the reincarnation of the great game throughout the 20th century

8/12/2019 The Reincarnation of the Great Game Throughout the 20th century

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Ugb Sbhfamrfmthdf d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb

Ugrdungdut tgb 3:tg Abftury

Lldhrb eb Lmstbr = M``mhrbs Burdpbffbs

Bomtbrhfm Usmrbndrdetsbvm

Zrd`bssbur adrrbatbur9 Ugdlms Smhfbmu


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3

Umckb d` Adftbfts

!"#$%&'(#!%" ******************************************************************************************************************************* +,-$# !. #/: $:=!=-3 %1 #/: 5$:-# 5-2: ************************************************************************* 0SRQQHMQ ^MX HFUD UGB USHZKB BFUBFUB ********************************************************************************* 0ZKMXQ MSDRFE UGB CDQZGDSRQ************************************************************************************************* >7BFE D@ ^DSKE ^MS H9UGB CDKQGBPHO ]RBQUHDF***************** ****************** ******************* ********* >8CSHUMHFQ MUUBLZUQ MU ADFUSDK HF URSOBQUMF MFE ZBSQHM************************ ****************** >0,-$# !!. -" !"#:$2!99!%" !" #/: 5$:-# 5-2: ************************************************************ ??MUGHSE MAUDS DF UGB QUMNB **************************************************************************************************** ??MKKHBQ HF UGB @MAB D@ M ADLLDF BFBLX****************************************************************************** ?;M@UBS UGB ^MS,CMAO UD UGB NMLB**************************************************************************************** ?8,-$# !!!. 3%%


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1

Hftrdeuathdf

Ugb ghstdry d` tgb Crhthsg adkdfhmk systbl stmrts hf tgb =0

tg

abftury wgbf tgbBlphrbs `hrst dutpdsts mrb arbmtbe hf Fdrtg Mlbrham mfe hf tgb Amrhccbmf. Hf =0::

]ubbf Bkhzmcbtg nrmfts m Sdymk Agmrtbr td m adlpmfy d` lbragmfts, wghag nrdws td

cbadlb tgb rbfdwfbe Bmst Hfehmf Adlpmfymfe dctmhfs m ldfdpdky df trmeb whtg

tgb aduftrhbs d` tgb Hfehmf mfe Zmah`ha Dabmfs. Hf tgb vbry cbnhffhfn d` tgb

=>tg abftury Bfnkhsg trmebrs sbttkb hf sdutgbrf Hfehm mfe tgus stmrt tgb tgrbb abftury

kdfn ghstdry d` Crhthsg Hfehm, tgb pbmrk tgb hf Crhthsg ardwf.

Kdre Nbdrnb Fmtgmfhbk Aurzdf, vhabrdy d` Hfehm (=788-=8:2) mfe Crhthsg

@drbhnf Qbarbtmry (=8=8-=835), hf ghs wrhthfnSusshm hf Abftrmk Mshm hf =778 mfe tgb

Mfnkd-Susshmf ]ubsthdf (=778) ebsarhcbs Hfehm ms tgb ldst vmkumckb d` Bfnkmfes

pdssbsshdfs. Ugb aduftrys rbsdurabs (mldfn dtgbrs9 shko, sphabs, adttdf, wdde,

smktpbtrb) wbrb gmrvbstbe hf Hfehm mfe crdungt cmao td Burdpb `dr trmeb, tgbrb`drb

adftrhcuthfn td Crhtmhfs adllbrahmk nrdwtg. Hfehm cbamlb m sdurab d` hfarbehckb

wbmktg `dr tgb Ardwf. Ugbrb`drb, tgb `bmr tgmt mfy dtgbr aduftry aduke mpprdmag Hfehm,

dr bvbf tghfo d` ht, wms tgb lmhf prbdaaupmthdf d` mkk Bfnkmfes pdkhahbs shfab tgb

ldlbft Crhthsg lbf sbt `ddt hf Hfehm mfe ebakmrbe ht tgbhr prdpbrty. Umohfn dvbr suag

m kmrnb mfe rhag tbrrhtdry aduke fdt cb bmsy, mfe Crhtmhf gme td `mab prdckbls cdtg

`rdl whtghf tgb aduftry mfe `rdl bfvhdus Burdpbmf fbhngcdurs.

Munust 3fe, =727. Ugb Zmrkhmlbft d` tgb Rfhtbe Ohfnedl pmssbs tgb Hfehm

Ndvbrflbft Mat, tgus d``hahmkky bstmckhsghfn tgb rukb d` tgb Ardwf dvbr Hfehm. Ugb mat

ehslhssbe tgb Bmst Hfehm Adlpmfy, wghag gme cbbf tgb rukhfn mutgdrhty cb`drb tgmt.

Ugb B.H.A. wms `dufebe hf =0=3 mfe adfsdkhemtbe hts rukb dvbr Hfehm hf =>>1 whtg tgb

bstmckhsghfn d` m amphtmk ahty hf Amkauttm mfe tgb mppdhftlbft d` m Ndvbrfdr-Nbfbrmk.

M ybmr cb`drb tgb Hfehm Mat, hf =72>, hf tgb slmkk tdwf d` Lbbrut stmrtbe m luthfy d`

sbpdys hf tgb B.H.A. mrly, wghag tgbf sprbme ms m ckddey rbcbkkhdf td ldst d` tgb

sucadfthfbft, td abftrmk Hfehm, tgb Ebkgh rbnhdf mfe uppbr Nmfnbtha pkmhf. Ugb Crhthsg

ndvbrflbft stdppbe tgb rbcbks, ehssdkvbe tgb Adlpmfy mfe ebakmrbe Hfehm ufebr tgb

ehrbat rukb d` tgb Ardwf. Hf gbr Zrdakmlmthdf td tgb Zrhfabs, Aghb`s mfe tgb Zbdpkb

d` Hfehm (=727), ]ubbf Phatdrhm sdkblfky akmhls tgmt Crhtmhfs dfky ndmk hs td prdtbat

mfe eb`bfe Hfehm mfe hts hfgmchtmfts, mfe td adftrhcutb td hts nrdwtg mfe ebvbkdplbft9


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^gbf, cy tgb ckbsshfn d` Zrdvhebfab, hftbrfmk trmfquhkkhty whkk cb rbstdrbe, ht

hs dur bmrfbst ebshrb td sthlukmtb tgb pbmab`uk hfeustry d` Hfehm, td prdldtb

wdros d` puckha uthkhty mfe hlprdvblbft, mfe td melhfhstbr tgb ndvbrflbft `dr

tgb cbfb`ht d` mkk dur sucibats rbshebft tgbrbhf. Hf tgbhr prdspbrhty whkk cb dur

strbfntg, hf tgbhr adftbftlbft dur sbaurhty, mfe hf tgbhr nrmthtueb dur cbst

rbwmre...

Cmao hf Burdpb, Fmpdkbdf Cdfmpmrtb wms Crhtmhfs kmst @rbfag fhngtlmrb mfe

tgb mfthpmtgy wms lutumk. Dppdshthdf whtg @rmfab, tgb `hngt `dr tgb Fbw ^drke mfe

adkdfhsmthdf gme ehrbatbe Crhthsg `drbhnf pdkhay `dr mkldst mkk d` tgb =7 tgabftury. Fbw

tbrrhtdrhbs lbmft fbw lmrobts, fbw rbsdurabs mfe nbfbrmk adftrdk dvbr tgb wdrke

trmeb, wghag wms tgbf dfky pdsshckb cy sbm. Ugb thlb pbrhde cbtwbbf =>81 mfe =7=2

wms tgb kmst hf tgb mfahbft rhvmkry cbtwbbf @rmfab mfe Crhtmhf. Gdwbvbr, ht hs

hlpdrtmft td fdtb tgmt tgbrb wbrb bssbfthmkky twd pgmsbs hf tgb Fmpdkbdfha wmrs.

Cdfmpmrtb gme ndde rbkmthdfsghps whtg tgb Usmr Zmuk H d` Susshm mfe tdnbtgbr tgby

wbrb pkdtthfn mnmhfst tgb Crhthsg Blphrb, tgb strmtbny cbhfn td aut Crhtmhf d`` d` gbr

Hfehmf adkdfhbs mfe rbsdurabs=. @dr m stmrt, `rdl =>87 td =7:= Cdfmpmrtb ufebrtddo mf

bxpbehthdf td Qyrhm mfe Bnypt. Ugbf, hf =7:=, Zmuk H sbft m Adssmao mrly td Crhthsg

Hfehm hf =7:=. Ugb Susshmf bxpbehthdf wms suppdsbe td cb idhfbe cy tgb @rbfag mt tgb

Pdknm bstumry mfe lmrag td Hfehm tdnbtgbr. Cut cb`drb tgby aduke suaabbe mfe bvbf

idhf, tgb Adssmao rbabhvbe fbws d` tgb Usmrs mssmsshfmthdf df tgb fhngt d` Lmrag =3,

=7:=. Mppmrbftky, Aduft Zbtbr Zmgkbf, rbspdfshckb `dr tgb rbnhaheb, gme gme sdlb thbs

whtg tgb Crhthsg Bfvdy-Bxtrmdrehfmry mfe Lhfhstbr-Zkbfhpdtbfthmry mt Qt. Zbtbrscurn,

Kdre Agmrkbs ^ghtwdrtg9

Kdre ^ghtwdrtgs pmrthahpmthdf hf tgb adfsphrmay wms rb`kbatbe hf nbfbrdus

`hfmfahfn. Lmfy pbdpkb smw Zmgkbf whtg ndkebf nuhfbms. Eurhfn m nmlb d`

amres hf Lmrag =7:=, Zmgkbf wmnbrbe 3::,::: ndkebf rduckbs - m kdt d`

ldfby `dr m ldebst fdckblmf `rdl Adurkmfe, bvbf dfb wgd mttmhfbe tgb

gbhngts d` pdwbr3

=Zbtbr Gdpohro, Ugb Nrbmt Nmlb9 Ugb Qtrunnkb `dr Blphrb hf Abftrmk Mshm, =883

3E. I. Smkbhng, M. M. Hsobfebrdv, Ugb Blpbrdrs mfe Blprbssbs d` Susshm9 Sbehsadvbrhfn

tgb Sdlmfdvs, =880


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^ms Zmuk H tgb `hrst vhathl hf tgb nmlbs d` rhvmkry cbtwbbf Susshm mfe Crhtmhf4

Ht hs m strdfn pdsshchkhty. Bspbahmkky wgbf dfb adfshebrs tgmt tgb fbxt emy m`tbr tgb

rbnhaheb, Zmuks gbhr, Mkbxmfebr H, hllbehmtbky amfabkkbe mkk d` tgb lurebrbe tsmrs

drebrs adfabrfhfn tgb Lmrag df Hfehm, aut ehpkdlmtha thbs whtg Fmpdkbdfs @rmfab mfe

bftbrbe m fbw admkhthdf whtg Crhtmhf.

Susshmf ghstdrhmf Xbvnbfy Umrkbebsarhcbs Fmpdkbdf erbmlhfn mfe ehsausshfn

Hfehm whtg tgb Adltb eb Fmrcdffb-Kmrm, ghs akdsb adufahkkdr, ms `dkkdws9

"Hlmnhfb Ldsadw tmobf - Susshm arusgbe - tgb Usmr rbadfahkbe dr ebme hf

sdlb pmkmab adfsphrmay ... Mfe tbkk lb wgbtgbr wb, m nrbmt mrly d`

@rbfaglbf mfe muxhkhmrhbs `rdl Uh`khs wduke gmvb td ed ldrb tgmf tduag tgb

Nmfnb Shvbr whtg m @rbfag swdre `dr tgb wgdkb sam``dkehfn d` Crhtmhf's

lbramfthkb nrbmtfbss td adkkmpsb."1

Gdwbvbr, Fmpdkbdf aduke fdt tgrbmtbf Crhtmhf df tgb sbms9 @rmfab ehe fdt

gmvb tgb su``hahbft lmrhthlb pdwbr `dr suag m agmkkbfnb. Cdfmpmrtbs bxpbehthdf td

Bnypt mfe ghs mttblpts mt mpprdmaghfn Hfehm tgrdung tgb Lheekb Bmst (hf drebr td

ufebrlhfb Crhtmhfs trmehfn rdutbs whtg Hfehm) wbrb fdt bfdung td pdsb m rbmk tgrbmt td

Crhtmhfs suprblmay bhtgbr. Ugb cmttkb d` Urm`mknmr hf =7:2 wms prdcmcky tgb ldst

ebahshvb fmvmk cmttkb hf tgb Fmpdkbdfha wmrs mfe gms prbebtbrlhfbe tgb bfe d` tgb

adf`khat. M`tbr mkldst uttbrky ebstrdyhfn tgb @rbfag `kbbt, Nrbmt Crhtmhf nmhfbe

mcsdkutb suprblmay df tgb dabmf. Ht cbamlb tgb Crhthsg Blphrb, dfb d` tgb ldst

pdwbrùk blphrbs tgmt gmvb bvbr bxhstbe, h` fdt tgb ldst pdwbrùk. Crhthsg lbf aduke

trmvbk tgb wdrke mfe tgbhr pdwbrùk `kbbt prdtbatbe tgbhr lmrhthlb trmeb. Ughs nmvb

tgbl tgb pdsshchkhty td put prbssurb df dtgbr stmtbs. H` Crhtmhf whsgbe td, sgb aduke aut

d`` Burdpb d` mkk trmehfn rdutbs.

Hf tghs adftbxt, tgb dtgbr sbrhdus tgrbmt kb`t wms tgb Susshmf Blphrb. Crhtmhf

wms mffdybe cy tgb cbnhffhfn d` tgb kmttbrs tbrrhtdrhmk bxpmfshdf td tgb Qdutg. Susshm

iusth`hbe tghs bxpmfshdf cy bxpkmhfhfn tgmt sgb wmftbe td stdp tgb rmhes d` Abftrmk

Mshmf cmrcmrhmfs df gbr tbrrhtdrhbs mfe hlpkblbft sdlb drebr mfe ehsahpkhfb df tgmt

whke kmfe. Mfdtgbr rbmsdf wms td nmhf maabss td abftrmk Mshmf prdeuats mfe rbsdurabs,

1Xbvnbfy Umrkb,Fmpdkbdf, =810


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ldstky adttdf. Ughs wms hlpdrtmft cbamusb mt tgb thlb Burdpb, wghag wms ufebrndhfn

tgb tbxthkb rbvdkuthdf, eblmfebe ldrb mfe ldrb d` tgmt rbsdurab. Ugb rgbtdrha d`

Susshmf d``hahmks wms prbtty luag tgb smlb tgmf tgmt d` Bfnkhsg adkdfhmkhsts. Ugb

Susshmf nbfbrmk Kbv Odstbfod, wgd tddo pmrt hf mf bxpbehthdf td tgb Ogmfmtb d`

Oghvm (=75:), bxpkmhfbe hf m vbry ehpkdlmtha wmy tgmt ht hs fdt mlchthdf dr dtgbr

sbk`-sbrvhfn amkaukmthdfs tgmt kbme Susshm hf hts bxpmfshdfhst ldvblbft hf Abftrmk

Mshm, cut sdkbky m ebshrb td crhfn pbmab td tgb kmfe, td sthlukmtb hts prdeuathvb `drabs

mfe dpbf tgb sgdrtbst pmtg `dr tgb bxpdrt d` Uurobstmf prdeuats td tgb Burdpbmf pmrt

d` Susshm5.

Ugb stmnb d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb hf =8tgabftury

Mkbxhs Ormussb, Susshm hf Mshm9 M Sbadre mfe m Qtuey, =227-=788, (Aurzdf Zrbss, =8>1

_=8::\)

Gdwbvbr, Susshms bxpmfshdf td tgb sdutg mfe tgb ghstdry d` tgb `hvb-guferbe-

ybmr Susshmf adkdfhmkhsl wms hf htsbk` rbmsdf bfdung `dr Crhthsg mfxhbty. Ud kbt Susshm

maabss tgb Hfehmf Dabmf vhm Zbrshm mfe M`ngmfhstmf wduke cb td mkkdw gbr td nmhf

ldrb hlpdrtmfab df tgb hftbrfmthdfmk stmnb. Crhtmhfs suprblmay df tgb sbm, gbr `kbbt,

prheb d` tgb Crhthsg Ardwf mfe Sdymk Fmvy, aduke cb ehlhfhsgbe cy tgb mppbmrmfab d`

5Oghedymtdv N. M. D` Ghstdry d` Mfnkd-Susshmf rbkmthdfsghps hf Abftrmk Mshm hf tgb kmtb =8tgabftury, =808


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m adlpbthtdr. Fdt td lbfthdf tgb trblbfedus mlduft d` rhagbs mfe rbsdurabs tgmt

Crhtmhf maquhrbe m`tbr sgb bstmckhsgbe gbr adkdfhbs hf Hfehm mfe tgmt sgb ehe fdt wmft td

sgmrb whtg mfy, bvbf gypdtgbthamk, hftruebr.

Abftrmk Mshm hs tgbrb`drb m aruahmk rbnhdf, hf m nbdstrmtbnha sbfsb, `dr ht hs m

cu``br zdfb cbtwbbf Susshm mfe tgb Crhthsg Smi, mfe tgb tgbmtrb d` lmfy adf`khats mfe

strunnkbs `dr hf`kubfab hf tgb mrbm. Ugb aduftrhbs d` Abftrmk Mshm wbrb ebsarhcbe

hf =787 cy Kdre Aurzdf ms phbabs df m agbsscdmre updf wghag hs cbhfn pkmybe dut m

nmlb `dr tgb edlhfhdf d` tgb wdrke. Ughs nmlb `dr edlhfmthdf hs wgmt ghstdrhmfs amkk

tdemy tgb Nrbmt Nmlb, tgmt hs td smy tgb rhvmkry cbtwbbf tgb Crhthsg Ardwf mfe tgb

Susshmf Blphrb `dr suprblmay mfe hf`kubfab hf Abftrmk Mshm. Ugb ldst hlpdrtmft

bphsdebs d` tghs pbrhde mrb prdcmcky tgb wmrs hf M`ngmfhstmf hf wghag cdtg Susshm mfe

Crhtmhf gme m agmfnhfn kuao, suaabbehfn mfe tgbf `mhkhfn hf turf. Ugb amfdfhamk,

ghstdrhamk eb`hfhthdf d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb stdps mt tgb cbnhffhfn d` tgb 3:tg abftury

whtg tgb Mfnkd-Susshmf adfvbfthdf d` =8:>, wghag ebtbrlhfbs spgbrb d` hf`kubfab hf

Abftrmk Mshm, mfe tgb =8=> Sbvdkuthdf mfe `mkk d` tgb Susshmf blphrb, wghag lmobs m

pkmybr ehsmppbmr `rdl tgb stmnb.

