Chapter 4 Notes:Chapter 4 Notes:The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

How would you organize the How would you organize the following items?following items?

Chp 4-1Chp 4-1Periodic LawPeriodic Law

Periodic law - periodic Periodic law - periodic table is organized based table is organized based on the on the atomic #atomic #, chemical , chemical & physical properties of & physical properties of the elementsthe elements

Mendeleev is the creator Mendeleev is the creator of the periodic table used of the periodic table used atomic massatomic mass

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

GroupGroup A vertical columnsA vertical columns Elements in a group share the same chemical Elements in a group share the same chemical

propertiesproperties

PeriodPeriod A horizontal rows A horizontal rows Elements in the same period have the same Elements in the same period have the same

number of energy levelsnumber of energy levels

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table Elements’ chemical properties are Elements’ chemical properties are

determined by the number of valence determined by the number of valence electrons electrons

Valence electrons Valence electrons are electrons that are in are electrons that are in the outermost energy level of an atom (in the the outermost energy level of an atom (in the S and P orbital)S and P orbital)

Transition Elements

Inner Transition Elements

Main Group Elements

Main GroupMain Group

Metals PropertiesMetals Properties

Metals PropertiesMetals Properties

Most elements are metalsMost elements are metals They are good conductors of electricityThey are good conductors of electricity Most are ductile (can be rolled into wire) Most are ductile (can be rolled into wire)

and malleable (can be hammered or rolled and malleable (can be hammered or rolled into sheets)into sheets)

Can form Can form alloys alloys - solid or liquid mixtures - solid or liquid mixtures of metalsof metals

Check-InCheck-In

A = metalsA = metals

B = non metalsB = non metals

C = metalloidsC = metalloids

Classify the following elements: Classify the following elements: 1.Na 1.Na 2.H 2.H 3.C 3.C 4.Ca 4.Ca

5.Si 5.Si 6.W6.W

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

Group 1Group 1 Highly reactive (easily combine with other Highly reactive (easily combine with other

elements)elements) React with water to make alkaline (basic) React with water to make alkaline (basic)

solutionssolutions Will give away 1 valence electronWill give away 1 valence electron Found in nature as compoundsFound in nature as compounds

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Group 2Group 2 22ndnd most reactive group most reactive group Found in nature in Found in nature in

compoundscompounds Give away 2 v.e. Give away 2 v.e.

Transition MetalsTransition Metals d d and and f f blocksblocks Most lanthanides and Most lanthanides and

actinides (f-block) are actinides (f-block) are radioactive.radioactive.

Generally less reactive Generally less reactive than alkali and alkaline than alkali and alkaline earth metalsearth metals

HalogensHalogens

Group 17Group 17 Gain 1 electron in reactions Gain 1 electron in reactions React with metals to form saltsReact with metals to form salts Halogens are non-metalsHalogens are non-metals Seven valence electrons making them Seven valence electrons making them

highly reactivehighly reactive

Noble GasesNoble Gases

Group 18Group 18 Not reactive at allNot reactive at all Eight valence electrons makes them very Eight valence electrons makes them very

stable (outermost energy level is full)stable (outermost energy level is full) Also called inert gases because of their Also called inert gases because of their

low reactivitylow reactivity

HydrogenHydrogen

Most common element in the universeMost common element in the universe Found in many organic compoundsFound in many organic compounds

Chp 4-3Chp 4-3Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Atomic radiusAtomic radius Ionization energyIonization energy ElectronegativityElectronegativity Electron affinityElectron affinity

Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends Atomic Radius: Atomic Radius: The estimated distance The estimated distance

from the nucleus to the outer most from the nucleus to the outer most electronselectrons

IncreasesIncreases down a groupdown a group As electrons energy levels are added, the As electrons energy levels are added, the

nucleus becomes largernucleus becomes larger DecreasesDecreases across a period across a period # protons increases which pulled the v.e. # protons increases which pulled the v.e.

closer to the nucleus closer to the nucleus

Atomic Radius TrendAtomic Radius Trend

Radius decreases

Rad

ius In

creasesR

adiu

s d

ecre

ases

Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends Ionization Energy Ionization Energy - - The energy The energy required to required to

remove one electron from an atom or ionremove one electron from an atom or ion DecreasesDecreases down a group down a group Electrons are farther from the nucleus and Electrons are farther from the nucleus and

easier to removeeasier to remove IncreasesIncreases across a period across a period Electrons are closer to the nucleusElectrons are closer to the nucleus

Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends ElectronegativityElectronegativity - - the ability the ability of an atom to of an atom to

attract electrons to itselfattract electrons to itself Decreases Decreases down a groupdown a group Increases Increases across a periodacross a period

Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Electron Affinity - Electron Affinity - the energy change that the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atomneutral atom Decreases Decreases down a group down a group Increases Increases across a periodacross a period

ExampleExample

Consider the following elements: Na, Al, P, Cl

Largest and smallest radius? Highest electronegavity?

Fill in your periodic table Color and label each

of these: Main-group metals Transition metals Lanthanides and

Actinides Nonmetals Noble Gases Metalloids

Label with arrows each of these trends: Atomic Radius Ionization energy Electronegativity Electron affinity Reactivity (this is

different on each side of the PT)