THE PRESIDENCYTHE PRESIDENCY

Ch. 12 TermsCh. 12 Terms

Divided Government & Unified Divided Government & Unified governmentgovernment

Gridlock – Good or BadGridlock – Good or Bad

Perks- Perks-

$400,000 YR. PLUS $50,000 IN $400,000 YR. PLUS $50,000 IN EXPENSESEXPENSES

FRINGE BENEFITS - WHITE HOUSE, FRINGE BENEFITS - WHITE HOUSE, CAMP DAVID, CARS, AIRPLANE, AND A CAMP DAVID, CARS, AIRPLANE, AND A YACHTYACHT

Table 12.1: The Table 12.1: The Cabinet Cabinet

DepartmentsDepartments

Types of VetoesTypes of Vetoes

Veto messageVeto message

Pocket vetoPocket veto

Line-item-veto – unconstitutionalLine-item-veto – unconstitutional

Legislative veto - unconstitutionalLegislative veto - unconstitutional

Lame DuckLame Duck

DESCRIBE THE WHITE HOUSE DESCRIBE THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICEOFFICE

White House OfficeWhite House OfficeWhite House OfficeWhite House Office

President’s closest assistantsPresident’s closest assistants

Includes- CHIEF OF STAFF, Includes- CHIEF OF STAFF, COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT, COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT, PRESS SECRETARY, EXPERT PRESS SECRETARY, EXPERT ADVISORSADVISORS

Do not need Senate confirmationsDo not need Senate confirmations

Oversee political & policy issuesOversee political & policy issues

WHITE HOUSE OFFICEWHITE HOUSE OFFICE

– Staffs organized in 3 ways:Staffs organized in 3 ways:

– Pyramid structure- Eisenhower, Nixon, Pyramid structure- Eisenhower, Nixon, & Reagan& Reagan

– Circular structure- CarterCircular structure- Carter

– Ad hoc structure-ClintonAd hoc structure-Clinton

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP)PRESIDENT (EOP)

The National Security CouncilThe National Security Council

Advises the president on domestic, Advises the president on domestic, foreign, and military matters that relate foreign, and military matters that relate to the nation’s securityto the nation’s security

Members – VP, Sec. Of Defense & Members – VP, Sec. Of Defense & State, director of CIA, & Chairman of State, director of CIA, & Chairman of Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of Staff

National Security CouncilNational Security Council

Office of Management & BudgetOffice of Management & BudgetOMBOMB

Largest office in EOPLargest office in EOP

Major task is to prepare the federal Major task is to prepare the federal budget – President must submit to budget – President must submit to Congress in Jan, or Feb.Congress in Jan, or Feb.

Persuasion PowerPersuasion Power

Three audiencesThree audiences

1. Politicians1. Politicians

2. party activists2. party activists

3. general public3. general public

Presidential Popularity*Presidential Popularity*

Reasons for increase: Reasons for increase: – most popular immediately after he is most popular immediately after he is

elected – “honeymoon period,” elected – “honeymoon period,”

– good economic conditions,good economic conditions,

– foreign policy successforeign policy success

– reelection campaignreelection campaign

Reasons for decrease:Reasons for decrease:– Decline in popularity over termDecline in popularity over term– Sluggish economySluggish economy– ScandalScandal– Unpopular warUnpopular war

Figure 12.2: Presidential Figure 12.2: Presidential PopularityPopularity

Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

Figure 12.2: Presidential Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity (cont’d)Popularity (cont’d)

Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

What ways can the President What ways can the President say no?say no?

The budgetThe budget

VetoVeto

Executive privilegeExecutive privilege

Impoundment of fundsImpoundment of funds

President ProgramPresident Program

ConstraintsConstraints– Public ReactionPublic Reaction– Congressional ReactionCongressional Reaction– Limited timeLimited time– budgetbudget

Vice-PresidentVice-President

President of SenatePresident of Senate

25th amendment allows the VP and a 25th amendment allows the VP and a majority of the Cabinet to deem a majority of the Cabinet to deem a president unable to fulfill his dutiespresident unable to fulfill his duties

Balance TicketBalance Ticket

Recent yrs. involved in public policyRecent yrs. involved in public policy

SuccessionSuccession

Presidential Succession Act Presidential Succession Act 19471947–VPVP

–SpeakerSpeaker

–Pres. Pro TemporePres. Pro Tempore

–Sec. State ...Sec. State ...