Cut hs tgb Nmlb rbmkkydvbr4

Ugb `mkk d` tgb ldfmragy ehe fdt lbmf Susshmf pdwbr gms vmfhsgbe. Ugb

wdrke sddf smw mfdtgbr nhmft rhsb `rdl tgb ruhfs d` tsmrhst Susshm9 tgb Rfhdf d` Qdvhbt

Qdahmkhst Sbpuckhas. Ugb Nrbmt Nmlb wms `mr `rdl cbhfn dvbr. Eurhfn tgb

3:tgabftury, tgb Nmlb lhngt kddo m khttkb cht eh``brbft, ht lhngt mksd cb amkkbe

eh``brbftky (Adke wmr `dr bxmlpkb) cut tgb rhvmkry hs sthkk gbrb mfe hs vbry luag

mkhvb. Ugb ebshrbe spgbrbs d` hf`kubfab d` cdtg shebs lhngt gmvb ldvbe td Burdpb, cut

Abftrmk Mshm mfe m kmrnbr tbrrhtdry hfakuehfn tgb Lheekb Bmst rbnhdf, rblmhfs m oby

mrbm fbvbrtgbkbss, `dr tgb hfeustrhmk rbvdkuthdf gms crdungt up tgb fbbe d` m fbw,

aruahmk rbsdurab9 dhk.

Ugbf mnmhf, td sdlb ht lhngt sbbl tgmt tgb Nrbmt Nmlb d` tgb 3:tg abftury,

m.o.m. Adke ^mr, bfes whtg tgb arusg d` tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf. Cut hs ht sd4 Susshm hs sthkk

stmfehfn mfe sthkk gms gbr dwf hftbrbsts cdtg hf Burdpb mfe Abftrmk Mshm. Qgb sbbos

fbw mkkhmfabs mfe dppdsbs fbw rhvmks, lmhfky tgb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs d` Mlbrham, wghag hf

m wmy amf cb adfshebrbe ms tgb ehrbat gbhrs d` tgb Crhthsg blphrb, cbamusb bvbf h` tgby

`dungt `dr hfebpbfebfab, Mlbrhamfs sbbl tgb rbpbmt tgb Crhthsg hlpbrhmk pmttbrf d`

cbgmvhdur mfe wdrke suprblmay, rbkyhfn df lmrhthlb pdwbr mfe mkkhbe stmtbs mkk dvbr


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tgb wdrke. Ugbrb`drb, tgb Nrbmt Nmlb sbbls td cb gbrbehtmry, pmsshfn `rdl dfb stmtb

td mfdtgbr, fbvbr adlhfn td mfe h` tgbrb mrb sthkk pkmybrs td pkmy ht.

^b gmvb fd pbrlmfbft mkkhbs, wb gmvb fd pbrlmfbft bfblhbs, wb dfky gmvb

pbrlmfbft hftbrbsts.2

Kdre Zmklbrstdf

2 Mttrhcutbe td Gbfry Idgf Ublpkb, Kdre Zmklbrstdf, Crhthsg Zrhlb Lhfhstbr `rdl =722 td

=727 mfe `rdl =728 td =702


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Zmrt H9 Ugb rbvhvmk d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb

M nrbmt fmthdf trusts td htsbk` lmhfky? dfky sbadfemrhky td mkkhmfabs, gdwbvbrhfthlmtb. @dr ebbp hf tgb gbmrt d` bvbry fmthdf khb mfahbft, strdfn rbsbftlbfts,

rbsbftlbfts tgmt mt m ldlbft d` arhshs lmy `kmrb up hftd mfahbft strh`bs. ^mr

gms d`tbf rbvbmkbe mftmndfhsls cbtwbbf pdwbrs mppmrbftky `rhbfeky, mfe

sylpmtghbs cbtwbbf pdwbrs mppmrbftky gdsthkb.0

Susshms wmy hftd tgb Urhpkb Bftbftb

Gdw ehe Susshm bfe up hf m admkhthdf whtg Crhtmhf, gbr lmhf dppdfbft eurhfn

tgb bfthrb WHW abftury mfe @rmfab, m `drlbr bfbly ms wbkk4 Ud mfswbr tghs qubsthdf,

wb whkk gmvb td kddo mt bvbfts hf Burdpb tgmt tddo pkmab m khttkb bmrkhbr.

M`tbr @rmfabs amtmstrdpgha eb`bmt hf tgb =7>= @rmfad-Zrusshmf wmr, wghag gme

kb`t m prd`dufe lmro df tgb aduftry mfe tgb ldrmk d` hts pbdpkb, @rmfab wms kddohfn

`dr mf bxht `rdl gbr ehpkdlmtha hsdkmthdf. @urtgbrldrb, tgb arbmthdf d` tgb UrhpkbMkkhmfab (Nbrlmfy, Mustrhm-Gufnmry mfe Htmky) kbmvbs cdtg Susshm mfe @rmfab

vukfbrmckb. Ugbrb`drb tgbrb hs fd surprhsb tgmt tgb @rbfag pbdpkb wbkadlbe tgb

@rmfad-Susshmf mkkhmfab d` =783 whtg bupgdrhm. @rmfab tgus cbamlb Susshms mkky

mnmhfst tgb Mustrd-Gufnmrhmf Blphrb, wgd gme cbadlb dfb d` tgb ldst hf`kubfthmk

blphrbs df tgb Burdpbmf adfthfbft, up ufthk =8=7.

Susshms kmst Usmr, Fhagdkms HH, gme td `mab twd wmrs, tgb `hrst cbhfn tgbSussd-

Impmfbsb wmr d` =8:2. Ht stdppbe Susshms bxpmfshdf td tgb Bmst mfe pkmybe mf

hlpdrtmft rdkb hf wrmpphfn up tgb Nrbmt Nmlb. Crhtmhf pmrthahpmtbe hfehrbatky hf tgb

adf`khat mfe suppdrtbe Impmf eurhfn tgb bfthrb wmr b``drt. Crhtmhf mfe Impmf gme

shnfbe tgb Mfnkd-Impmfbsb mkkhmfab hf =8:3mfe ht wms kmtbr rbfbwbe hf =8:2. Ughs

wms mf mttblpt mt khlhthfn Susshms bxpmfshdf hf tgb Bmst shfab tgb kmttbr gme

ebvbkdpbe badfdlha mfe tbrrhtdrhmk hftbrbsts hf Odrbm mfe Fdrtgbmst Aghfm

(Lmfagurhm). Umohfn mevmftmnb d` tgb turldhk hf tgbCdxbr arhshs(=8::), Susshm sbft

trddps td Lmfagurhm, wghag lmeb Crhtmhf ufadl`drtmckb, `dr ht sbblbe td lmro tgb

0Idgf Meml Armlc, Nbrlmfy mfe Bfnkmfe, =8=5


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=:

cbnhffhfn d` Aghfms pmrththdf cbtwbbf tgb ^bstbrf aduftrhbs mfe tgrbmtbfbe tgbhr

trmeb rdutbs.>Impmf mfe Susshm gmvb mkrbmey akmsgbe df tgb Odrbmf mfe Lmfagurhmf

qubsthdf cb`drb, mfe tgbhr rbkmthdfsghp wms dfky nbtthfn wdrsb bvbry thlb tgby

adf`rdftbe bmag dtgbr. Hf =8:=, Impmf amlb akdsb td ebakmrhfn wmr, cut cmaobe d``

m`tbr rbmkhzhfn tgby wduke cb mkdfb hf tghs `hngt (bspbahmkky nhvbf tgb `mat tgmt Susshm

gme cy tgbf sbaurbe m sdkhe mkkhmfab whtg @rmfab). Nrbmt Crhtmhf tdd wmsft ndhfn td

wmnb wmr dvbr Lmfagurhm. Gdwbvbr, tgb ehpkdlmtha nrdufe `dr mf uktbrhdr mnrbblbft

cbtwbbf Crhtmhf mfe Impmf wms kmhe. Ugb Mfnkd-Impmfbsb mkkhmfab d` =8:3 stmtbs tgmt

h` Impmf bftbrs wmr whtg Susshm, Crhtmhf rblmhfs fbutrmk. Gdwbvbr, h` m tghre stmtb

bftbrs tgb wmr (hlpkyhfn @rmfab, ms Susshms lmhf mkky), tgbf tgb Crhthsg whkk idhf tgb

wmr df tgb Impmfbsb sheb. Ugb Mkkhmfab wms m wmrfhfn td Susshms bxpmfshdf td tgb

Bmst. Cut ldrb hlpdrtmftky, ht wms eb `matdm numrmftbb `dr Impmf tgmt ht wduke fdt

`hfe htsbk` `hngthfn sbvbrmk aduftrhbs mt dfab, cbamusb tgb rhso d` bftbrhfn m adf`khat

whtg Crhtmhf hfthlhemtbe @rmfab. Ugbrb`drb wb amf adfshebr tghs bvbft ms pmrt d` tgb

Nrbmt Nmlb, nhvbf tgmt tgb Rfhtbe-Ohfnedl wms eb `matd hfvdkvbe hf tghs wmr mfe

gms bvbf prbpmrbe tgb nrdufe `dr ht. ^gbf tgb Sussd-Impmfbsb wmr cbnuf sdlb thlb

kmtbr, hf =8:2, Crhthsg dcsbrvbrs wbrb stmthdfbe hf Impmfbsb gbmequmrtbrs, df tgbhr

sghps, eurhfn tgb mttmaos df Zdrt Mrtgur mfe Ususghlm.

Ugb rbvdkuthdf d` =8:2 amf cb adfshebrbe ms dfb d` tgb rbmsdfs d` Susshms

`mhkurb hf tghs adf`khat. Ugb ehsdrebr hfsheb tgb aduftry pusgbe tgb Susshmf

ndvbrflbft td bfe tgb wmr sddfbr tgmf bxpbatbe. Hf tgb Urbmty d`Zdrtsldutg, wghag

shnfbe tgb pbmab, Susshmfs mnrbbe fdt td hftbr`brb hf Impmfs ebmkhfns whtg Odrbm mfe

kdst tgbhr Zdrt Mrtgur fmvmk cmsb. Ugb m`tbrlmtg gdwbvbr, hs luag ldrb prd`dufe tgmf

lbrbky tgbsb tbrrhtdrhmk mnrbblbfts9 Susshm wms thrbe d` wmr.

@rdl tgmt ldlbft df, gbr ehpkdlmts sbbo td mvdhe mfy dtgbr adf`khat df mfy

dtgbr `rdft, bspbahmkky adf`rdftmthdf whtg nrbmt Burdpbmf stmtbs. Ugb Sussd-Impmfbsb

wmr wms tgb `hrst kmrnb adf`khat shfab tgb Sussd-Uurohsg wmr d` =7>>-=7>7, wghag tddo

pkmab mkldst 1: ybmrs bmrkhbr mfe hf wghag Susshm wms vhatdrhdus. Gdwbvbr, tghfns

gmvb agmfnbe hf 1: ybmrs. Ugb Sussd-Impmfbsb wmr rbvbmkbe m nrbmt fulcbr d` `kmws

hf tgb Blphrbs badfdly mfe hts lhkhtmry rbmehfbss. Ugb eb`bmt wms mkk tgb ldrb

gulhkhmthfn cbamusb Impmf wms tgbf adfshebrbe m cmaowmre Mshmf aduftry, wgbrbms

Susshm wms suppdsbe td cb m pdwbr`uk blphrb obbphfn gbr bfblhbs hf mwb. Ugb

>Hmf Fhsg, Ugb Mfnkd-Impmfbsb Mkkhmfab9 Ugb Ehpkdlmay d` Uwd Hskmfe Blphrbs, =785-=8:>,=8>>


11/46

==

aduftry su``brbe `rdl m kmao d` hf`rmstruaturbs, dut-emtbe tbagfdkdnhbs mfe wbmpdfry.

Gbr dvbrmkk hfeustrhmk ebvbkdplbft wms cbghfe kbmehfn Burdpbmf aduftrhbs mfe gbr

sdahbty wms sthkk ldstky mnrmrhmf. Hf tghs sbfsb, m crbmo hf mrlbe adf`khats mfe tgb

ldlbft d` pbmab tgmt `dkkdwbe wms vbry wbkadlb `dr tgb aduftry td rbcuhke htsbk`, td

ldebrfhzb hts mrly, adfthfub rmhkrdme adfstruathdfs mfe suag. Mksd, tgb ndvbrflbft

adfshebrbe Susshms bxpmfshdf ldstky dvbr mfe gbr `rdfthbrs sbttkbe. Ht wms thlb `dr

hftbrfmk nrdwtg mfe ebvbkdplbft. Ugb aduftbr-rbvdkuthdf mfe ldebrfhsmthdf d` tgb

aduftrys hftbrhdr drnmfhsmthdf wbrb adstky. Susshm wms sbbohfn hfvbstlbfts `rdl

Burdpbmfs aduftry mfe wms nhvbf m 3,32: lhkkhdf `rmfas kdmf, mfe tgb chnnbst kbfebr

wms @rmfab. @rbfag, Bfnkhsg mfe Cbknhmf hfvbstlbfts wbrb tgb educkb d` Nbrlmf

hfvbstlbfts. Hf prmathab ht mksd lbmft tgmt tgb prd-Crhthsg kdccy hfsheb Susshms

`hfmfahmk spgbrb wms ldrb hf`kubfthmk tgmf tgb prd-Nbrlmf dfb.

@dkkdwhfn tgb smlb kdnha d` rbst, Susshms Lhfhstbr d` @drbhnf m``mhrs,

Mkbxmfebr Hzvdksoy adfshebrbe mf mkkhmfab whtg Crhtmhf td cb tgb dfky wmy td prbsbrvb

Susshm `rdl mfdtgbr thrbsdlb wmr mfe mfdtgbr cufag d` sdahd-badfdlha prdckbls.

Hfebbe, Susshm ehe fdt stdp tgmt ehsmstrdus wmr hf tgb Bmst dfky td nbt hfvdkvbe hf

sdlb dtgbr adf`khat df gbr ^bstbrf dr Qdutgbrf cdrebrs. Ugbrb`drb, twd ybmrs m`tbr

tgb Zdrtsldutg trbmty, tgb Blphrb mfe Crhtmhf shnfbe tgb Mfnkd-Susshmf Adfvbfthdf

hf =8:>. Ughs adfvbfthdf d``hahmkky bfebe tgb Nrbmt Nmlb cy sbtthfn tgb spgbrbs d`

hf`kubfab hf Abftrmk Mshm. Susshm rbadnfhzbe Crhtmhfs prdtbatdrmtb dvbr M`ngmfhstmf

mfe mnrbbe td abmsb mkk m``mhrs whtg tgb Blhr. Cdtg rbadnfhzbe Uhcbt ms m pmrt d` Aghfm

mfe mnrbbe td stdp tryhfn td tmob dvbr ht. Zbrshm wms sbpmrmtbe hftd tgrbb rbnhdfs. Dfb

wms Susshms spgbrb d` hf`kubfab hf tgb Fdrtg, Crhtmhfs dfb wms hf tgb Qdutg mfe m

fbutrmk rbnhdf wms arbmtbe cbtwbbf tgbl. Ugb adfvbfthdf mksd sbmkbe tgb Urhpkb

Bftbftb, wghag wms arbmtbe stbp cy stbp dvbr tgb prbabebft ybmrs9

d Hf =78=, tgb `hrst stbp hs tgb arbmthdf d` tgb@rmfad-Susshmf mkkhmfabd Hf =8:5, tgbBftbftb adrehmkbcbtwbbf @rmfab mfe Crhtmhfd Hf =8:>, tgbMfnkd-Susshmf Adfvbfthdf

Cut h` Susshm sdungt trmfquhkkhty mfe thlb td rbcuhke, mfe wms whkkhfn td pmy

`dr ht cy yhbkehfn hf`kubfab hf Abftrmk Mshm, tgb Rfhtbe Ohfnedl gme dtgbr

ldthvmthdfs td bftbr m admkhthdf whtg Susshm. Hf tgb ^bst, tgb Nbrlmf blphrb wms

nmtgbrhfn hts strbfntg mfe gms cbadlb tgb ldst pdwbr`uk stmtb hf adfthfbftmk Burdpb,

wgbrbms Omhsbrs ^hkgbkl HH `drbhnf pdkhay wms akbmrky ufebrlhfhfn pbmab df tgb


12/46

=3

adfthfbft. Ugb arbmthdf d` tgb Urhpkb Mkkhmfab gme ebstrdybe Bfnkmfes hebmk d`

cmkmfab d` pdwbrs hf Burdpb lbmft td obbp pbmab df tgb adfthfbft. Crhtmhf gbrsbk`

wms `drabe dut d` gbr spkbfehe hsdkmthdf. Ms m rbmathdf td tgb Urhpkhab, tgb Ardwf

shnfbe mf mkkhmfab whtg @rmfab mfe kmtbr Susshm. Gdwbvbr, `rdl tgb Susshmfs pdhft d`

vhbw, tgbhr Blphrb wms kurbe hftd m spbah`hamkky mfth-Nbrlmfckdao, tgmt hs td smy hftd

wmr, dfab mnmhf, m shtumthdf Fhagdkms HH wms tryhfn sd gmre td mvdhe. ^drsb, tgb

blpbrdr wms `drabe td sheb whtg ghs kdfn thlb rhvmk mnmhfst m `rhbfeky stmtb mfe

Susshms chnnbst trmehfn pmrtfbr (mfe mksd ghs adushf ^hkgbkl, whtg wgdl tgb

blpbrdr gme m quhtb mlhamckb rbkmthdfsghp). Zydtr Eurfdvd, Susshmf Hlpbrhmk

Lhfhstbr d` Hftbrhdr, trhbe td wmrf tgb Usmr d` tgb ehsmstrdus adfsbqubfabs d` wmr whtg

Nbrlmfy9

Ugb lmhf curebf d` tgb wmr whkk ufeductbeky `mkk df us, shfab Bfnkmfe hs

gmreky ampmckb d` tmohfn m adfshebrmckb pmrt hf m adfthfbftmk wmr, wghkb

@rmfab, pddr hf lmf pdwbr, whkk prdcmcky megbrb td strhatky eb`bfshvb tmathas,

hf vhbw d` tgb bfdrldus kdssbs cy wghag wmr whkk cb mttbfebe ufebr prbsbft

adfehthdfs d` lhkhtmry tbagfhqub. Ugb pmrt d` m cmttbrhfn-rml, lmohfn m crbmag

hf tgb vbry tghao d` tgb Nbrlmf eb`bfab, whkk cb durs, whtg lmfy `matdrs

mnmhfst us td wghag wb sgmkk gmvb td ebvdtb nrbmt b``drt mfe mttbfthdf.7

@rdl m strhatky badfdlhamk pdhft d` vhbw, Eurfdvd mksd pdhftbe dut tgmt wmr whtg

Nbrlmfy hs dfky prd`htmckb td Crhtmhf, wgd wmfts td wbmobf gbr adlpbthtdr df tgb sbm

mfe `mr adkdfhbs.

