the prevention of backover collisions...uk backover causes –top 10 contributory factorspolice...
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Brian Fildes, PhD, Michael Keall PhD, & Stuart Newstead PhD
ACCIDENT
RESEARCH
CENTRE
The Prevention of Backover
Collisions
Nature of the Problem
• Collisions between a reversing vehicle and a pedestrian or other VRU
(BACKOVERS) are relatively small but particularly severe events
• In 2015, there were approximately 68 KSI police-reported backovers in
Australia (5 fatalities and 63 severe injuries)
– 10% involved children 0-19 years but 50% involved pedestrians aged 60plus
• In 2014 NHTSA reported 210 fatalities and 15,000 S.I. from backover
collisions on public roads in USA
• Austin in 2008 found that police data in the USA reported only 22% of
these collisions occurred on public roads using NiTS data
• No similar accounts of the extent of backover collisions were found in
other Western or developing countries
• Study objective was to examine the extent of backover collisions in
Australia, Germany, UK and the USA
International Data Available
• National police data from 4-sources for years 2010-2012
➢ USA National Automotive Sampling System (NASS-GES)
➢ UK Department for Transport STATS 19 database
➢ The German Federal Highway Research Institute STBA database
➢ Australia and New Zealand police database
➢ The number of backover collisions across the 4 regions was between 5% and 9%
of all pedestrian collisions
• Other data provided included
➢ UK Police causal data - 2010 and 2012 (Top 20 = 14,300 entries)
➢ German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) from 2005-2014 (16 relevant cases)
➢ UK Road Accident In-Depth Studies (RAIDS) from 2010-2015 (9 cases)
➢ Australian in-depth ANCIS study (1-case)
Pedestrians KSI Annually in Backovers – 2010-2012
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%
<20
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 plus
USA DE UK AUS
National Database Figures, 2010 - 2012
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
<20
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 plus
USA DE UK AUS*
Drivers Involved Annually in Backovers – 2010-2012
National Database Figures, 2010 - 2012
UK Backover Causes – Top 10 Contributory Factors
Police reported contributory factors (up to 6 per crash) Frequency Percent
Driver failed to look properly 3956 25.3%
Pedestrian failed to look properly 2619 16.7%
Pedestrian failed to judge vehicle’s path or speed 1288 8.2%
Vehicle blind spot 1083 6.9%
Driver and/or pedestrian was careless, reckless or in a hurry 1021 6.5%
Poor turn or maneuver 989 6.3%
Pedestrian careless, reckless or in a hurry 491 3.1%
Failed to judge other person’s path or speed 364 2.3%
Pedestrian dangerous action in carriageway 307 2.0%
Pedestrian crossing road masked by stationary or parked vehicle 302 1.9%
STATS 19 – Police assessment of main contributory factors in backover collisions – 2010-2012
Approx. 50%
In-Depth Most Frequent Crash Scenarios
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
Car reversing from a Parking spot with
pedestrian approaching from behind
Car attempting to parallel park with a
pedestrian crossing through the spot
Car reversing around a corner with a
pedestrian about to cross the road
Car reversing around a corner with a
pedestrian already crossing the road
Scenario 5 Scenario 6 Scenario 7 Scenario 8
Car backing out of a side street, lane or
driveway with a pedestrian crossing behind
Car reversing to leave parking spot as
pedestrian enters the pedestrian crossing
Car backing into a laneway as a
pedestrians crosses the lane
Car reversing down a narrow street or lane
with pedestrian walking towards the vehicle
Scenario 9 Scenario 10 Scenario 11
Car reversing when a pedestrian walks out
from behind a parked car
Car reversing out of a parking spot while a
pedestrian is crossing the road behind
Car reversing into a driveway with
pedestrians in the driveway
In-Depth backover collision data – RAIDS (UK) and GIDAS (DE): n=26
Fitment of Reversing Technology
• The AAA (Australia) undertook an assessment
of reversing technology (cameras and sensors) in new vehicles
between 2012 and 2015
Fitment of Reversing Technology (Models)
Effectiveness of reversing cameras in backovers
• Compared KSI crashes in cars with and without cameras in
pedestrian backover collisions between 2010 and 2013
➢ Australian police data adjusted for pedestrian age
• Cars with cameras were 41% significantly less likely to be
involved in a backover collision than cars without cameras
• Female pedestrians were significantly more likely to be involved
in a backover collision than males
➢ May be an exposure effect (no relevant data available)
• There was a hint that cameras may have been less effective for
SUVs but more data needed to establish if this is a real effect
Keall, Fildes & Newstead, AAP, 2017
Exemplar New Technology Concepts
Bosch backover avoidance concept car
including radar units in both rear
corners and automatic braking
Reverse-Alert concept that relies entirely
on a series of bumper-mounted 250deg
sensors and autonomous braking
Conclusions
• Collisions between a reversing vehicle and a pedestrian are relatively
small in numbers but particularly severe events
• Nevertheless, we should not tolerate backover collisions, especially
as they involve the most vulnerable members of our population,
namely elderly and children
• In March 2014, the U.S. Department of Transportation mandated the
fitment of reversing technologies in all US vehicles progressively
from 2016 (FMVSS 111)
• We would like to see this rule extended to other countries too.
• New advances in camera technology should also be encouraged to
further reduce the risk of backover collisions