25th Amendment 196725th Amendment 1967–Pres. Can appoint a new VP if Pres. Can appoint a new VP if

vacant with approval from both vacant with approval from both HousesHouses

PRESIDENTIAL POWERPRESIDENTIAL POWERPRESIDENTIAL POWERPRESIDENTIAL POWER

Office of National Drug Control PolicyOffice of National Drug Control Policy

Prepares an annual national drug Prepares an annual national drug control strategycontrol strategy

Coordinates the efforts of more than Coordinates the efforts of more than 50 federal agencies fighting the war 50 federal agencies fighting the war on drugson drugs

WHO GETS APPOINTED - CABINETWHO GETS APPOINTED - CABINET

PRESIDENT KNOWS FEW PRESIDENT KNOWS FEW PERSONALLYPERSONALLY

MOST HAVE HAD FEDERAL MOST HAVE HAD FEDERAL EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

Rivalry often develops between Rivalry often develops between Cabinet and White House staffCabinet and White House staff

WHY HAS WHY HAS PRESIDENTIAL PRESIDENTIAL POWER GROWN?POWER GROWN?

1. MANY PRESIDENTS HAVE 1. MANY PRESIDENTS HAVE WORKED TO EXPAND WORKED TO EXPAND THEIR OFFICE – ex. Issue THEIR OFFICE – ex. Issue executive orders & executive orders & agreementsagreements

2. PEOPLE HAVE DEMANDED 2. PEOPLE HAVE DEMANDED THE FEDERAL GOV’T TO TAKE A THE FEDERAL GOV’T TO TAKE A LARGE ROLE AND LOOKED TO LARGE ROLE AND LOOKED TO THE PRESIDENT FOR THE PRESIDENT FOR LEADERSHIP – ex. In times of war LEADERSHIP – ex. In times of war & economic hardship& economic hardship

33. CONGRESS HAS DELEGATED . CONGRESS HAS DELEGATED MUCH AUTHORITY TO THE MUCH AUTHORITY TO THE PRESIDENT – ex. Expanding the PRESIDENT – ex. Expanding the officeoffice

4. PRESIDENTS RECEIVE MORE 4. PRESIDENTS RECEIVE MORE ATTENTION - MediaATTENTION - Media

Powers and LimitationsPowers and Limitations

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator

1. Veto1. Veto2. Outlines legislative proposals2. Outlines legislative proposals3. Calls special sessions of Congress3. Calls special sessions of CongressA. 2/3 both houses of Congress can A. 2/3 both houses of Congress can override a vetooverride a vetoB. Congress is not obligated to pass the B. Congress is not obligated to pass the president’s proposalspresident’s proposals

Table 12.5: Presidential Vetoes, Table 12.5: Presidential Vetoes, 1789-20001789-2000

Head of Political PartyHead of Political Party

1. Political 1. Political patronage – giving patronage – giving jobs to individuals jobs to individuals in their partyin their partyA. Presidents A. Presidents today hire some today hire some members of the members of the opposing partyopposing partyB. 22B. 22ndnd amendment amendment

Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat

1. In charge of foreign policy1. In charge of foreign policy

2. Appoints ambassadors2. Appoints ambassadors

3. Executive agreements3. Executive agreements

4. Negotiates treaties4. Negotiates treaties

5. Recognition of foreign 5. Recognition of foreign governmentsgovernments

A. Senate must approve A. Senate must approve appointmentsappointments

B. Senate must approve treaties (2/3)B. Senate must approve treaties (2/3)

Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief

1. Civilian 1. Civilian authority over the authority over the militarymilitary

A. War Powers Act A. War Powers Act 19731973

B. Congress B. Congress declares wardeclares war

Chief of StateChief of State

The ceremonial The ceremonial head of the U.S. head of the U.S. government & government & peoplepeople

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

1. enforces federal law, treaties, 1. enforces federal law, treaties, court decisionscourt decisions2. Appoints cabinet members, 2. Appoints cabinet members, commissions, etc.commissions, etc.3. Executive orders3. Executive ordersA. Senate approval needed for A. Senate approval needed for appointmentsappointments

Chief JuristChief Jurist

1. Pardon power1. Pardon power

2. Appoints federal judges2. Appoints federal judges

A. Senate approval needed for judgesA. Senate approval needed for judges

Chief EconomistChief Economist

1. Develops the national budget – 1. Develops the national budget – OMBOMB

A. Congress must allocate moneyA. Congress must allocate money

Leader of the Free WorldLeader of the Free World

1. Persuasion powers over allies1. Persuasion powers over allies

A. Allies are under no obligation to A. Allies are under no obligation to followfollow

PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTERPRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER

EISENHOWER-orderly, delegation of EISENHOWER-orderly, delegation of authorityauthority

KENNEDY- improviserKENNEDY- improviser

JOHNSON- master legislative strategist, JOHNSON- master legislative strategist, who tended to micromanagewho tended to micromanage

NIXON- expertise in foreign policyNIXON- expertise in foreign policy

FORD- many decisions were made in FORD- many decisions were made in disorganized mannerdisorganized manner

CARTER- micromanageCARTER- micromanage

REAGAN-set policy priorities and REAGAN-set policy priorities and then gave staff wide latitudethen gave staff wide latitude

BUSH-hands-on managerBUSH-hands-on manager

CLINTON-good communicatorCLINTON-good communicator

BUSH – tightly run White HouseBUSH – tightly run White House

Obama- ?Obama- ?