Hf rbspbat td Nbrlmfy's badfdlha `uturb, tgb hftbrbsts d` Susshm mfe Bfnkmfe

mrb ehmlbtrhamkky dppdsbe. @dr Bfnkmfe, ht hs prd`htmckb td ohkk Nbrlmfy's

lmrhthlb trmeb mfe hfeustry, turfhfn gbr hftd m pddr mfe, h` pdsshckb,

mnrhaukturmk aduftry. @dr us, ht hs d` mevmftmnb `dr Nbrlmfy td ebvbkdp gbr

sbm-ndhfn adllbrab mfe tgb hfeustry wghag sbrvbs ht, sd ms td suppky tgb

rbldtbst wdrke lmrobts, mfe mt tgb smlb thlb dpbf gbr edlbstha lmrobt td dur

mnrhaukturmk prdeuats, td suppky gbr kmrnb wdrohfn pdpukmthdf.8

7Ugb Eurfdvd Lbldrmfeul, =8=5,gttp9//fdvmdfkhfb.fvaa.beu/bkh/bvmfs/ghs353/Edaulbfts/Eurfdvd.pe`

8Hche.


13/46

=1

Bvbf ldrb hlpdrtmft, Eurfdvd gme `drbsbbf mkk tgb trduckb tgmt whkk adlb dut hf amsb

d` eb`bmt, mfe tgb sdahmk ehsmstbr tgmt wduke `dkkdw.

Hf tgb bvbft d` eb`bmt () sdahmk rbvdkuthdf hf hts ldst bxtrblb `drl hs

hfbvhtmckb. () Ugb trduckb whkk stmrt whtg tgb ckmlhfn d` tgb Ndvbrflbft `dr

mkk ehsmstbrs. Hf tgb kbnhskmthvb hfsthtuthdfs m chttbr amlpmhnf mnmhfst tgb

Ndvbrflbft whkk cbnhf, `dkkdwbe cy rbvdkuthdfmry mnhtmthdfs tgrdungdut tgb

aduftry, whtg Qdahmkhst skdnmfs, ampmckb d` mrdushfn mfe rmkkyhfn tgb lmssbs,

cbnhffhfn whtg tgb ehvhshdf d` tgb kmfe mfe suaabbebe cy m ehvhshdf d` mkk

vmkumckbs mfe prdpbrty. Ugb eb`bmtbe mrly () whkk `hfe htsbk` tdd ebldrmkhzbe

td sbrvb ms m cukwmro d` kmw mfe drebr. Ugb kbnhskmthvb hfsthtuthdfs mfe tgb

hftbkkbatumk dppdshthdf pmrthbs () whkk cb pdwbrkbss td stbl tgb pdpukmr

theb Susshm whkk cb `kufn hftd gdpbkbss mfmragy, tgb hssub d` wghag amffdt cb

`drbsbbf.=:

Zydtr Eurfdvd akbmrky smw tgmt tgb vbry bxhstbfab d` tgb Susshmf Blphrb wms

mt stmob mfe Ghstdry adf`hrlbe ghs prdpgbay td tgb kbttbr.

Mfdtgbr shnf tgmt Susshm mfe Nbrlmfy ehe fdt whsg td bfnmnb hf wmr mnmhfst

bmag dtgbr wms tgb tbkbnrml bxagmfnb tgmt tddo pkmab cbtwbbf Fhagdkms mfe ^hkgbkl

df tgb bvb d` wmr, m`tbr tgb lurebr d` Mrageuob @rmfz @brehfmfe hf Qmrmibvd. Cdtg

blpbrdrs, wgd wbrb akdsb rbkmthvbs mfe `rhbfes, akmhl tgby ed fdt whsg td bfnmnb hf

cmttkb mnmhfst bmag dtgbr. Cut tgb lbagmfhsls d` tgb mkkhmfabs mrb lbrahkbss, mfe

Susshm mfe Nbrlmfy nbt ermwf hftd wmr ms mkkhbs d` Qbrchm mfe Mustrd-Gufnmry

rbspbathvbky, ebsphtb mttblpts mt fbndthmthdf.

H cbn ydu hf tgb fmlb d` dur dke `rhbfesghp td ed wgmt ydu amf td stdp ydur

mkkhbs `rdl ndhfn tdd `mr.

Usmr td Omhsbr, Iuky 38, =8=5==

=:Hche.

==Ugb ^drke ^mr H Edaulbft Mraghvb9 Ugb ^hkky-Fhaoy Adrrbspdfebfab mfe Ubkbnrmls,

gttp9//wwh.khc.cyu.beu/hfebx.pgp/UgbT^hkky-FhaoyTUbkbnrmls


14/46

=5

Xdu whkk eductkbss mnrbb whtg lb tgmt wb cdtg, ydu mfe lb, gmvb m adlldf

hftbrbst ms wbkk ms mkk Qdvbrbhnfs td hfshst tgmt mkk tgb pbrsdfs ldrmkky

rbspdfshckb `dr tgb emstmreky lurebr sgduke rbabhvb tgbhr ebsbrvbe

pufhsglbft. Hf tghs amsb pdkhthas pkmys fd pmrt mt mkk. () H ml bxbrthfn ly

utldst hf`kubfab td hfeuab tgb Mustrhmfs td ebmk strmhngtky td mrrhvb td m

smths`matdry ufebrstmfehfn whtg ydu.

Omhsbr td Usmr, Iuky 38, =8=5=3

H` fdr tgb Omhsbr, fdr tgb Usmr whsgbe `dr wmr, gdw ehe ht adlb td ht4 Gdw

adlbs fdcdey gbbebe tgb wmrfhfns d` tgb Hftbrhdr Lhfhstbr Eurfdvd4 Mrb tgb

mkkhmfabs mfe prdlhsbs d` gbkp sdkb rbspdfshckb `dr tgb ehsmstbr tgmt tdrb mpmrt tgb

Burdpbmf adfthfbft4 Susshm gme dfb vbry pmrthaukmr hftbrbst hf bfnmnhfn hf tgb @hrst

^drke ^mr mfe sgb `bkk vhathl td gbr mfahbft tblptmthdf9 td nbt gbr gmfes df dfb d`

tgb lmhf stmobs hf tgb Nrbmt Nmlb, tgb Uurohsg Qtrmhts.

Zkmys mrdufe tgb Cdspgdrus

Cdufemrhbs cbtwbbf Burdpb mfe Mshm, pmssmnb `rdl tgb Ckmao sbm td tgb

Lbehtbrrmfbmf, tgb Cdspgdrus mfe Emremfbkkbs wbrb adfshebrbe m aruahmk nbdstrmtbnha

kdamthdf shfab tgb Cyzmfthfb Blphrb mfe bvbf ldrb sd whtg tgb cbnhffhfn d` tgb Nrbmt

Nmlb. Qd wms Hfehm tgb rbmk ndmk d` Susshmf hlpbrhmkhst bxpmfshdfhsl tgb Crhthsg

`bmrbe sd luag4Ugb mfswbr hs fd9 Adfstmfthfdpkb mfe tgb Uurohsg strmhts wbrb tgb

ndmk d` mkk d` Susshm's `drbhnf pdkhay. Ms Kdre Aurzdf put ht, tgb Susshmf tgrbmt hf

Abftrmk Mshm wms ldstky m lbmfs td put prbssurb df Crhtmhf mfe pusg gbr td yhbke df

Susshms hftbrbsts whtghf Burdpb.

Ugb Susshmf mevmfabs () Ghs dcibat hs fdt Amkauttm, cut Adfstmfthfdpkb,

fdt tgb Nmfnbs, cut tgb Ndkebf Gdrf. Gb cbkhbvbs tgmt tgb obys d` tgb

Cdspgdrus mrb ldrb khobky td cb wdf df tgb cmfos d` tgb Gbklufe tgmf df tgb

gbhngts d` Zkbvfm. Ud obbp Bfnkmfe quhbt hf Burdpb cy obbphfn gbr blpkdybe

hf Mshm, tgmt, crhb`ky put, hs tgb sul mfe sucstmfab d` Susshmf pdkhay.=1

=3Hche.

=1Kdre Fmtgmfhbk Aurzdf, Susshm hf Abftrmk Mshm hf =778 mfe tgb Mfnkd-Susshmf qubsthdf,

pp. 13=-133.


15/46

=2

H msobe m ehsthfnuhsgbe Susshmf ehpkdlmthst ufebr wgmt ahraulstmfabs ghs

Ndvbrflbft wduke `bbk htsbk` iusth`hbe hf vhdkmthfn tgb M`ngmf `rdfthbr, sd

sdkblfky sbttkbe m ybmr mfe m gmk` mnd, mfe agmkkbfnhfn m adf`khat whtg

Bfnkmfe hf tgb Bmst. Ghs rbpky wms vbry ehsthfat. 'Rpdf tgb daaurrbfab d`

bhtgbr d` twd adfthfnbfahbs, gb smhe, h` ydu tmlpbr whtg tgb Susshmf

edlhfhdfs fdrtg d` tgb Dxus=5

? dr h` ydu hftbr`brb whtg tgb rbmkhsmthdf d` dur

fmthdfmk mhls hf Burdpb.=2

-- Kdre Aurzdf

Adftrdk dvbr tgb Cdspgdrus rbnhdf wduke lbmf pdsshchkhty d` bxpmfshdf mfe

lmycb bvbf tgb rbmkhsmthdf d` m Agrhsthmf drtgdedx blphrb (m mfahbft Susshmf

msphrmthdf td cbhfn tgb Ughre Sdlb). Mksd, ht wduke lbmf maabss td tgb

Lbehtbrrmfbmf Qbm mfe sbaurhty `dr tgb Blphrb whtg hts `kbbt stmthdfbe hf tgb nmtbs d`

tgb Ckmao sbm. Ms `dr tgb Crhthsg sheb, tgb Ardwf wms wdrrhbe tgmt tgb trmeb rdutbs td

Hfehm wbrb bspbahmkky `rmnhkb hf tgb Uurohsg strmhts rbnhdf. Susshm tdd `bkt vukfbrmckb

wgbf ht amlb td tgb strmhts, cbamusb tgby wbrb gbr lmhf trmehfn rdutbs. Ugbrb`drb, tgb

wbmo spdts d` cdtg blphrbs lmtag. Crhtmhf, tgb wdrkes chnnbst lmrhthlb pdwbr, gms

cbbf strunnkhfn fdt td kbt dfb sghp `rdl tgb Susshmf fmvy hftd tgb Lbehtbrrmfbmf.

Bvbry thlb Susshmfs gmvb mpprdmagbe tgb Cdspgdrus, Bfnkmfe tddo m eb`bfshvb

pdshthdf fdt td kbt tgbl mfywgbrb fbmr tgb strmhts. Lmfy ebsarhpthvb bxmlpkbs amf

hkkustrmtb tghs rhvmkry.

M `hrst dfb hs tgb Arhlbmf wmr d` =721-=720, wghag wms m eb`bmt `dr Susshm.

Qgb kdst gbr `kbbt mfe cmsbs df tgb Ckmao sbm. Ugb strmhts wbrb pkmabe ufebr

hftbrfmthdfmk adftrdk mfe sucsbqubftky Susshms fmvmk prbsbfab hf tgb Lbehtbrrmfbmf

mfe tgb Ckmao sbm wms rbeuabe td mkldst fdfb maadrehfn td tgb Zmrhs Urbmty d` =820.

Mfdtgbr bxmlpkb amf cb `dufe hf tgb Sussd-Uurohsg wmr d` =7>>-=7>7,

wghag stmrtbe ms m wmr d` khcbrmthdf d` tgb Cmkomfs Agrhsthmf pdpukmthdf `rdl tgb

Dttdlmf rukb mfe quhaoky bvdkvbe hftd m `hngt `dr hf`kubfab hf tgb rbnhdf. Ht wduke

gmvb sbblbe tgmt Crhtmhf gme fd qumrrbk hf tghs adf`khat. Gdwbvbr, wgbf mt tgb bfe d`

tgb wmr Susshmf trddps wbrb mpprdmaghfn Adfstmfthfdpkb mfe gme rbmagbe Qmf

Qtb`mfd (kdamtbe df tgb Lmrlmrm Qbm dfky mcdut == ohkdlbtrbs wbst d` Hstmfcuk), tgb

Crhthsg `kbbt bftbrbe tgb Cdspgdrus mfe tgrbmtbfbe td ebakmrb wmr mnmhfst Susshm. Ugb

kmttbr gme td cmao d`` mfe maabpt tgb pbmab trbmty prdpdsbe cy tgb Dttdlmf Blphrb.

=5Ugb Dxus, tdemy ofdwf ms tgb Mlu Emrym, hs m lmidr rhvbr hf Abftrmk Mshm.=2Hche.


16/46

=0

Gdwbvbr, Susshms heb `hxb d` tmohfn dvbr tgb Uurohsg strmhts bfeurbe. Hf

=77>, m`tbr tgb Kbmnub d` tgb Ugrbb Blpbrdrs (cbtwbbf Mkbxmfebr HH d` Susshm,

@rmfz Idsbpg d` Mustrhm-Gufnmry mfe ^hkgbkl H d` Nbrlmfy) crdob edwf, Susshm

mfe Nbrlmfy adfakuebe m Urbmty d` Sbhfsurmfab=0. Nbrlmfy wms wdrrhbe cy Susshm

nbtthfn akdsbr td @rmfab (tgb @rmfad-Zrusshmf wmr wms sthkk `rbsg hf bvbrycdeys

lbldry), tgbrb`drb tgb Omhsbr sdungt numrmftbbs td prdtbat Nbrlmfy `rdl m fbw wmr

whtg tgbhr @rbfag dppdfbft mfe bfsurb tgb kmttbrs ehpkdlmtha hsdkmthdf. Ud ed tgmt, tgb

Omhsbr prdabbebe cy sbmkhfn mf mkkhmfab whtg Htmky mfe Mustrhm-Gufnmry9 tgb Urhpkb

Mkkhmfab hf =773 (`hrst hfsurmfab). Ugbf gb shnfbe m sbarbt trbmty whtg Susshm

(rbhfsurmfab). Ugmt wmy Nbrlmfy wms prdtbatbe `rdl m twd-`rdft wmr h` sgb bvbr

ndt hftd adf`khat whtg @rmfab mnmhf. Df tgb Susshmf sheb, Mkbxmfebr HH wms wdrrhbe cy

tgb Mustrhm-Gufnmrys mathvhty hf tgb Cmkomfs mfe, ms usumk, tgb maabss td tgb

Cdspgdrus. Ugbrb`drb, tgb sbarbt Sbhfsurmfab trbmty stmtbe tgmt9

d Nbrlmfy mfe Susshm rblmhf fbutrmk sgduke tgb dtgbr cb hfvdkvbe hf mwmr whtg m tghre aduftry. Ughs edbs fdt mppky sgduke Nbrlmfy mttmao

@rmfab dr Susshm mttmao Mustrhm-Gufnmry?

d Nbrlmfy rblmhfs fbutrmk h` m Susshmf hftbrvbfthdf tmobs pkmab hf tgbCdspgdrus mfe tgb Emremfbkkbs.

Cut wgmt d` tgb Uurohsg strmhts hf tgb @hrst ^drke ^mr4

Df Lmrag =7, =8=2, @rmfab mfe Nrbmt Crhtmhf shnfbe mf mnrbblbft, hf wghag

tgby prdlhsbe td nhvb Susshm `ukk adftrdk dvbr tgb Cdspgdrus, tgb Emremfbkkbs mfe

Adfstmfthfdpkb hf amsb tgb Mkkhbs mrb vhatdrhdus hf wmr. Ughs wms amkkbe tgb

Adfstmfthfdpkb mnrbblbft.=> @dr tgb `hrst thlb, tgb Dttdlmf Blphrb gme td `mab m

admkhthdf d` tgrbb nrbmt pdwbrs. @dr tgb `hrst thlb @rmfab mfe Crhtmhf wbrb fdt tryhfn td

rbstrmhf Susshms armvb `dr tgb strmhts, fdw tgmt Uuroby gme shebe whtg Nbrlmfy. Ms

tgby fbbebe Susshms gbkp hf wmr, @rbfag mfe Crhthsg ehpkdlmts gme td lmob surb tgb

Susshmf ndvbrflbft wduke cb hftbrbstbe hf sbbhfn tgb wmr crdungt td mf bfe, dfb

vhatdrhdus `dr tgb Mkkhbs.

