The Rhetorical modes

Academic Writing Unit EW 3 classes

Ms. A. RodriguezHigh School for World Cultures

Bronx, New York

What does the five-paragraph essay look like?

INTRODUCTION: The first paragraph contains the summary of topic, three supporting ideas, and the thesis statement.

BODY : The second paragraph contains the first supporting idea with evidence. The last sentence of it leads into the next idea.

BODY : The third paragraph contains the second supporting idea with the same structure as the second.

BODY : The fourth paragraph contains the third supporting idea and the same structure as the second and third with the last sentence leading to the conclusion.

CONCLUSION: The last paragraph restates the thesis, three supporting ideas, and gives the reader something to think about.

What is a thesis statement? A thesis statement is a section of text which

clearly outlines the argument that will be presented in a paper. Ex: It is a great idea for schools to implement a policy on school

uniforms because statistics show that students who wear uniforms earn better grades, the male students aren't as distracted by what the female students are (or aren't) wearing, and students feel a sense of equality with one another.

Thesis statements include the points that will be supported in the argument.

Why do we need to know this? Rhetorical modes are the kinds of writing and

their purposes. Knowing the rhetorical modes helps us

recognize them in essay questions and writing exams.

Knowing the styles and the techniques helps us create polished pieces of writing.

What are the four most common rhetorical modes? Argumentation: The purpose of argumentation is to prove the

validity of an idea, or point of view. Description: The purpose of description visually present a

person, place, event, or action . Narration: The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate

an event or series of events . Exposition: The purpose of exposition is to explain and

analyze information.

Argumentation

The purpose of argumentation (sometimes also called persuasive writing) is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.

Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation with the additional aim to urge the reader to take some form of action.

Examples of argumentation writing

Critical reviewEditorialsJob evaluationLetter of recommendationLetters to the editorRésumés/Cover letter

Descriptive Descriptive writing is characterized by sensory details,

which appeal to the physical senses, and details that appeal to a reader’s emotional, physical, or intellectual sensibilities

A description is usually arranged spatially but can be chronological. The focus of a description is the scene.

Description uses tools such as figurative language, metaphor, and simile to arrive at a dominant impression.

Description

The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that which is being described.

Descriptive writing can be found in the other rhetorical modes.

Examples of description writing

Poetry Journal writing Witness statements Lab reports

Narration

The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events.

This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.

Narration is an especially useful tool for sequencing or putting details and information into some kind of logical order, usually chronological.

Examples of narrative writing Anecdote: a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident Autobiography: a biography written by its subject (or sometimes, in modern usage,

composed conjointly with a collaborative writer , styled "as told to" or "with"). Memoir- Closely associated with autobiography , difficult to precisely distinguish

from it, is the form of memoir. As a literary genre, a memoir, forms a subclass of autobiography

Biography: a description of someone's life, usually published in the form of a book or essay, or in some other form, such as a film.

Novel: "short story of something new" is today a long narrative in literary prose. Oral histories: can be defined as the recording, preservation and interpretation of

historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker.

Short stories: The short story refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in narrative format.

Exposition

The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.

What are some types of expository writing? Cause and Effect Classification and Division Comparison and Contrast Definition Process Analysis

Examples of expository writing How-to essays, such as recipes

and other instructions

Business letters

Personal letters

News stories

Press releases

Reports

Scientific reports

Wikipedia entries

Term papers

Textbooks

Wills

Cause and effect The defining features of a cause and effect

essay are causal chains, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order.

This rhetorical mode is often required on History exams. Ex: What led to the outbreak of World War I? Ex: What led to the Japanese Internment?

Classification and division Classification is the categorization of objects

into a larger whole, Division is the breaking of a larger whole into

smaller parts. Classification essays are often used in the

sciences including sociology and psychology.

Comparison and Contrast Compare and contrast is characterized by a basis for

comparison, points of comparison, analogies, and either comparison by object (chunking) or by point (sequential).

Comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects.

Ex: Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic Basis for comparison: both geographic areas

Comparison point by point- Caribbean cultures, former Spanish colonies, racial mixture due to historical events,

Contrast point by point- Size, relationship to the United States, level of development, Citizenship and migration patterns.

Block Arrangement (four paragraphs) I. Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to discuss

the differences between vacationing in the mountains or at the beach

II. MountainA.  ClimateB.  Types of Activities  C.  Location 

III. BeachA.  ClimateB.  Types of Activities  C.  Location 

IV. Conclusion

Point-by-Point or Alternating Arrangement (five paragraphs) I. Introduction in which you state your purpose which is to discuss differences

between vacationing in the mountains or at the beach II. First difference between mountains and beaches is climate

A.  MountainsB.  Beach

III. Second difference between mountains and beaches are types of activitiesA.  MountainsB.  Beach

IV. Third difference between mountains and beaches is the locationA.  MountainsB.  Beach

V. Conclusion

Definition Definition essays explain a term's meaning.

Some are written about concrete terms, such as trees, oceans, and dogs, while others talk about more abstract terms, such as liberty, happiness, and virtue. What does it mean to be Latino? What is cultural diffusion?

Process Analysis Process analysis essays explain the “process” of

how to do something, or how something was done.

An action is broken down into steps and explained.

References www.wikipedia.com http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080901114401AAFpmXD