as well as the minimum costs.costs.
► These can be beneficial for very small These can be beneficial for very small projects.projects.
Other ProjectsOther Projects
►All renewable energy Projects.All renewable energy Projects.►All housing Projects, energy saving, All housing Projects, energy saving,
localized sanitation. localized sanitation. ►Upgrading Brick Kilns: VSBC, Fly ashUpgrading Brick Kilns: VSBC, Fly ash►Organic Fertilizer: Preventing N2O Organic Fertilizer: Preventing N2O
emissionemission►Emission of Methane & N2O from Emission of Methane & N2O from
paddy.paddy.
Suggested Road AheadSuggested Road Ahead
►Project Idea Notes (PIN) should be got made Project Idea Notes (PIN) should be got made for all projects/Bundles that have CDM for all projects/Bundles that have CDM potential: just a prima facie ‘yes’ is required. potential: just a prima facie ‘yes’ is required. Earthizenz can do it at nominal cost.Earthizenz can do it at nominal cost.
►All ongoing and future projects must go All ongoing and future projects must go through a scanner for possible CDM benefits.through a scanner for possible CDM benefits.
►Ongoing Rural Projects should be reviewed, Ongoing Rural Projects should be reviewed, technology upwards. Earthizenz is already technology upwards. Earthizenz is already deeply involved in the selection of appropriate deeply involved in the selection of appropriate technology and its design. technology and its design.