Gmvhfn adftrdk dvbr tgb strmhts wduke lbmf dctmhfhfn m strmtbnha mevmftmnb hf

m wmr whtg tgb Uuros. Mttblpts mt tmohfn dvbr Adfstmfthfdpkb mfe sbaurhfn m rdutb td

=0Bfayakdpmbehm Crhtmffhamgttp9//nkdcmk.crhtmffham.adl/BCagbaobe/tdpha/5800>8/Sbhfsurmfab-Urbmty

=>Ugb Adfstmfthfdpkb Mnrbblbft, gttp9//luqtm`h3.chrzbht.beu/bf/HftbrEdas/hlmnbs/37:.pe`


17/46

=>

Susshm tgrdung tgb Emremfbkkbs stmrtbe whtg tgb Nmkkhpdkh dpbrmthdf. Ht tddo pkmab

cbtwbbf Mprhk =8=2 mfe Imfumry =8=0 ms mf hfhthmthvb d` ^hfstdf Aguraghkk=7. Ugb

amlpmhnf wms m `mhkurb `dr tgb Mkkhbs, shfab tgby eheft suaabbe td `drab tgbhr wmy

tgrdung tgb strmht.

Ugb fbxt mttblpt mt sbaurhfn tgb rbnhdf wms td cb tgbCdspgdrus dpbrmthdfd`

sprhfn =8=>. Ugb dpbrmthdf wms td cb adfeuatbe ufebr tgb adllmfe d` Phab-melhrmk

d` tgb Susshmf Ckmao Qbm @kbbt Mkbxmfebr Odkagmo. Kmtbr, wgbf m Qdvhbt blbrnbfay

stmtb adllhsshdf hftbrrdnmtbe ghl, gb ebsarhcbe tgb dpbrmthdf. Odkagmo gme

adllmfe dvbr dfb kmfehfn `drab, wghag wms lbmft td sbaurb tgb gdsthkb sgdrb hf

drebr td prbpmrb tgb nrdufe `dr ldrb trddps. Zrbpmrmthdfs wbft df up ufthk tgb aduphf

@bcrumry =8=>, wgbrbms tgb dpbrmthdf htsbk` wms pkmffbe td stmrt hf sprhfn =8=>.=8

Ugb Adfstmfthfdpkb Mnrbblbft rblmhfbe m sbarbt edaulbft up ufthk tgb

Datdcbr rbvdkuthdf d` =8=>, gdwbvbr tgb whkkhfnfbss d` Susshms mkkhbs fdt td hlpbeb

tgb mffbxmthdf d` tgb Cdspgdrus rbnhdf wms ehsaussbe hf tgb Qtmtb Eulm. Kbfhfs

Ebarbb df Zbmab amfabkkbe bvbry sbarbt mnrbblbft d` tgb Usmrhst mfe Zrdvhshdfmk

Ndvbrflbft. Hf mf mppbmk shnfbe cy Kbfhf mfe Qtmkhf, tgb rbvdkuthdfmrhbs spbah`hamkky

ufebrkhfbe tgmt mffbxmthdf d` Adfstmfthfdpkb hs fdt ndhfn td gmppbf.

^b ebakmrb tgmt tgb sbarbt trbmthbs d` tgb ebtgrdfbe Usmr rbnmrehfn tgb

mffbxmthdf d` Adfstmfthfdpkb, adf`hrlbe cy tgb ebpdsbe Obrbfsoy, mrb fdw

fukk mfe vdhe. Ugb Susshmf Sbpuckha mfe hts Ndvbrflbft, tgb Adufahk d`

Zbdpkb's Adllhssmrs, mrb dppdsbe td tgb sbhzurb d` `drbhnf tbrrhtdry?

Adfstmfthfdpkb lust rblmhf hf tgb gmfes d` tgb Luskhls."3:

Hf adfakushdf, wb amf rblmro tgmt `dr Susshm tgb bxtrblbky mttrmathvb

Adfstmfthfdpkb Mnrbblbft df tgb `uturb d` tgb Qtrmhts wms m lmidr adfehthdf d`

idhfhfn tgb Urhpkb Bftbftb, cut tgb d``br turfbe dut td cb amtmstrdpgha hf tgb bfe.

=7Amkkwbkk, A.B,Emremfbkkbs, m stuey d` tgb strmtbnhamk mfe abrtmhf tmathamk mspbats d` tgbEmremfbkkbs amlpmhnf, 3::2

=8@rdl tgb hftbrrdnmthdf d` Mkbxmfebr Odkagmo cy mf blbrnbfay stmtb adllhsshdf df

Imfumry 31re

, =83:

3:Mppbmk d` tgb Adufahk d` Zbdpkb's Adllhssmrs td tgb Luskhls d` Susshm mfe tgb Bmst,

Ebablcbr 1, =8=>.gttp9//bf.whohsdurab.drn/whoh/MppbmkTd`TtgbTAdufahkTd`TZbdpkb%3>sTAdllhssmrsTtdTtgbT

LuskhlsTd`TSusshmTmfeTtgbTBmst


18/46

=7

Bfe d` ^drke ^mr H9 tgb Cdksgbvho qubsthdf

Ugb Sbvdkuthdf mfe tgb fbwky hfstmkkbe Cdksgbvho pdwbr `drab Susshm td

rbtrbmt `rdl wmr. M`tbr tgb gulhkhmthfn Crbst-Khtdvso trbmty shnfbe hf =8=7 Susshm

kddsbs ufbxpbatbeky kmrnb tbrrhtdrhbs9 @hfkmfe, tgb Cmktha Qtmtbs, Cbkmrus, Rormhfb mrb

tmobf mwmy. Uuroby nbts cmao tgb tbrrhtdrhbs ht kdst hf tgb Sussd-Uurohsg wmr d` =7>7

(Mremgmf, Omrs mfe Cmtulh). Ht tddo mwmy m tghre d` Susshm's pdpukmthdf, dfb-gmk` d`

Susshm's hfeustrhmk ufebrtmohfns mfe fhfb-tbftgs d` Susshm's admklhfbs. Ldrb dvbr, tgb

eb`bmtbe Qtmtb wms dckhnbe td pmy shx chkkhdf lmros hf adlpbfsmthdf td Nbrlmfy.

Ugbrb`drb, tgb Susshmf blphrbs pmrthahpmthdf hf tgb wmr turfbe dut ms m adlpkbtb

ehsmstbr `dr tgb aduftry. Mpmrt `rdl tgb gulmf mfe badfdlha kdssbs, ht maabkbrmtbe tgb

rbvdkuthdfmry ldvblbft, ebstrdybe hts bfthrb ndvbrflbftmk systbl, gbfab pkufnhfn

tgb Qtmtb hftd adlpkbtb agmds, iust khob Zydtr Eurfdvd prbehatbe cmao hf

@bcrumry =8=5.

Hf Burdpb, fd fmthdf ofdws bxmatky gdw td ebmk whtg tgb fbwky hfstmkkbe

Cdksgbvho pdwbr. Crhtmhf hs fd bxabpthdf mfe tgb lblcbrs d` tgb Amchfbt mrb ehvhebe

df tgb qubsthdf. ^hfstdf Aguraghkk wms ebme sbt df nbtthfn rhe d` tgb adllufhst

tgrbmt cy hftbrvbfhfn ehrbatky hf Susshm. Hf ghs dphfhdf, Cdksgbvhsl wms tgb wdrst

tyrmffy, tgb ldst ebstruathvb mfe tgb ldst ebnrmehfn. Ht hs sgbbr gulcun td prbtbfe ht

hs fdt `mr wdrsb tgmf Nbrlmf lhkhtmrhsl.3=Zrhlb Lhfhstbr Kkdye Nbdrnb wms d` mf

dppdshtb lhfe. Gb gme fd hftbfthdf d` adfthfuhfn suppdrt td tgb ^ghtb ldvblbft (tgb

tsmrhst `drabs hf Susshm), prb`brrhfn td rbtrhbvb Crhthsg trddps tgmt wbrb mhehfn Susshmf

adllmfebrs Mkbxmfebr Odkagmo mfe Mftdf Ebfhohf. Ugbrb`drb, fd b``bathvb cmaohfn

wms put hf pkmab `dr tgb Susshmf ^ghtb numre, quhtb tgb dppdshtb. ^htg tgb wmr dvbr

mfe Nbrlmfy eb`bmtbe, ht wms thlb td rblblcbr dke rhvmkrhbs. Kdre Aurzdf cmaobe tgb

Zrhlb Lhfhstbr, ms gb wms `bmr`uk tgmt rbstdrhfn m strdfn Susshm wduke tgrbmtbf

Crhtmhfs blphrb mfe wms tgbrb`drb gmk`-gbmrtbe hf ghs suppdrt d` tgb tsmrhst ldvblbft.

Hf =8=8, tgb Kkdye Nbdrnb ebakmrbe td tgb Gdusb d` Adlldfs tgmt m ^ghtb vhatdry

wduke fdt cb hf tgb cbst hftbrbsts d` tgb Crhthsg Ardwf.

Gb _Odkagmo\ hs `hngthfn `dr m rbufhtbe Susshm. ^bkk, ht hs fdt `dr lb td smy

wgbtgbr tgmt hs m pdkhay wghag suhts tgb Crhthsg Blphrb. Ugbrb wms m vbry nrbmt

Qtmtbslmf, Kdre Cbmadfs`hbke _Zrhlb Lhfhstbr Cbfimlhf Ehsrmbkh\, wgd

3=^hfstdf Aguraghkk, Aguraghkk Qpbmos9 Adkkbatbe Qpbbagbs hf Zbmab mfe ^mr, =78>-=801 ,

=87:, pp. 1>3


19/46

=8

rbnmrebe m nrbmt, nhnmftha, adkdssmk, nrdwhfn Susshm rdkkhfn dfwmres khob m

nkmahbr tdwmres Zbrshm mfe tgb cdrebrs d` M`ngmfhstmf mfe Hfehm ms tgb

nrbmtbst lbfmab tgb Crhthsg Blphrb aduke cb adf`rdftbe whtg.33

Kkdye Nbdrnb pusgbe `dr stdpphfn tgb wbmpdf suppky td tgb ^ghtbs mfe mf

bvmaumthdf pdkhay d` Crhthsg mfe mkkhbe trddps `rdl Susshm. Ugb Crhthsg stmfab hf

rbnmre td tgb Susshmf rbvdkuthdf hs `mr `rdl cbhfn tgb bssbfthmk rbmsdf d` tgb

Cdksgbvhos vhatdry, cut ht fbvbrtgbkbss adfsdkhemtbe tgbl ms tgb suprblb pdwbr hf m

lutmthfn Susshm.

Crhtmhfs mttblpts mt adftrdk hf Uurobstmf mfe Zbrshm

M`tbr tgb ehsmppbmrmfab d` tgb Susshmf Blphrb, Crhtmhf wmftbe td sbaurb m

cu``br zdfb mkk tgb wmy `rdl tgb Amsphmf Qbm td Hfehm.

Uurobstmf wms m sdutgbrf tbrrhtdry cbkdfnhfn td tgb Susshmf blphrb. Hf =8=7,

m`tbr tgb Sbvdkuthdf, tgb shtumthdf hf Uurobstmf cbamlb agmdtha. Mutdfdldus mfe

sbpmrmthst sbfthlbfts wbrb nrdwhfn mldfn tgb pdpukmthdf. Ugb Crhthsg ndvbrflbft

ehspmtagbe m lhsshdf td Umsgobft ufebr tgb adllmfe d` @rbebrhao L. Cmhkby. Ugb

`hrst tmso wms td dpbrmtb mnmhfst Nbrlmf mfe Uurohsg `drabs, wghag wbrb tryhfn td

maabss Cmou mfe hts dhk rhag tbrrhtdrhbs. Gdwbvbr, m sbadfemry tmso wms td suppky tgb

mfth-Cdksgbvho `drabs whtg wbmpdfs mfe prdvheb `hfmfahmk suppdrt. Quppkhbs wbrb td

adlb `rdl tgb fbmrbst Crhthsg lhkhtmry cmsbs tgmt wbrb mkrbmey hlpkblbftbe hf tgb

rbnhdf. Hf Munust =8=7, Cmhkby shnfbe mf mnrbblbft whtg nbfbrmk Iufodvsoy, kbmebr

d` tgb ^ghtb ldvblbft hf Uurobstmf. @dkkdwhfn tghs mnrbblbft, Crhtmhf nmhfbe

prdtbatdrmtb dvbr Uurobstmf `dr 2: ybmrs.31

Crhtmhf mksd `drlbe m spbahmk lhsshdf stmthdfbe hf Fdrtg-Bmstbrf Zbrshm kbe cy

nbfbrmk ^hk`rhe Lmkkbsdf35. Hts ndmk wms td prbvbft Nbrlmf mfe Uurohsg dpbrmthdfs hf

tgb rbnhdf, cut mksd td bstmckhsg khfos whtg tgb sbpmrmthst mfth-Cdksgbvho Urmfsamsphmf

Ndvbrflbft tgmt amlb td pdwbr hf Msgogmcme. Ugb lhsshdf prdvhebe `hfmfahmk mfe

33Ebcmtb hf tgb Gdusb d` Adlldfs df Fdvblcbr =>, =8=8

gttp9//gmfsmre.lhkkcmfosystbls.adl/adlldfs/=8=8/fdv/=>/ndvbcflbft-

pdkhay#Q2AP:=3=Z:T=8=8===>TGDAT180

31@rbebrhao Cmhkby,Lhsshdf td Umsgobft,3::3.

35Zbtbr Gdpohro, Df sbarbt sbrvhab bmst d` Adfstmfthfdpkb, =885


20/46

3:

lhkhtmry suppdrt9 `dr bxmlpkb, m lmaghfb nuf mttmaglbft wms sbft td mhe

Urmfsamsphmfs hf tgbhr cmttkb mnmhfst tgb Cdksgbvho Umsgobft Qdvhbt `drabs. Mktgdung m

lhfdr bphsdeb, ht hs shnfh`hamft ms ht wms tgb `hrst adf`rdftmthdf d` Crhthsg mfe Susshmf

`drabs df tgb cmttkb`hbke shfab tgb Arhlbmf ^mr32. Kmtbr df, Lmkkbsdfs lhsshdf

ldvbe hftd tgb tbrrhtdry d` tgb Susshmf Uurobstmf td idhf tgbhr mkkhbs hf tgbhr rbshstmfab

td tgb Umsgobft Qdvhbt. Ugb shtumthdf agmfnbe hf tgb cbnhffhfn d` =8=8 wgbf tgb

Urmfsamsphmf Ndvbrflbft stmrtbe td kddsb hts hf`kubfab hf tgb rbnhdf. Lmkkbsdf mfe

ghs lbf kb`t Uurobstmfs tbrrhtdry mfe rbtrbmtbe cmao td Zbrshm. Cy =83: tgb

Urmfsamsphmf Ndvbrflbft wms eb`bmtbe mfe Uurobstmf pmssbe ufebr adftrdk d` tgb

Cdksgbvho `drabs wgd arbmtbe tgb Uurobstmf Mutdfdldus Qdvhbt Qdahmkhst Sbpuckha.

Hf Zbrshm, tgb Crhthsg wmftbe td maabss tgb dhk rbsdurabs mfe td nmhf rhngts td

adfeuat erhkkhfns. Ugby stmrtbe fbndthmthdfs `dr mf Mfnkd-Zbrshmf Mnrbblbft. Kdre

Aurzdf, fdw Crhthsg @drbhnf Qbarbtmry, gme sbft m prdtdtypb d` tgb edaulbft td tgb

Zbrshmf ndvbrflbft hf =8=8. Ugb mnrbblbft wms td sbaurb Crhtmhfs maabss td Hrmfhmf

dhk `hbkes. (Kbts fdt `drnbt tgb usumk rhvmkry whtg Susshm9 sdlb d` tgbsb `hbkes wbrb

kdamtbe hf fdrtgbrf prdvhfabs `drlbrky ufebr Susshmf hf`kubfab.) Hf rbturf `dr maabss

td dhk, tgb Crhthsg wduke prdvheb mllufhthdf mfe wbmpdfry `dr tgb Zbrshmf mrly,

wghag, hf pmrbftgbsbs, wduke cb trmhfbe cy Crhthsg d``habrs. Crhtmhf wduke mksd nhvb

Zbrshm m 3 lhkkhdf stbrkhfn kdmf, tgus `hfmfahfn ndvbrflbftmk, badfdlha, sdahmk

rb`drls hf Zbrshm cmsbe df tgb Burdpbmf ldebk. @hfmkky, Crhtmhf wduke nbt m rbvhsbe

austdls tmrh`` whtg Zbrshm mfe adftrhcutb td cuhkehfn rmhkrdmes.30@mahfn tgb nrdwhfn

Crhthsg hf`kubfab hf Zbrshm, Qdvhbt d``hahmks stmrtbe mpprdmaghfn tgb Zbrshmf

ndvbrflbft tdd. Hf =83=, Qdvhbt mfe Zbrshmf d``hahmks shnfbe tgb Sussd-Zbrshmf

Urbmty d` @rhbfesghp, hf wghag tgby mnrbbe td gmvb `ukk mfe bqumk sghpphfn rhngts df

tgb Amsphmf Qbm. Ldrb hlpdrtmftky, cdtg bfnmnbe fdt td mkkdw tgb prbsbfab df tgbhr

tbrrhtdrhbs d` mfy tghre `drab wgdsb dcibat _wduke cb\ td bfnmnb hf mats d` gdsthkhty

mnmhfst Zbrshm dr Susshm, dr mnmhfst tgb Mkkhbs d` Susshm.3>

Ugb Qdvhbt prdlhsb d`

suppdrt mfe strdfn Crhthsg rbsbftlbft mldfn tgb Zbrshmf pbdpkb bvbftumkky kbe

32Bkkhs, A. G, "Ugb Crhthsg Hftbrvbfthdf hf Urmfsamsphm =8=7-=8=8"Rfhvbrshty d` Amkh`drfhmZrbss, Cbrobkby mfe Kds Mfnbkbs, =801

30M. S. Cbnkh Cbhnhb, "Sbpbmthfn lhstmobs, Crhtmhf, Hrmf & tgb =8=8 Urbmty". Ugb Hrmfhmf.

