The Periodic The Periodic TableTable

How would you organize all of the students within the school?

• The Mayan Periodic Table

• The Telluric Helix or Screw-Shaped (1862)

• Newlands' Octaves (1864) – arranged by atomic weights

• Mendeleev's Periodic Table (1871)

• Ingo Hackh's Periodic Table (1914)

• Modern Periodic Table (almost)

• Modern Periodic Table (extended)

This is actually the preferred way to

organize the periodic table. It isn’t used because it takes up too much room!

• Modern Periodic Table (compressed)

• Andreas von Antropoff (1926)

• Edgar Longman's (1951)

• A Spiral Periodic Table by Thoedor Benfey (1960)

• The Dufour Periodic Tree (1992) & A Physicist's Periodic Table (1988)

• Alexander Periodic Table (1994)

This “arrang[es] the elements contiguously and continuously according to the atomic number without disturbing the accepted group and property interrelationships previously found in the periodic chart.” http://periodictable.com/pages/AAE_Descript1.html

• A Triangular Periodic Table by Emil Zmaczynski (1935)& A Helical Periodic Table (1995)

• The Bayley-Thomsen-Bohr Periodic Table (1997)

• Philip Stewart's 'Chemical Galaxy II' (2005)

• Eric Scerri's Periodic Table (2006)

Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2006

• Spiral Periodic Table (2006)

• ADOMAH Periodic Table by Valery Tsimmerman (2007)

Ca20

40.078

Periodic Table LingoPeriodic Table Lingo

Groups Groups – Also called Also called familiesfamilies– The elements inThe elements in verticalvertical columnscolumns– Elements in a group have similar Elements in a group have similar

propertiesproperties– Labeled 1A-8A or 1B-8BLabeled 1A-8A or 1B-8B

PeriodsPeriods–HorizontalHorizontal rows of rows of elementselements

–Numbered 1 - 7Numbered 1 - 7

The Block at the BottomThe Block at the Bottom

The two rows at the bottom are The two rows at the bottom are actually removed from the middle of actually removed from the middle of the periodic table to make the table the periodic table to make the table more condensed.more condensed.

Classification of ElementsClassification of Elements1.1. MetalsMetals

Most elements are metalsMost elements are metals Have luster (shininess)Have luster (shininess) Conduct heat and electricityConduct heat and electricity Most are solid at room Most are solid at room

temperaturetemperature Are malleable and ductileAre malleable and ductile

2.2. NonmetalsNonmetals Opposite of metalsOpposite of metals No lusterNo luster Poor conductors of heat and Poor conductors of heat and

electricityelectricity Not malleable or ductileNot malleable or ductile Solid, Liquid or gasesSolid, Liquid or gases Physical properties vary Physical properties vary

greatlygreatly

3.3. MetalloidsMetalloidsCan have the Can have the

properties of metals properties of metals or nonmetals or a or nonmetals or a combination of bothcombination of both

Most General Breakdown:

Family CharacteristicsFamily Characteristics

Alkali Metals- they are VERY reactiveAlkali Metals- they are VERY reactive– Because of this, they usually exist as Because of this, they usually exist as

compounds with other elementscompounds with other elements– Two familiar Alkali metals: Na in salt and Two familiar Alkali metals: Na in salt and

Li in batteriesLi in batteries

Alkali Metals React!

Family CharacteristicsFamily Characteristics

Alkaline Earth Metals- also highly Alkaline Earth Metals- also highly reactivereactive– Calcium and Magnesium as minerals are Calcium and Magnesium as minerals are

important for your healthimportant for your health

Family CharacteristicsFamily Characteristics

Halogens- 5 elementsHalogens- 5 elements– Highly reactiveHighly reactive– Compounds containing these are called Compounds containing these are called

saltssalts– They exist at room temperature in all 3 They exist at room temperature in all 3

states of matterstates of matter Iodine and Astatine=solidIodine and Astatine=solidBromine=liquidBromine=liquidFluorine and Chlorine=gasFluorine and Chlorine=gas

Family CharacteristicsFamily Characteristics

Noble Gases- 6 elementsNoble Gases- 6 elements– Considered “inert” until 1960s because Considered “inert” until 1960s because

their full outer shells prevent them from their full outer shells prevent them from readily forming compoundsreadily forming compounds

– They are stableThey are stable Inner Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals (Rare Earth Elements)(Rare Earth Elements)

-30 elements-30 elements– Most are man-madeMost are man-made

s, p, d, and f Blockss, p, d, and f Blocks

The PT can be used to double check The PT can be used to double check electron configurations. electron configurations.

The last letter and superscript should The last letter and superscript should be the same as the letter and be the same as the letter and superscript for the column it is in.superscript for the column it is in.

Valence electronsValence electrons

These are the electrons on the outermost These are the electrons on the outermost ring. They are available for bonding.ring. They are available for bonding.

They can be found by counting the They can be found by counting the columns on the Periodic Table.columns on the Periodic Table.

EX: P in group 5A = 5 valence electronsEX: P in group 5A = 5 valence electrons

Lewis Dot StructuresLewis Dot Structures Simple way to show the valence Simple way to show the valence

electrons.electrons.– There are four spots to place electrons There are four spots to place electrons

in these dot structures- top, bottom, left in these dot structures- top, bottom, left and right.and right.

– Remember the most valence electrons Remember the most valence electrons an element or ion can have is 8.an element or ion can have is 8.

– Don’t pair up the electrons until they Don’t pair up the electrons until they have to.have to.

X

ExampleExample Beryllium-Beryllium-

– 2 valence electrons2 valence electrons– 2 dots 2 dots

(don’t pair them)(don’t pair them) Selenium-Selenium-

– 6 valence electrons6 valence electrons– 6 dots 6 dots

Be

Se

Common IonCommon Ion In order to be stable, all elements In order to be stable, all elements

want an electron configuration of a want an electron configuration of a NOBLE GAS.NOBLE GAS.

They will gain or lose electrons to They will gain or lose electrons to complete their outside shell.complete their outside shell.

The periodic table will help you to be The periodic table will help you to be able to predict this.able to predict this.

Draw the Lewis Dot Structure forDraw the Lewis Dot Structure for– ClCl– CaCa– LiLi– NN+2 +2

Organizing the PT ActivityOrganizing the PT Activity Groups of 4Groups of 4 1 textbook per group, 1 piece of 1 textbook per group, 1 piece of

printer paper per groupprinter paper per group Each person needs their own piece of Each person needs their own piece of

notebook papernotebook paper Turn to page 193, do the mini labTurn to page 193, do the mini lab Answer questions 4 and 5Answer questions 4 and 5 Due tomorrowDue tomorrow