Mraghvbe `rdl tgb drhnhfmk df =3 Mprhk 3::>gttp9//hrmfhmf.adl/Ghstdry/3::=/Lmrag/Crhtmhf/hfebx.gtlk

3>Zbrshm mfe tgb Susshmf Qdahmkhst @bebrmk Qdvhbt Sbpuckha - Urbmty d` @rhbfesghp, shnfbe mtLdsadw, @bcrumry 30, =83=, Mrthakb 2


21/46

3=

tgbLmikhs(tgb Zbrshmf pmrkhmlbft)td adlpkbtbky rbibat tgb Mfnkd-Zbrshmf Mnrbblbft

mfe td rmth`y tgb Sussd-Zbrshmf trbmty whtgdut mktbrmthdf.

Hf tgb bfe d` =8=7 Crhtmhfs strunnkb `dr adftrdk hf tgb Amsphmf rbnhdf amf cb

rbkmtbe td tgb bvbfts d` ^drke ^mr H (fdtmcky `dr erhvhfn dut Nbrlmf mfe Uurohsg

`drabs hf tgb mrbm). Gdwbvbr, m`tbr tgb bfblys amphtukmthdf tgb shtumthdf agmfnbs. ^b

amf adfshebr tgmt eb `matd tgb Nrbmt Nmlb rbstmrts, cut fdw whtg Qdvhbt Susshm ms

Crhtmhfs dppdfbft. Ugb bvbfts hf Uurobstmf hf =8=7-=83: sgdw tgmt tgb dke rhvmkry

cbtwbbf Nrbmt Crhtmhf mfe Susshm hf tgb rbnhdf wms sthkk mf hlpdrtmft `matdr d` kdamk

pdkhthas. Bvbf h` tgb Usmrs blphrb adkkmpsbe, hts gbhr, Qdvhbt Susshm, akbmrky

ebldfstrmtbe gbr whkk td eb`bfe gbr pdshthdfs hf Abftrmk Mshm cdtg cy ehpkdlmtha mfe

lhkhtmry lbmfs. Ugb Lheekb Bmst mfe Abftrmk Mshm gmvb cbadlb ldrb vmkumckb tgmf

bvbr shfab tgb hfeustrhmk rbvdkuthdf. Ugdsb kmfes fdw gdke tgb ldst prbahdus rbsdurab

tgmt `ubks dke rhvmkrhbs mfe mttrmats fbw prbemtdrs9 dhk.


22/46

33

Zmrt HH9

Mf hftbrlhsshdf hf tgb Nrbmt Nmlb

Ldst d` tgb bvbfts tgmt tddo pkmab df tgb bvb mfe hf tgb cbnhffhfn d` ^drke

^mr HH adfabftrmtbe hf Burdpb mfe wbrb fdt ehrbatky adffbatbe td tgb stmnb d` tgb

Nrbmt Nmlb hf tgb Lheekb Bmst mfe Abftrmk Mshm. M`tbr tgb daaupmthdf d` ldst d`

adfthfbftmk ^bstbrf Burdpb, Fmzh Nbrlmfy wms pdfebrhfn eh``brbft strmtbnhbs `dr gbr

fbxt stbps. Akbmrky, Ghtkbrs bxpmfshdfhst mlchthdfs wbrb fdt ybt smths`hbe mfe gb wms

kddohfn `dr ghs fbxt prby. Hf =85:, tgb @grbr wms `mahfn twd lmidr dppdfbfts9Nrbmt Crhtmhf, d``hahmkky mt wmr whtg Nbrlmfy shfab Qbptblcbr 1re, =818, mfe

tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf, wghag gme shnfbe m sgmoy pbmab mnrbblbft whtg Ghtkbrs rbnhlb.

Cut nhvbf tgb kmttbrs gmtrbe tdwmres adllufhsts, tgbrb wbrb `bw pbdpkb educthfn tgmt

sddfbr dr kmtbr m akmsg whtg tgb RQQS wduke tmob pkmab. Gdwbvbr, Nbrlmfys bxmat

pkmf wms fdt ybt bkmcdrmtbe mfe vmrhdus pdsshchkhthbs prbsbftbe tgblsbkvbs td tgb Fmzh

kbmebrs. Hf tgb `dkkdwhfn wb whkk ebsarhcb dfb d` tgb sabfmrhds tgmt wms fdt `ukky

rbmkhzbe hf tgb adursb d` ghstdry cut wms sbrhdusky adfshebrbe maadrehfn td ghstdrhamk

edaulbfts. Ughs sabfmrhd stmrtbe td cb amrrhbe dut mfe tgb stmnb d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb

smw tgb bftrmfab d` m fbw pdwbr`uk pkmybr.

M tghre matdr df tgb stmnb

Nbrlmf lhkhtmry mathdfs mnmhfst Nrbmt Crhtmhf hf =818-=85: wbrb ldstky

m``bathfn sbm adllufhamthdfs hf mf mttblpt td hlpdsb m ckdaomeb df tgb hfsukmr

blphrb. Ugbsb mttmaos wbrb hf`khathfn adfshebrmckb emlmnb (whtg 5>= amrnd vbssbkskdst hf =85: mkdfb) cut wbrb fdt bfdung td sbrhdusky wbmobf tgb Crhthsg lhkhtmry

pdwbr. Mbrhmk mttmaos wbrb mksd vbry hftbfshvb cut tgb Sdymk Mhr @drabs b``bathvbky

aduftbrbe tgbl. Phatdry hf m gbme-df mssmukt wms prmathamkky hlpdsshckb `dr Nbrlmfy.

Ugbrb`drb, Fmzh kbmebrs adfshebrbe mfdtgbr strmtbny, dfb tgmt wms prdlhshfn fbmrky

abrtmhf suaabss. Maadrehfn td tghs strmtbny, tgb lmhf tgrust d` dpbrmthdfs wduke cb

ehrbatbe tdwmres Fdrtg M`rham mfe Lheekb Bmst. Ugbrb`drb, tgb pkmf Ghtkbr wms td

mppky wms tgb smlb tgmt Fmpdkbdf Cdfmpmrtb furturbe m abftury cb`drb9 autthfn d``


23/46

31

Crhtmhf d` gbr Hfehmf rbsdurabs. @urtgbrldrb, Nbrlmfy wduke nmhf adftrdk dvbr tgb dhk

`hbkes hf tgb Lheekb Bmst.37

Ugb mevmftmnbs d` m Fdrtg M`rhamf amlpmhnf

Df dfb gmfe, Crhtmhfs ampmahty td dppdsb Nbrlmfy df tgb adfthfbft wduke

kdwbr ermlmthamkky, ms tgb dhk rbsdurabs mrb d` adursb bxtrblbky hlpdrtmft td `ubk mkk

tgb lhkhtmry bquhplbft9 vbghakbs, tmfos, pkmfbs Ugb Lheekb Bmst wduke d``br Ghtkbr

m qumsh-khlhtkbss suppky d` dhk, tgb dfb rbsdurab Nbrlmfy fbbebe ldst. Mt tgb smlb

thlb, whtg adftrdk dvbr Bnypt mfe tgb Qubz Amfmk, tgb Mxhs pdwbrs wduke cb mckb td

adlpkbtbky pmrmkyzb tgb Crhthsg Sdymk Fmvy df tgb Lbehtbrrmfbmf Qbm.

Df tgb dtgbr gmfe, adftrdk dvbr tgb Abftrmk Mshmf rbnhdfs wduke mksd pdsb m

rbmk tgrbmt td tgb RQQS9 Nbrlmf trddps wduke adlb up vbry akdsb td vhtmk rbnhdfs `dr

tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf, rbnhdfs tgmt pkmybe prdcmcky tgb ldst aruahmk rdkb hf tgb kmttbrs

badfdly. Bvbf h` gb eheft pkmf df mttmaohfn tgb RQQS hllbehmtbky, Ghtkbr ofbw gb

wduke gmvb td tmob df tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf sddfbr dr kmtbr mfe wms pkdtthfn maadrehfnky.

Abftrmk Mshm wms mfe rblmhfbe m vukfbrmckb mrbm `dr tgb RQQS mfe rbprbsbftbe m

adfvbfhbft pdhft d` bftry hftd Qdvhbt tbrrhtdry.

Ugb Dcbrodllmfeds strmtbnhbs

Shngt m`tbr tgb amphtukmthdf d` @rmfab hf Iufb =85:, Fdrtg M`rham wms vbry

wbmoky prdtbatbe whtg mcdut iust dvbr 1: tgdusmfes Crhthsg sdkehbrs mfe m shfnkb

mrldurbe ehvhshdf hf Bnypt eb`bfehfn tgb Qubz Amfmk. Ugb Fmzh mrly gme mt tgb smlb

thlb mcdut 5: ehvhshdfs fdt bfnmnbe hf mathvb dpbrmthdfs. Df tgb Iufb =:tg, =85: Htmky

bftbrbe tgb wmr df tgb Ghtkbrs sheb. Ugb Htmkhmf fmvy aut tgb Crhthsg suppky khfbs hf tgb

Lbehtbrrmfbmf Qbm `drahfn tgb Crhthsg adfvdys td nd mrdufe M`rham. Ugbrb`drb, tgbrb

wms fd wmy `dr Crhthsg trddps td quhaoky ebpkdy rbhf`drablbfts. Htmkhmf trddps hf

Khcym (mf Htmkhmf adkdfy mt tgmt thlb) wbrb mksd pkmffhfn mf d``bfshvb df Bnypt. H`

Ghtkbr adfabftrmtbe ghs `drabs df tmohfn dvbr Fdrtg M`rham mfe tgb Qubz Amfmk hf

pmrthaukmr, tgb suaabss d` tghs amlpmhnf wms mkldst numrmftbbe df m sgdrt thlb samkb.

NbfbrmkMk`rbe Idek, Aghb` d` tgb Dpbrmthdfs Qtm`` d` tgb Mrlbe @drabs Ghng

Adllmfe (Dcbrodllmfed ebr ^bgrlmagt), prbsbftbe tghs strmtbny td Ghtkbr hf m

lbldrmfeul hf Iufb =85:. Qhlhkmr pkmfs wbrb mksd put `drwmre cy Brhag Smbebr,

37Mkbxmfebr Cbvhf,Ghtkbr Aduke Gmvb ^df ^drke ^mr HH9 Ugb @mtmk Brrdrs Ugmt Kbe UdFmzh Eb`bmt, 3::=


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kbmebr d` tgb Nbrlmf fmvy (Dcbrodllmfed ebr Lmrhfb)38. Gb pdhftbe dut tgmt m`tbr

dvbrtmohfn Qubz, ht wduke cbadlb bmsy td rbmag Uuroby vhm Zmkbsthfb mfe Qyrhm, mfe

tghs wduke `drab Uuroby td idhf tgb Mxhs aduftrhbs. Ugbf tgb adfsbauthvb d``bfshvb df

Susshm hf Burdpb wduke prdcmcky cb fdt fbabssmry mt mkk. Mfdtgbr pdsshckb rdutb td

Crhthsg Hfehm wms tgb dfb Fmpdkbdf gme pkmffbe td tmob m abftury cb`drb9 tgrdung tgb

Cmkomfs td Uuroby mfe tgbf td Abftrmk Mshm. M`tbr `drahfn Uuroby td cbadlb mf mkky,

tgb wmy wduke cb dpbf `urtgbr td Hrmf. Ugbrb, hf Hrmf, tgb rukbr Sbzm Zmgkmvh gme akdsb

thbs whtg Fmzh Nbrlmfy. Df tgb bvb d` wmr, Hrmfs lmhf trmehfn pmrtfbr wms Nbrlmfy

mfe Nbrlmfs wbrb hfvdkvbe hf lmfy tmsos mrdufe tgb aduftry, khob dpbfhfn `matdrhbs

dr cuhkehfn rdmes, rmhkrdmes mfe crhenbs. Rfkhob dtgbr pdwbrs, Nrbmt Crhtmhf mfe

Susshm, Nbrlmfy ehe fdt pmrthahpmtb hf tgb adkdfhsmthdf d` tgb aduftry cb`drb lmohfn

prd`hts `rdl Hrmfs fmturmk rbsdurabs. Ugb Hrmfhmf kbmebr hs tgbrb`drb sylpmtgbtha td

Ghtkbr mfe whkkhfn td adkkmcdrmtb whtg tgb Fmzhs.

H` tgb pkmf wdros, tgb rdme td Hfehm wduke cb dpbf. Kbt us bxtrmpdkmtb tghs

sabfmrhd `urtgbr. H` tgb Nbrlmf trddps hf Fdrtg M`rham wbft df whtg tgbhr pkmf mfe

idhfbe tgb Impmfbsb mrly sdlbwgbrb hf tgb Lheekb Bmst dr Hfehm, tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf

wduke gmvb cbbf surrdufebe adlpkbtbky. H` tgb mkkhbe trddps mttmaobe mfe crbmagbe

RQQSs sdutg cdrebr, tgby aduke gmvb gme m ndde agmfab td ehvheb tgb Qdvhbt tbrrhtdry

hf gmkvbs tgus maghbvhfn m strmtbnha vhatdry. Ughs sabfmrhd lhngt kddo `mftmstha, cut wb

sgduke fdt `drnbt tgmt hf =853 Impmfbsb `drabs hf tgbhr lmrag td tgb ^bst rbmagbe

Curlm, tgb stmtb gmvhfn m adlldf cdrebr whtg Hfehm.

Zutthfn tgb pkmf hftd mathdf

Hf drebr td put tghs pkmf hftd mathdf ht wms `hrst fbabssmry td fbutrmkhzb tgb

tgrbmt `rdl tgb RQQS sheb. M`rmhe d` gmvhfn td `hngt m twd-`rdft wmr

tgb Nbrlmfs fhngtlmrb shfab ^drke ^mr H tgb @grbr trhbs td numrmftbb ghlsbk`mnmhfst cmttkhfn df tgb Bmstbrf `rdft cy shnfhfn m fdf-mnnrbsshdf trbmty whtg Qdvhbt

Susshm, tgb pmat d` Ldkdtdv-Shccbftrdp hf =818. Eurhfn hftbfshvb fbndthmthdfs

tgrdungdut =85: Nbrlmf kbmebrs wbrb bvbf tryhfn td lmob tgb RQQS idhf tgb Mxhs

mkkhmfab. Mktgdung tgbsb fbndthmthdfs `mhkbe cbamusb tgb Qdvhbt sheb wms eblmfehfn

ufmaabptmckb adfehthdfs, hts fbutrmkhty td Nbrlmf mathdfs sbblbe td cb numrmftbbe.

Ugb bvbfts hf tgb cbnhffhfn d` =85= sunnbst tgmt tgb Nbrlmfs stmrtbe amrryhfn

dut tgbhr pkmfs. Ugb Mxhs pdwbrs kmufagbe tgbhr hfvmshdf d` Xundskmvhmhf Mprhk =85=.

Ugb Ku`twm``b stmrtbe cy cdlcmrehfn Cbknrmeb, tgbf nrdufe dpbrmthdfs wbrb

38Agmrkbs Ugdlms, Ugb Nbrlmf Fmvy hf tgb Fmzh Brm, =88:


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ebpkdybe. Ugb Sdymk Xundskmv Mrlywms hf fd sgmpb td pusg cmao suag m pdwbr`uk

bfbly mfe wms `drabe td surrbfebr. @rdl tgbf df, Xundskmvhm, pmrtky daauphbe, pmrtky

mffbxbe, pmrtky m puppbtbbr stmtb, gme cbadlb tgb `hrst lhkbstdfb hf dpbfhfn m rdutb td

Abftrmk Mshm. Df tgb dtgbr gmfe, hf @bcrumry =85=, tgb sbadfe pmssmnb td Abftrmk Mshm

(tgrdung Fdrtg M`rham) wms mcdut td cb crbmagbe.

Hf Khcym, df @bcrumry =1, =85=, tgb Nbrlmf M`rham Adrps d` nbfbrmk Brwhf

Sdllbk gms kmfebe hf Urhpdkh. Kmtbr df, Sdllbks trddps ardss tgb Bnypthmf cdrebr.

Hf Hrmq, hf Mprhk =85= tgb Ndkebf squmrb adup tmobs pkmab. Ht wms hfsthnmtbe cy tgb

Nrmfe Lu`th Ldgmllme Mlhf mk-Gusmyfh, m prd-Fmzh adkkmcdrmtdr. Ugb prd-Crhthsg

rbnhlb d` Sbnbft Mceuk Hkmg wms ebpdsbe mfe Smsghe Mkh mk-Nmykmfh cbamlb Zrhlb

Lhfhstbr mfe hfstmkkbe m prd-Fmzh Hrmqh ndvbrflbft. Ugb Crhthsg rbmatbe cy sbfehfn

trddps td bfe tgb luthfy, cut gme td `mab tgb lhkhtmry d``bfshvb stmrtbe cy tgb Hrmqh

mrly. Ugb Nbrlmfs sbft mvhmthdf td Ldsuk mfe Cmneme td prdvheb suppdrt td tgb prd-

Fmzh. Ugbrb`drb tgb Qubz Amfmk hs fbmrky ckdaobe, Uuroby mfe Hrmf mrb Nbrlmfys

sylpmtghzbrs. Urddps mrb lmraghfn td lbbt Sdllbk `rdl tgb mkkhbe Hrmqh tbrrhtdry.

Ugb strmtbny d` tgb Mxhs pdwbrs sbbls td cb pbr`batky hlpkblbftbe.

Cut sdlbtghfn ndbs wrdfn mfe Ghtkbr agmfnbs ghs pkmfs. Gb kmufagbs m

prblmturb mttmao df tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf, wghag ruhfs mkk ghs strmtbnhbs d` strhohfn tgb

RQQS `rdl tgb sdutg mfe tgrdung Abftrmk Mshm. ^b amffdt ofdw mkk tgb bxmat rbmsdfs

`dr tghs agmfnb d` pkmfs. Df dfb gmfe, tgb mevmfablbft d` Htmkhmf trddps hftd Bnypt

wms ufsuaabss`uk mfe ldrb Nbrlmf `drabs wbrb td cb ebpkdybe hf meehthdf td

Sdllbks trddps td cmao tgbhr mkky. Df tgb dtgbr gmfe, tgb Nbrlmfs adf`hebfab tgmt

fd RQQS strhob whkk tmob tgb Fmzhs cy surprhsb wghkb tgby mrb adfabftrmtbe df ldvhfn

tdwmres tgb Lheekb Bmst wms ufebrlhfbe. Df Lmy 2, =85= hf tgb Orblkhf, Qtmkhf

nhvbs m spbbag tgmt hs smhe td gmvb gme tbrrh`hbe Ghtkbr mfe urnbe ghl td mttmao tgb

Qdvhbt Rfhdf bmrkhbr tgmf bxpbatbe.1:

Hs tgb Nbrlmf mrly truky hfvhfahckb4 Fd. Ugbrb mrb fd hfvhfahckb mrlhbs mfe

tgbrb fbvbr gmvb cbbf. Ud eb`bfe dur aduftry, wb lust tmob tgb d``bfshvb

pdshthdf. ^b gmvb td swhtag `rdl m eb`bfshvb stmfab td mnnrbsshvb stmfab.

Qtmkhfs spbbag td Sbe Mrly d``habrs

1: Mkbxmfebr Cbvhf, Ghtkbr Aduke Gmvb ^df ^drke ^mr HH9 Ugb @mtmk Brrdrs Ugmt Kbe UdFmzh Eb`bmt, 3::=


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Bhtgbr wmy, Nbrlmf trddps ehe fdt nbt tgb fbabssmry rbhf`drablbfts td turf tgb

dees hf tgbhr `mvdur hf Fdrtg M`rham mfe tgb Hfehmf Nbrlmf pkmfs wbrb fdt

suaabss`uk.

Mkkhbs hf tgb `mab d` m adlldf bfbly

Ugb Mkkhbs wbrb mwmrb d` tgb pdsshckb strmtbnhbs `dr Nbrlmfys bxpmfshdf.

^hfstdf Aguraghkk wms prdcmcky tgb dfb wgd smw cbttbr tgmf mfycdey tgb prdcmchkhty

mfe emfnbr d` suag m tmatha. Hf m kbttbr td @rmfokhf Sddsbvbkt, Aguraghkk wmrfbe tgmt h`

Bnypt mfe Qubz wbrb kdst td Nbrlmfy, tgb shtumthdf d` tgb Mkkhbs wduke wdrsbf

shnfh`hamftky mfe sd bvbf h` tgb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs bftbrs tgb wmr df tgbhr sheb1=

. Bvbf m`tbrcbnhffhfn d` tgb hfvmshdf d` tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf hf Iufb =85=, tgb rhso d` Nbrlmfys

`drabs mttmaohfn hf tgb ehrbathdf d` Hrmf wms ghng.

Ht hs hlpdrtmft td rblblcbr tgmt ebsphtb Crhtmhfs strdfn prbsbfab hf tgb

pdkhthamk kh`b d` Zbrshm (mfe kmtbr Hrmf) hf tgb =81:s, Nbrlmfy wms mathvbky

adkkmcdrmthfn whtg kdamk mutgdrhthbs, gbkphfn td ebvbkdp tgb kdamk badfdly, ldebrfhzb

tgb hf`rmstruaturb mfe lhkhtmry `drabs. Ndbccbks prdpmnmfem ebphatbe Hrmfhmfs ms

ebsabfemfts d` Mrymfs. Xdufn Hrmfhmfs ms wbkk ms lhkhtmry d``habrs wbrb nbtthfn

tgbhr beuamthdf hf Nbrlmfy. Mktdnbtgbr tghs mkkdwbe Nbrlmfy td ebvbkdp vbry akdsb

thbs whtg Hrmf cy =85:, td suag bxtbft tgmt tgbrb wms m rbmk agmfab d` Hrmf idhfhfn tgb

Mxhs mkkhmfab. Qdlbtghfn gme td cb edfb td fbutrmkhzb tghs tgrbmt.

Hf Munust =85=, Nrbmt Crhtmhf mfe tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf mkky td kmufag mf hfvmshdf

hf Hrmf, adebfmlbe Dpbrmthdf Aduftbfmfab, dcvhdusky td adftmhf mfe stdp tgb

Nbrlmf prbsbfab hf tgb Lheekb Bmst. Ugb lmhf ndmk d` tgb dpbrmthdf wms td prbvbft

Hrmfhmf dhk `hbkes mfe pbtrdkbul hfeustry `rdl `mkkhfn hftd tgb gmfes d` tgb Mxhs

pdwbrs. Ugb sbadfe tmso wms td eb`bfe tgbZbrshmf adrrhedr (wghag wbft tgrdung Hrmf

hftd Qdvhbt Mzbrcmhimf), tgb rdutb usbe td trmfs`br suppkhbs adlhfn `rdl Crhthsg mhe

mfe tgb RQM Kbfe-Kbmsb td tgb RQQS.

Ugb daaupmthdf d` Hrmf eheft nd slddtgky. Ms wb smhe cb`drb, Qgmg Sbz!

Zmgkmvh wms sylpmtgbtha td Ghtkbr. Ugbrb`drb gb wms dppdsbe td tgb bftry d` Mkkhbe

`drabs df ghs aduftrys tbrrhtdry. Gdwbvbr, `rdl tgb Qdvhbt sheb tgbrb wms m kbnmk

1=Cbvhf Mkbxmfebr, Ghtkbr Aduke Gmvb ^df ^drke ^mr HH9 Ugb @mtmk Brrdrs Ugmt Kbe UdFmzh Eb`bmt, 3::=


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prbtbxt ushfn mrthakbs 2 mfe 0 d` tgb Sussd-Zbrshmf Urbmty d` @rhbfesghp d` =83=. Ugb

Qdvhbt Rfhdf `drabe Hrmfhmfs td kbt tgb Mkkhbe `drabs hf.

() H` m @drbhnf Zdwbr sgduke tgrbmtbf tgb `rdfthbrs d` @bebrmk Susshm dr

tgdsb d` hts Mkkhbs, () Susshm sgmkk gmvb tgb rhngt td mevmfab gbr trddps hftd

tgb Zbrshmf hftbrhdr `dr tgb purpdsb d` amrryhfn dut tgb lhkhtmry dpbrmthdfs

fbabssmry `dr hts eb`bfab.

Mrthakb 0 d` tgb Sussd-Zbrshmf Urbmty d` @rhbfesghp (=83=)

Qdurab9 gttp9//tdpwmr.ru/==2:>-dpbrmahym-sdnkmshb.gtlk

Df Munust 32 =85= cdtg Crhthsg mfe Qdvhbt trddps bftbrbe Hrmfs tbrrhtdry.Sbzm Qgmg msobe tgb RQ prbshebft `dr gbkp, cut Sddsbvbkt rb`usbe mfe rbpkhbe tgmt

fbhtgbr Crhtmhf, fdr tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf gmvb tbrrhtdrhmk akmhls hf Hrmf. Crhthsg `drabs

mttmaobe hf tgb ehrbathdf d` Cmsrm hf tgb sdutg mfe `rdl Ohrouo hf tgb fdrtg. Qdvhbt

Rfhdf bfnmnbe tgrbb mrlhbs hf tgb fdrtg ushfn kmrnb fulcbrs d` tmfos mfe mhrpkmfbs.

Ugb trddps smw khttkb rbshstmfab `rdl tgb Hrmfhmf sheb mfe wbrb bfidyhfn

dvbrwgbklhfn supbrhdrhty cdtg hf tgb soy mfe df tgb nrdufe. Cy Munust 1: tg mathvb

dpbrmthdfs wbrb mkrbmey `hfhsgbe mfe mf mrlhsthab adfakuebe.

Df Qbptblcbr =0tg, Sbzm Qgmg wms ebpdsbe mfe rbpkmabe cy ghs sdf. Mkkhbe

trddps bftbrbe tgb amphtmk ahty d` Ubgrmf. Nbrlmfys hf`kubfab wms brmehamtbe mfe tgb


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Mkkhbs nmhfbe m sdkhe cmsb `dr pusghfn cmao mfy dtgbr Nbrlmf mttblpt mt adftrdk hf tgb

mrbm. Ugby tddo adftrdk dvbr Hrmfs rmhkrdmes mfe dhk `hbkes. Ugb Crhthsg `drabs

daauphbe tgb Qdutgbrf rbnhdfs d` Hrmf, wgbrbms tgb Qdvhbts tddo dvbr tgb Fdrtg. Ht hs

hftbrbsthfn tgmt tgbsbs zdfbs d` hf`kubfab wbrb arbmtbe hf mkldst tgb smlb wmy tgmt hf

=8:>, wgbf Zbrshm wms hfvmebe cy Crhtmhf mfe Susshm mfe tgb trbmty stmthfn tgb bfe

d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb wms shnfbe.

Hf =853 Hrmf rbnmhfbe `drlmk hfebpbfebfab mfe shnfbe mf mkkhmfab trbmty whtg

cdtg Crhtmhf mfe Qdvhbt Rfhdf. Hf Qbptblcbr =851 Hrmf ebakmrbe wmr df Nbrlmfy.

Mlbrhamf trddps idhfbe tgb Mkkhbe `drabs hf Hrmf hf =851 hf drebr td prdtbat tgb

Zbrshmf adrrhedr. Gdwbvbr, tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf obpt twd mrlhbs hf Hrmf ufthk tgb bfe d`

tgb wmr bvbf wgbf Ghtkbrs `drabs wbrb mpprdmaghfn Ldsadw mfe Qtmkhfnrme. Ughs

wms d``hahmkky bxpkmhfbe cy tgb `bmr d` pdsshckb mttmaos cy Uurohsg `drabs, cut sdlb

rbsbmragbrs cbkhbvb tgmt Qtmkhf matumkky ehe fdt `ukky trust ghs mkkhbs mfe prb`brrbe td

lmhftmhf Qdvhbt prbsbfab hf tghs oby rbnhdf.

M`tbr tgb wmr, cmao td tgb Nmlb

@hngts dvbr Hrmf

Dfab Ghtkbr wms eb`bmtbe mfe Nbrlmfy wbmobfbe mnmhf, tgb twd prdtmndfhsts

d` tgb Nrbmt Nmlb rbvhvbe tgbhr dke nruenbs. Qddf m`tbr tgb bfe d` tgb wmr, ^hfstdf

Aguraghkks @uktdfspbbag(hf wghag tgb hrdf aurtmhf hs lbfthdfbe `dr tgb `hrst thlb)

ebldfstrmtbs gdw quhaoky cdtg aduftrhbs ndt td bmag dtgbrs tgrdmt mnmhf.

Fdcdey ofdws wgmt Qdvhbt Susshm mfe hts Adllufhst hftbrfmthdfmk

drnmfhsmthdf hftbfes td ed hf tgb hllbehmtb `uturb, dr wgmt mrb tgb khlhts, h`

mfy, td tgbhr bxpmfshvb mfe prdsbkythshfn tbfebfahbs. 13

Cdtg Qtmtbs bftbr m `hngt dvbr wgds ndhfn td lmhftmhf hf`kubfab dvbr Hrmf mfe

tgb Hrmfhmf fmturmk wbmktg, sucsbqubftky prdvdohfn tgb Hrmf arhshs hf =850. Qdvhbt

Susshm wms mcsdkutbky ufwhkkhfn td quht Hrmf mfe cy tgmt kddsb gdke d` hts fdrtgbrf dhk

`hbkes. Ugbrb`drb sgb `mhks td whtgermw gbr trddps `rdl Zbrshmf tbrrhtdry ms sddf ms

13^hfstdf Aguraghkk's Hrdf Aurtmhf Qpbbag

gttp9//www.ghstdrynuheb.drn/burdpb/aguraghkk.gtlk


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tgb emfnbr gms cbbf rbldvbe11ms sthpukmtbe hf tgb trbmty (tgb dfb tgmt mkkdwbe tgb

Mfnkd-sdvhbt hfvmshdf d` Hrmf hf tgb `hrst pkmab). Hf tgb m`tbrlmtg d` tgb daaupmthdf,

tgb Mkkhbe `drabs d``hahmkky gme m 0-ldftg ebmekhfb m`tbr tgb sbttkhfn d` mkk adf`khats td

whtgermw tgbhr trddps `rdl Hrmf. Ugb RQQS gdwbvbr akbmrky eheft sbb lmttbrs hf tghs

khngt.

M`tbr tgb `mkk d` Sbzm Qgmg hf =85=, fdt dfky tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf nmhfbe adftrdk

dvbr fdrtgbrf tbrrhtdrhbs, cut ht mksd lmeb pkmfs d` sprbmehfn tgb hebms d` sdahmkhsl. Hf

drebr td ed sd, tgb RQQS arbmtbe twd adlpkbtbky mrth`hahmk stmtbs whtg puppbt

ndvbrflbfts hf tgb fdrtg d` Hrmf9 tgb Mzbrcmhimf Zbdpkb's Ndvbrflbft mfe tgb

Sbpuckha d` Lmgmcme.15

Ugb ahthbs d` Umcrhz mfe Lmgmcme wbrb daauphbe mfe tgb

Qdvhbt trddps rblmhfbe hf tgb mrbm bvbf m`tbr tgb bxphrmthdf d` tgb ebmekhfb.

Ugb hftbrfmthdfmk adllufhty wms ebbpky trduckbe whtg tgb Qdvhbts akbmr

rbshstmfab td gbmrhfn mfy rbmsdf. Dfky m`tbr mf Hrmfhmf adlpkmhft gms cbbf suclhttbe

td tgb Rfhtbe Fmthdfs mfe gbmvy ehpkdlmtha prbssurb `rdl tgb adllufhty (ldstky

`rdl tgb RQM) tgb Qdvhbts, rbkuatmftky, whtgerbw. Ugb MZN mfe Lmgmcme gmppbfbe

td cb sgdrt-khvbe. Ugby ehsmppbmrbe ms sddf ms tgb Qdvhbts kb`t tgb daauphbe tbrrhtdrhbs

mfe Hrmfhmf trddps bftbrbe tgb rbnhdfs. Ugb puppbt d``hahmks d` tgb twd stmtbs bhtgbr

`kbe td tgb RQQS dr wbrb bxbautbe.

Ugb Mfnkd-Hrmfhmf Dhk Adlpmfy

Bvbf m`tbr lhkhtmry `drabs wbrb whtgermwf `rdl Hrmf, Crhthsg hf`kubfab hf tgb

aduftry ehe fdt kdwbr, ht cbamlb wms bfsurbe cy dtgbr lbmfs. Ugb lmhf qubsthdf wms9

wgd whkk cb adftrdkkhfn Hrmfs dhk rbsdurabs4 Ughs lmros mf hlpdrtmft turf hf tgb

Nrbmt Nmlb. @rdl fdw df, lhkhtmry `drab hs fd ldrb tgb sdkb mrnulbft hf tgb ehsputb.

Badfdlha thbs mfe ehpkdlmtha lmfdbuvrbs prbvmhk.Hf m`tbr wmr Hrmf, Crhtmhfs lmhf lbmfs d` hf`kubfab wms tgb Mfnkd-Zbrshmf

Dhk Adlpmfy(MZDA). Ht wms arbmtbe hf =8:8 ms sucshehmry d` m Qadtthsg dhk adlpmfy,

Curlmg Dhk. Qgdrtky cb`drb ^drke ^mr H, ^hfstdf Aguraghkk (tgbf @hrst Kdre d` tgb

Melhrmkty) wms kddohfn `dr wmys td rbeuab Crhtmhfs ebpbfebfay df `drbhnf dhk

11Sussd-Zbrshmf Urbmty d` @rhbfesghp (=83=), Mrthakb 0

15Qtbpgbf Ohfzbr, Mkk tgb Qgmg's Lbf, 3::7


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adlpmfhbs, Qtmfemre Dhk (RQM) mfe Sdymk Eutag Qgbkk (Eutag).12Ugb MZDA shnfbe

m adftrmat whtg tgb Crhthsg ndvbrflbft mfe numrmftbbe rbnukmr mfe sbaurb dhk suppkhbs

hf rbturf `dr 3 lhkkhdf d` fbw amphtmk. Gbfab`drtg ebtmhfhfn m adftrdkkhfn hftbrbst hf

MZDA, tgb Crhthsg ndvbrflbft cbamlb eb `matd tgb gheebf pdwbr cbghfe tgb

adlpmfy. MZDA ebvbkdpbe rmpheky df tgb rhag Hrmfhmf dhk `hbkes, gdwbvbr Hrmfhmf

pdpukmr rbsbftlbft d` tgb adlpmfy wms nrdwhfn strdfnbr tdd, cbamusb Hrmf dfky

rbabhvbe =0% d` fbt prd`hts `rdl tgb smkbs d` hts dwf rbsdurab. MZDA wms `drabe td

rbfbndthmtb tgb tbrls d` tgb adfabsshdf. Hf Ebablcbr =813, Crhtmhf gme td suclht tgb

Hrmfhmf dhk ehsputb td tgb Adufahk d` tgb Kbmnub d` Fmthdfs. Ugb kmttbr adfshebrbe tgb

Hrmfhmf akmhls kbnhthlmtb, tgb tbrls wbrb rbadfshebrbe mfe MZDA numrmftbbe tgb

Hrmfhmf ndvbrflbft m lhfhlmk mffumk pmylbft.10Lmfy dtgbr adftrdvbrshbs cbtwbbf

MZDA (rbfmlbe td MHDA, Mfnkd-Hrmfhmf Dhk Adlpmfy hf =812) mfe tgb Hrmfs

ndvbrflbft wbrb rbsdkvbe m`tbr strdfn ehsputbs.

M`tbr tgb Qbadfe ^drke ^mr mfe tgb whtgermwmk d` mkkhbe trddps MHDA

adfthfube mathvb dpbrmthdfs hf Hrmf. Gdwbvbr, tgb Hrmfhmf blpkdybbs d` tgb adlpmfy

wbrb fdt smths`hbe whtg tgb wmnbs mfe wdrohfn adfehthdfs, mfe tgbhr rbsbftlbft

rbsuktbe hf fulbrdus ebldfstrmthdfs. Ugb adlpmfy pmrthmkky maadlldemtbe tgb

rbqubsts cut tbfshdfs rblmhfbe cbtwbbf tgb adlpmfy mfe tgb ndvbrflbft. Ugb kmttbr

wmftbe td rbfbndthmtb tgb tbrls d` tgb dhk `hbkes adfabsshdfs. Ugb qubsthdf wms rmhsbe

cy tgbFmthdfmk @rdftpdkhthamk pmrty, kbe cy Ldgmllme Ld"meebq. Hf Lmrag =82=,

tgb Hrmfhmf Zmrkhmlbft ufmfhldusky medptbe m chkk d` fmthdfmkhzmthdf d` tgb dhk

hfeustry. Ld"meebq wms mppdhftbe Zrhlb Lhfhstbr d` tgb fbw Hrmfhmf ndvbrflbft.

Fdt kdfn m`tbr tgmt, hf Iufb =82=, tgb Fmthdfmk Hrmfhmf Dhk Adlpmfy wms arbmtbe.

MHDA wms fd kdfnbr tgb shfnkb matdr hf tgb aduftrys dhk hfeustry. Hrmf mttblptbe td

prdeuab mfe sbkk hts dhk hfebpbfebftky, bvbf tgdung Crhtmhf mfe tgb RQM rbshstbe tgb

Hrmfhmf dhk bftry df tgb lmrobt cy ckdaomeb lbmsurbs. Ht turfbe dut tgmt fdt dfky

badfdlha lbmsurbs wbrb blpkdybe. Hf Munust =821, Ldsmeebqs ndvbrflbft wms

dvbrtgrdwf cy m adup etmt mfe hts Zrhlb Lhfhstbr wms hlprhsdfbe. Hf =825 m

adfsdrthul wms `drlbe whtg strdfn hfvdkvblbft d` Mlbrhamf dhk adlpmfhbs, cut mksd

hfakuehfn MHDA, fdw amkkbe CZ -Crhthsg Zbtrdkbul, mfe tgb Adlpmnfhb @rmfmhsb

ebs Ztrdkbs, rbfmlbe kmtbr td Udtmk. Mktgdung tgb adfsdrthul maofdwkbenbe tgmt tgb

12CCA Fbws, "@rdl Mfnkd-Zbrshmf Dhk td CZ Mldad"Munust ==, =887gttp9//fbws.cca.ad.uo/3/gh/cushfbss/=58328.stl

10Bfayakdpmbehm Hrmfham, gttp9//www.hrmfhamdfkhfb.drn/mrthakbs/mfnkd-pbrshmf-dhk-adlpmfy


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Fmthdfmk Hrmfhmf Dhk Adlpmfy dwfbe tgb dhk `hbkes mfe hfeustrhmk `mahkhthbs, ht wms tgb

adfsdrthul tgmt adfeuatbe mkk tgb matumk dpbrmthdfs.

Lmfy adllbftmtdrs wbrb spbaukmthfn tgmt tgb adup etmt d` =821 wms

matumkky dragbstrmtbe cy Mlbrhamf sbarbt sbrvhabs. Ugb tgbdry wms hfehrbatky iusth`hbe

cy tgb `mat tgmt RQ dhk adlpmfhbs prd`htbe ldst `rdl tghs bvbft. Ughs dphfhdf wms

ufbxpbatbeky adf`hrlbe cy ebakmssh`hbe AHM edaulbfts puckhsgbe rbabftky cy tgb

R.Q.M. fmthdfmk sbaurhty mraghvb mt Nbdrnb ^msghfntdf Rfhvbrshty. Ugb edaulbfts

prdvheb ebtmhks df gdw RQ whtg tgb gbkp d` Crhtmhf pbr`drlbe tghs dpbrmthdf

adebfmlbe UZMIMW cy tgb AHM mfe Dpbrmthdf Cddt cy Crhtmhfs LH01>.

Shngt m`tbr tgb wmr mfe tgb ehsmppbmrmfab d` tgb Adlldf bfbly Nbrlmfy,

Crhtmhf mfe Susshm nbt cmao td tgbhr dke nruenbs. Ugb Hrmfhmf arhshs d` =850 mfe

sucsbqubft bvbfts amf cb adfshebrbe ms tgb `hrst shnfh`hamft bphsdeb hf tgb Adke ^mr

cbtwbbf tgb RQQS mfe gbr ^bstbrf aduftbrpmrts. Qhfab tgb arhshs tddo pkmab hf tgb

Lheekb Bmst, wb gbrb ermw m pmrmkkbk whtg tgb Nrbmt Nmlb d` tgb pmst. Ughs arhshs wms

tgb `hrst d` m sbrhbs d` adf`khats hf tgb rbnhdf. Ugb mathdfs nrmeumkky ldvbe `rdl

cmttkb`hbkes td dhk adlpmfhbs mfe sbarbt sbrvhabs cbamlb mf hlpdrtmft `matdr hf

nbdpdkhthamk ehsputbs.

Bvbf h` d``hahmkky tgb bfe d` tgb blphrb hs emtbe =88>, hf prmathab tgb Crhthsg

Blphrb gme dfky m `bw ldrb ybmrs td khvb. Hf =85>, Hfehm cbadlbs hfebpbfebft.

Adkdfhmk thlbs mrb dvbr. Cut tgb dke rhvmkry edbsft ehsmppbmr. M fbw, pdwbr`uk pkmybr

bftbrs tgb Nrbmt Nmlb, mfe whkk hf thlb eb `matd rbpkmab Crhtmhf df tgb `rdft stmnb9

tgb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs d` Mlbrham.

Ugb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs stmfes mt tghs thlb mt tgb phffmakb d` wdrke pdwbr.

^hfstdf Aguraghkk, =850

1> Q. O. Ebgngmf, S. Fdrtdf-Umykdr, AHM melhts td rdkb hf =821 Hrmfhmf adup, UgbGhfeu, 3=.:7.3:=1

gttp9//www.tgbghfeu.adl/fbws/hftbrfmthdfmk/wdrke/ahm-melhts-td-rdkb-hf-=821-hrmfhmf-adup/mrthakb2:53272.bab


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Zmrt HHH9Kddohfn `dr tgbNrbmt Nmlbhf tgb Adke wmr

!erdp d` dhk hs wdrtg m erdp d` ckdde

- Nbdrnbs Akblbfabmu

@rdl mkkhbs td bfblhbs

Ugb Adke wmr ehvhebs tgb wdrke

Ugb hebdkdnhamk nmp mfe tgb sucsbqubft tdtmk kmao d` ufebrstmfehfn cbtwbbf

Nrbmt Crhtmhf mfe Qdvhbt Susshm mfe tgbhr pbdpkb hs dfky tgb vhshckb pmrt d` tgb shkbft

adf`khat tgmt dppdsbs tgbl hf Burdpb mfe hf tgb rbst d` tgb wdrke. Ugb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs

blbrnbs ms tgb fbw supbrpdwbr m`tbr ^drke ^mr HH, tgmfos td lhfhlmk kdssbs mfe tgb

trblbfedus wbmktg maquhrbe wghkb trmehfn mfe suppdrthfn tgb cbkkhnbrbft aduftrhbs. Ht

wms tgbf dfky fmturmk `dr tgb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs td cbadlb tgb ldst hf`kubft pdwbr hf tgb

wdrke mfe surrdufe htsbk` whtg m spgbrb d` hf`kubfab9 tgb FMUDckdao hf =858. Ugb

RQQS rbtmkhmtbs cy tgb ^mrsmw pmat hf =822, wghag rbsukts hf tgb arbmthdf d` m

adllufhst ckdao mfe m sdkhe cu``br zdfb mrdufe tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf. Burdpb hs tdrf

mpmrt cy tgb Hrdf aurtmhf, gdwbvbr, ht hs fdt tgb dfky rbnhdf ehsputbe cy tgb twd

supbrpdwbrs. Ugb Lheekb Bmst mfe Abftrmk Mshm mrb sthkk oby tbrrhtdrhbs cbamusb d`

tgbhr fmturmk rbsdurabs, tgb hlpdrtmfab d` wghag obbps nrdwhfn. Dhk mfe nms gmvb

cbadlb tgb lmhf ldthvbs `dr mkldst bvbry akmsg cbtwbbf tgb stmtbs. Gdwbvbr, mkldst

bvbry thlb dutrhngt lhkhtmry mathdfs wbrb mvdhebe cbtwbbf tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf mfe hts

dppdfbfts. Ugb prdtmndfhsts bssbfthmkky rblmhfbe cbghfe tgb aurtmhfs mfe pukkbe tgb

strhfns, khob tgby ehe hf adf`khats suag ms tgb Mrmc-Hsrmbkh wmr.

@rdl Qtbtthf hf tgb Cmktha td Urhbstb hf tgb Merhmtha, mf hrdf aurtmhf gms

ebsabfebe mardss tgb Adfthfbft.

^hfstdf Aguraghkk

Qtrunnkbs dvbr tgb Qubz Amfmk

Ugb adfstruathdf d` tgb Amfmk stmrtbe ms m @rmfad-Bnypthmf prdibat. Bfnkmfe

wms dppdsbe td hts arbmthdf cbamusb tgb Amfmk dpbfbe m quhao mfe bmsy rdutb td tgb


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Hfehmf Dabmf mfe dpbfbe mf bmsy maabss td gbr adkdfhbs. Ms m lbmfs d` ehpkdlmtha

prbssurb, tgb Crhthsg maausbe tgb adfstruatdrs d` bxpkdhthfn wdrobrs, ushfn `drabe mfe

skmvb kmcdur mfe mttblptbe td stmrt luthfhbs mldfn tgb wdrobrs17. Ehsrbnmrehfn

vmrhdus ebkmys mfe gmkts hf tgb bxamvmthdf, tgb Qubz Amfmk wms `hfmkky `hfhsgbe hf

=708. Hf tgb =7>:s, ufebr tgb Cbfimlhf Ehsrmbkh ndvbrflbft, Crhtmhf rbebblbe tgb

Bnypthmf sgmrb (55%) hf tgb Qubz Amfmk Adlpmfy. Fdw tgmt Crhtmhf eheft ebpbfe df

tgb @rbfag mfe Bnypthmf nddewhkk td usb tgb Amfmk `dr gbr sghpphfn, hts bxhstbfab

eheft cdtgbr gbr mfyldrb, quhtb tgb dppdshtb hf `mat. Ht d``brbe Crhtmhf bmsy maabss td

tgb Sbe Qbm mfe Hfehm Dabmf, hts strmtbnha hlpdrtmfab strbfntgbfbe tgb Sdymk Fmvy

bvbf ldrb, nhvhfn ht mfdtgbr mevmftmnb df tgb adlpbthtdrs `kbbts, mfe prmathamkky

adftrdk dvbr tgb Lbehtbrrmfbmf. Hf =777, tgb Amfmk wms ebakmrbe fbutrmk cy tgb

Adfvbfthdf d` Adfstmfthfdpkbmfe wms eb `matdpkmabe ufebr Crhthsg survbhkkmfab. Hf

tgb 3:tg abftury whtg tgb ehsadvbry d` dhk, tgb Qubz Amfmk nmhfbe bvbf ldrb

hlpdrtmfab ms ht lmeb tgb wmy td tgb Zbrshmf Nuk` bmshbr. Eurhfn ^drke ^mr H,

Bfnkmfe ebakmrbe tgb Amfmk ufebr Crhthsg prdtbathdf (cb`drb tghs, tgb Amfmk eb iurb

cbkdfnbe td tgb Dttdlmf Blphrb). M`tbr tgb wmr, hf =833, Crhtmhf rbadnfhzbe Bnypts

hfebpbfebfab cut obpt strdfn hf`kubfab dvbr tgb aduftry mfe tgb Amfmk. Hf =810 tgb

Mfnkd-Bnypthmf trbmtyrbquhrbe Crhtmhf td kbt Bnypt cb nbfuhfbky hfebpbfebft mfe td

whtgermw mkk trddps, bxabpt tgdsb fbabssmry td eb`bfe tgb Qubz Amfmk. Ugb trddps

wbrb td rblmhf `dr 3: ybmrs ufthk =820, tgbf tgb mnrbblbft wms td cb rbfbndthmtbe mfe

rbfbwbe. Gdwbvbr, hf =823 Bnypt ndbs tgrdung tgb Iuky Sbvdkuthdf. Ugb Bnypthmf

ldfmragy hs ebpdsbe mfe Nmlmk Mcebk Fmssbr adlbs td pdwbr ms Zrhlb Lhfhstbr mfe

hf =820 ebahebs td fmthdfmkhsb tgb Qubz Amfmk, rbldvhfn ht `rdl ufebr Bfnkhsg

hf`kubfab.

Ughs ebahshdf wmobe Crhtmhfs mfahbft `bmrs, ms sgb wms ldrb tgmf ufwhkkhfn td

kbt nd d` tgb prbahdus mrtbry. Adftrdk d` tgb Qubz numrmftbbe tgb quhao mfe agbmp

sghpphfn d` dhk `dr @rbfag mfe Crhthsg fbbes, fdt td lbfthdf tgb prd`ht cdtg nmhfbe

`rdl tgbhr sgmrbs hf tgb Qubz Amfmk Adlpmfy. Cy =822, gmk` d` tgb amfmks trm``ha

maaduftbe `dr pbtrdkbul trmfspdrtmthdf fbbes. Uwd tghres d` tgb dhk ebsthfbe td

Burdpbmf adfsulpthdf wbrb pmsshfn tgrdung tgb Qubz.18

17Mrfdke. U. ^hksdf, Ugb Qubz Amfmk, =81818Emfhbk Xbrnhf, Ugb Zrhzb9 Ugb Bpha ]ubst `dr Dhk, Ldfby, mfe Zdwbr, =88= (agmptbr 35)


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Ebsphtb @rbfag mfe Crhthsg adfabrfs, Fmssbr ndbs df whtg ghs fmthdfmkhsmthdf

pkmf. Ugb trm``ha d` dhk tmfobrs tgrdung tgb amfmk wms ibdpmrehzbe (mfe bvbftumkky

hftbrruptbe wgbf mrlbe gdsthkhthbs cbnmf hf tgb rbnhdf). Ugbrb`drb, Crhtmhf, @rmfab

mfe tgbhr fbw mkky hf tgb lmttbr Hsrmbk pkdttbe td hfvmeb Bnypt mfe rbnmhf adftrdk

d` tgb amfmk eurhfn m sbarbt lbbthfn hf Qvrbshf Datdcbr =820. Ugby mnrbbe td kmufag

mf Hsrmbkh lhkhtmry mathdf mnmhfst Bnypt. @rmfab mfe Crhtmhf wduke tgbf hfvmeb ufebr

tgb prbtbxt d` sbpmrmthfn tgb cbkkhnbrbfts.5: @dkkdwhfn tghs sbarbt mnrbblbft, @rmfab

mfe Crhtmhf usbe tgbhr vbtd pdwbr hf tgb RF Qbaurhty Adufahk td ckdao tgb RQ

rbsdkuthdf df stdpphfn tgb Hsrmbkh mnnrbsshdf. Ugb twd mkkhbs tgbf lmeb tgbhr dwf

akmhls, rbquhrhfn tgmt cdtg Hsrmbk mfe Bnypt tddo tgbhr mrlhbs mwmy `rdl tgb Amfmk `dr

mt kbmst 1: ohkdlbtrbs. Bnypt rbùsbe td adlpky, @rmfab mfe Crhtmhf sbft hf tgbhr

trddps.

Ugbsb mathdfs mrdusbe sgmrp arhthahsl `rdl tgb hftbrfmthdfmk adllufhty,

bspbahmkky tgb RQM mfe tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf. Mlbrhamfs wbrb eblmfehfn tgmt mkk lhkhtmry

mathdf cb stdppbe. ^msghfntdf tgrbmtbfbe Hsrmbk whtg smfathdfs h` tgby eheft stdp

tgbhr lhkhtmry hfvdkvblbft5=. Ugb RQQS gme cbbf cmaohfn Fmssbrs Sbpuckhamf

rbnhlb, cy suppkyhfn wbmpdfs mfe prdvhehfn `hfmfahmk mhe. Hf pmrthaukmr, m`tbr Crhtmhf

mfe tgb RQ rbùsbe td gbkp Bnypt whtg tgb adfstruathdf d` tgb Mswmf Eml hf =822,

Fmssbr turfbe td tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf td nbt gbkp. D` mkk stmtbs, tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf gme tgb

ldst dlhfdus cbgmvhdur9 Fhohtm Ogrusgagbvs tgrbmts wbft `rdl shlpkb wmrfhfns up

td lbfmabs d` mtdlha cdlchfns df tgb cbkkhnbrbfts tbrrhtdrhbs.53Ugb RF `drlbe m

pbmabobbphfn dpbrmthdf td supbrvhsb tgb whtgermwmk d` mkk trddps `rdl tgb Qubz Arhshs.

Ugb arhshs ebldfstrmtbe tgb ^bstbrf stmtbs rbkhmfab df tgb Lheekb Bmst `dr dhk

mfe `dr hts trmfspdrtmthdf mfe gdw `mr tgby mrb whkkhfn td nd td sbaurb tgbhr hftbrbsts. Ht

mksd prdvbe tgmt tgb Nrbmt Nmlb hf tgb Lheekb Bmst wms sthkk ndhfn df, bvbf h` df tgb

sur`mab cdtg tgb Rfhtbe Qtmtbs mfe tgb RQQS eblmfebe td abmsb mkk `hrb. H` tgb adf`khat

gme bsamkmtbe, tgbrb hs prmathamkky fd educt tgmt ht wduke gmvb kbe td m ùkk samkb wmr

cbtwbbf tgb Adke wmrs lmhf prdtmndfhsts, bspbahmkky cbamusb d` Ogrusgagbvs tgrbmts

d` mtdlha cdlchfns. @dr tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf, tgb arhshs adftrhcutbe td tgb nrdwtg d` hts

prbsthnb hf tgb aduftrhbs d` tgb Lheekb Bmst cbamusb tgb RQQS pdsbe ms tgbhr eb`bfebr

5:Hmf Ckmao, Qbarbts mfe khbs mt tgb gbmrt d` Crhtmhfs Lheekb Bmstbrf `dkky, Ugb Numrehmf,

Iuky ==, 3::0 gttp9//www.tgbnumrehmf.adl/uo/3::0/iuk/==/bnypt.pmst

5=Hmf Ckmao, M pmhfùk kbssdf hf ehpkdlmay, Ugb Numrehmf, Datdcbr 1=, 3::0gttp9//www.tgbnumrehmf.adl/wdrke/3::0/dat/1=/wdrkeehspmtag.bnypt

53Idgf Kbwhs Nmeehs, Ugb Adke ^mr9 m fbw ghstdry, p. >:


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mnmhfst tgb ^bstbrf amphtmkhsl. Cy cmaohfn tgb Mrmcs fmthdfmkhsl, Ogrusgagbv

aduftbe df tgbl td sbb tgb RQQS ms tgbhr ldst trustwdrtgy `rhbfe. Ldrbdvbr, tgb

arhshs struao tgb prbsthnb mfe wbmobfbe tgb Mlbrhamfs akdsbst mfe ldst pdwbr`uk

Burdpbmf mkkhbs. Ht mksd maabkbrmtbe tgb `mkk d` tgb rblmhfhfn adkdfhmk melhfhstrmthdfs

hf tgb wdrke, mfe cy tgb =80:s, tgby wbrb dfky m `bw kb`t. Cdtg tgb RQM mfe tgb

RQQS wbrb strbfntgbfbe ms tgb wdrkes twd supbrpdwbrs. Crhtmhf gme td adf`rdft tgb

pmhf`uk trutg d` gmvhfn kdst gbr blphrb.

"Gb _Mftgdfy Bebf\ wms tgb kmst prhlb lhfhstbr td cbkhbvb Crhtmhf wms m nrbmt

pdwbr mfe tgb `hrst td adf`rdft m arhshs wghag prdvbe sgb wms fdt."

Ugb Uhlbs, Datdcbr =5, =887

Ugb Qdvhbt ^mr hf M`ngmfhstmf

Hf M`ngmfhstmf, m`tbr tgb Qmur rbvdkuthdf d` Mprhk =8>7 crdungt td pdwbr m

prd-Qdvhbt ndvbrflbft kbe cy ZEZM Zbdpkbs Ebldarmtha Zmrty d` M`ngmfhstmf,

rb`drls cmsbe df m sdahmkhst ldebk mrb ufebrwmy. M`ngmf rbkhnhdus kbmebrs mfe

kmfekdres ed fdt wbkadlb tgbsb agmfnbs mfe vbry sddf tgb aduftry nbts hftd m

nubrrhkkm wmr cbtwbbf tgb dppdshthdf mfe tgb ndvbrflbft. Ugb kmttbr msos tgb RQQS

`dr gbkp mfe m ehrbat lhkhtmry hftbrvbfthdf. Qdvhbt kbmebrs ebakhfbe tgb eblmfe sbvbrmk

thlbs, cut ehe cddst hfehrbat suppdrt td M`ngmfhstmfs kbnhthlmtb ndvbrflbft cy

hfarbmshfn suppkhbs d` wbmpdfs mfe `dde prdeuats. Ugbrb`drb, tgb RQQS wms tryhfn td

mvdhe wmr, ms hkkustrmtbe cy tgb `dkkdwhfn qudtb d` Mkbxbh Odsynhf, Agmhrlmf d` tgb

Qdvhbt Adufahk d` Lhfhstbrs9

^b cbkhbvb ht wduke cb m `mtmk lhstmob td adllht nrdufe trddps. _...\ H` dur

trddps wbft hf, tgb shtumthdf hf ydur aduftry wduke fdt hlprdvb. Df tgb

adftrmry, ht wduke nbt wdrsb. Dur trddps wduke gmvb td strunnkb fdt dfky whtg

mf bxtbrfmk mnnrbssdr, cut mksd whtg m shnfh`hamft pmrt d` ydur dwf pbdpkb.

Mfe tgb pbdpkb wduke fbvbr `drnhvb suag tghfns

@dr tgb Qdvhbt Rfhdf, tgb ldst dcvhdus mrnulbft hf `mvdur d` tgb hftbrvbfthdf

wms td eb`bfe tgb sdahmkhst rb`drls d` tgb prd-adllufhst ndvbrflbft. ^gbf hf

Qbptblcbr =8>8 m`tbr mf hftbrfmk strunnkb hfsheb ZEZM tgb fbw M`ngmf kbmebr

Gm`hzukkmg Mlhfhf m `ht d` phqub turfs td tgb RQ `dr gbkp, tgb pmthbfab d` tgb Qdvhbt


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Rfhdf kbmebrs hs mkldst bxgmustbe. Mf meehthdfmk ldthvb wms td bxpmfe tgb Qdvhbt

hf`kubfab, adfthfub hts bxpmfshdf mfe `urtgbr sprbme tgb hebms d` adllufhsl51hf tgb

wdrke mfe hf pmrthaukmr hf tgb strmtbnha mfe wbmktgy rbnhdf d` tgb Zbrshmf Nuk`. (Gbrb

wb dfab mnmhf stulckb updf tgb usumk stmobs hf tgb Nrbmt Nmlb9 tgb Lheekb Bmst mfe

hts rbsdurabs.) Udemy tgb d``hahmk Susshmf dphfhdf bxpkmhfs tgmt tgb Mlbrhamfs

cmaohfn d` tgb Luimgbebbf bvbf cb`drb tgb Qdvhbt hfvmshdf (ms ht wms kmtbr rbvbmkbe

cy tgb AHM9 shx ldftgs cb`drb tgb hftbrvbfthdf)55wms tgb `hfmk strmw.

Ms tgb Qdvhbt trddps wmnb wmr mnmhfst M`ngmf dppdshthdf td tgb rbnhlb, tgb

Rfhtbe-Qtmtbs mrb tgbrb td cmao tgb rbcbks. Ugbrb`drb, tgb twd lmhf pkmybrs d` tgb

Nrbmt Nmlb mrb df stmnb mnmhf mfe `hngt td tgb chttbr bfe, wgmtbvbr tgb adst ht sbbls.

Kb Fduvbk Dcsbrvmtbur9 Mfe mksd, edf't ydu rbnrbt gmvhfn gbkpbe `uturb

tbrrdrhsts, gmvhfn nhvbf tgbl wbmpdfs mfe mevhab4

Ychnfhbw Crzbzhfsoh9 ^gmt hs ldst hlpdrtmft `dr wdrke ghstdry4 Ugb Umkhcmf

dr tgb `mkk d` tgb Qdvhbt Blphrb4 Qdlb Hskmlha gdtgbmes dr tgb khcbrmthdf d`

Abftrmk Burdpb mfe tgb bfe d` tgb adke wmr4

Hftbrvhbw d` Ychnfhbw Crzbzhfsoh, Kb Fduvbk Dcsbrvmtbur, =887

Ugb Qdvhbt hftbrvbfthdf hf M`ngmfhstmf turfbe dut td cb m adlpkbtb ehsmstbr `dr

tgb RQQS mfe hf m wmy maabkbrmtbe hts ebnbfbrmthdf mfe bvbftumk adkkmpsb.

M nhmft whtg `bbt d` akmy

Ugb Nrbmt Nmlb amf dfky tmob pkmab cbtwbbf twd bqumk pdwbrs. Ms sddf ms

dfb kddsbs nrdufe, tgb Nmlb abmsbs td cb. Hf tgb lheekb d` tgb =8>:s tgb RQQS hs mt

tgb phffmakb d` hts pdwbr mfe hf`kubfab. Fdcdey wduke gmvb eductbe hts bqumkhty

whtg tgb RQM. Gdwbvbr, tgb Qdvhbt systbl su``brs `rdl badfdlha mfe struaturmk

wbmofbssbs tgmt eheft lmob ht vhmckb df tgb kdfn tbrl. Ugb `mkk d` dhk prhabs hf tgb

bfe d` tgb =87:s wms tgb kmst trhnnbr hf tgb Qdvhbt blphrbs eblhsb.

51Adkhf Nrmy, ^mr, Zbmab mfe Hftbrfmthdfmk Sbkmthdfs - Mf Hftrdeuathdf td Qtrmtbnha Ghstdry ,

3::>, p.371.

55Sdcbrt Nmtbs,@rdl tgb Qgmedws9 Ugb Rkthlmtb Hfshebr's Qtdry d` @hvb Zrbshebfts mfe GdwUgby ^df tgb Adke ^mr, 3::>


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1>

Mf badfdlha `mhkurb

Ugb bxtrmdrehfmry prd`ht tgb RQQS nmhfbe `rdl hts rbsdurabs wms wmstbe.

Ldst d` tgb hfvbstlbfts hf mnrhaukturb mfe tgb lhkhtmry-hfeustrhmk adlpkbx wbrb

hfb``hahbft. Ugb mrls rmab whtg tgb RQM wms tgb lmhf bxpbfehturb d` tgb Qdvhbtbadfdly. Ldst d` tgb hfvbstlbfts hf sahbfab adfabrfbe lhkhtmry sahbfab mfe gmk` d`

tgb Qdvhbt rbsbmrag mfe ebvbkdplbft gme dfky m lhkhtmry ndmk. Ugb RQQS ermsthamkky

hfarbmsbe hts eb`bfab spbfehfn hf drebr td rbmag tgb lhkhtmry lhngt d` tgb FMUD

ckdao. @urtgbrldrb, hf tgb =80:s Qdvhbt `rhbfesghp whtg Aghfm ebtbrhdrmtbs quhaoky,

wghag kbmes td mf mrlbe adf`khat (tgb Qhfd-Qdvhbt cdrebr adf`khat dvbr tgb Ygbfcmd

Hskmfe hf tgb @mr Bmst). Ugbfab tgb Qdvhbt kbmebrsghp stmrts adfshebrhfn tgb pdsshchkhty

d` m ùkk-samkb wmr whtg Aghfm. Ms m adrdkkmry d` tgbsb rb`kbathdfs9 hfarbmsbe lhkhtmry

spbfehfn, mnmhf. Susshms gypbrtrdpghbe lhkhtmry hfeustry edbs fdt mkkdw dtgbrs

sbatdrs d` tgb badfdly td ebvbkdp.

Mfdtgbr adlpkbtbky ufprd`htmckb (hf tbrls d` badfdlhas) bftbrprhsb wms tgb

mhe mfe `hfmfahmk suppdrt tgb RQQS prdvhebe td `drbhnf sdahmkhst mfe prd-adllufhst

aduftrhbs. Ugb Qdvhbt Rfhdf `hfmfabe mfe suppdrtbe suag prdibats ms tgb Mswmf eml

hf Bnypt. Qdvhbt ebshnfs, bquhplbft mfe kmcdur wbrb sbft dut td gbkp hfeustrhmkhzb mfe

ldebrfhzb tgb Zdpukmr Sbpuckha d` Aghfm rhngt m`tbr hts arbmthdf, mfe sd df. Mkk d` tghs

wms lmeb td sprbme tgb RQQSs hf`kubfab mfe hebdkdny, cut hf tbrls d` badfdlha

prd`ht, ht wms m cdttdlkbss pht.

Hfgbrbft struaturmk wbmofbssbs

Ugb Brm d` stmnfmthdf ehe fdt m``bat tgb badfdly mkdfb, ht mksd kbe sdahmk

ldchkhty, rdtmthdf mfe nrdwtg (wghag wbrb sthlukmtbe cy tgb Sbvdkuthdf mfe eurhfn

tgb Qtmkhf brm) whtghf tgb Qdvhbt mppmrmtus td m ùkk stdp. Ugb Zdst-Qtmkhf bkhtb dfky

wdrrhbe mcdut sbaurhfn hts pdshthdfs ms akdsbr td pdwbr ms pdsshckb. Mt `hrst tgby

maghbvbe ùkk pbrsdfmk (tgmt hs td smy pgyshamk) sbaurhty, tgbf mcsdkutb hllufhty mfe

cy tgmt tdtmk hrrbspdfshchkhty, wghag lmeb ebmtg cy fmturmk amusbs tgb dfky rbmsdfmckb

ldthvb `dr rbthrblbft. Qucsbqubftky, tgb Crbzgfbv Qtmnfmthdf brm crdungt td pdwbr m

cufag d` kbmebrs d` strhohfn hfadlpbtbfab52

. Zdst-Qtmkhf Qdvhbt kbmebrs mfe tgbhr

adufahkkdrs lmeb m sbrhbs d` lmfmnblbft mfe struaturmk lhstmobs, `dr bxmlpkb, cy fdt

adfeuathfn rb`drls tgmt aduke gmvb strbfntgbfbe tgb RQQS mfe hts systbl. Ht wms tgb

52Xbndr Nmhemr, Adkkmpsb d` mf Blphrb9 Kbssdfs `dr Ldebrf Susshm, 3::>


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amsb hf =802 whtg tgb amfabkkmthdf d` tgb Odsynhf rb`drls, wghag wbrb lbmft td

hfarbmsb tgb badfdlha hfebpbfebfab d` bftrbprbfburs mfe tgbrb`drb sthlukmtb nrdwtg.

Qhfab tgb kmtb =8>:s tgb Qdvhbt nrdss fmthdfmk prdeuat nrdws dfky 3 % pbr

ybmr, wgbrbms tgb stmtb cuenbt eb`haht nrbw td =1 % d` NEZ cy =878.50 Hfstbme d`

aurhfn tgb ehsbmsb cy adfeuathfn tgb fbbebe rb`drls, tgb kmst Qdvhbt kbmebrs strunnkb

td trbmt tgb sylptdls (tgb wgbmt mfe `dde prdeuats eb`haht, hfeustrhmk mfe mnrhaukturmk

hfb``hahbfay). Hf tgb lheekb d` tgb =8>:s, tgb RQQS bftmfnkbs htsbk` hftd `drbhnf

ebcts. Cy tgb kmtb =87:s, tgb Qdvhbt `drbhnf ebct rbprbsbfts mcdut $52 chkkhdf

adlpmrbe td $33 chkkhdf hf =875.5>

Ms h` tghs wms fdt bfdung, tgb Qdvhbt ndvbrflbft nbts cdnnbe edwf hf tgb

lbssy wmr whtg M`ngmfhstmf. Ugb wmr bfrmnbs pdpukmr dphfhdf mfe wbmobfs bvbf

ldrb tgb pbdpkbs trust hf tgb ndvbrflbft, mkrbmey ufebrlhfbe cy tgb stmnfmthdf mfe

pbrshstbft suppky sgdrtmnb.

@dr mkldst =: ybmrs, Ldsadw gme td amrry df m wmr ufcbmrmckb `dr tgb

ndvbrflbft, m adf`khat wghag crdungt mcdut tgb ebldrmkhzmthdf mfe `hfmkky tgb

`mkk d` tgb Qdvhbt blphrb.57

Ychnfhbw Crzbzhfsoh

Ugb adkkmpsb

Df Fdvblcbr =>, =8>1, ms m rbspdfsb td tgb RQMs suppdrt d` Hsrmbk hf tgb

Mrmc-Hsrmbkh wmr, tgb Mrmc Zbtrdkbul Bxpdrthfn Aduftrhbs adfakuebe m pmat cbtwbbf

tgbl. Ugby ermlmthamkky kdwbrbe tgbhr dhk bxtrmathdf mfe hts bxpdrtmthdfs, tgus

prdvdohfn tgb `hrst dhk arhshs. Qmueh Mrmchm, tgb wdrkes nrbmtbst dhk bxpdrtbr, rbeuabe

hts dhk bxtrmathdf cy =:% mfe hlpdsbe mf blcmrnd df hts bxpdrtmthdfs td tgb RQM. Mldftg kmtbr, tgb Mrmc aduftrhbs ebakmrbe tgby wduke rbeuab tgb bxtrmathdf d` dhk cy

7:% h` tgb RQM edbs fdt abmsb td suppdrt Hsrmbk. H` tgb RQM wbrb td usb lhkhtmry

`drab, tgb dhk ebpdshts wduke cb ebstruatbe. Ugb dhk arhsbs d` =8>1 mfe =8>8

mppmrbftky prd`htbe td dfb aduftry9 tgb RQQS tgrhvbe df tgbsb ghstdrhamkky ghng dhk

50"Ndrcmagbv's Badfdlha Zrdnrmls9 Ugb Agmkkbfnbs Mgbme", AHM, Eba. =877.

5>"RQQS9 Adphfn whtg tgb Ebakhfb hf Gmre Aurrbfay Sbvbfubs", AHM, Mprhk =877.

57Hftbrvhbw whtg Ychnfhbw Crzbzhfsoh, Zrbshebft Ihlly Amrtbr's Fmthdfmk Qbaurhty Mevhsbr,Kb Fduvbk Dcsbrvmtbur, =887


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prhabs. Bmsy adlb, bmsy nd9 tgb dhk bupgdrhm wms fdt td kmst mfe quhaoky turfbe dut td

cb RQQSs

the reincarnation of the great game throughout the 20th century

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