The OGT will be cake if you can The OGT will be cake if you can do the following!!!do the following!!!

OGT Study GuideOGT Study GuideAll you need to know in 4 simple All you need to know in 4 simple

sessions!!!sessions!!!

Session I: Scientific Knowledge Session I: Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry and Inquiry

Session 2: Physical ScienceSession 2: Physical Science

Session 3: Life ScienceSession 3: Life Science

Session 4: Earth ScienceSession 4: Earth Science

Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

What you need to know.What you need to know.

1. How does Technology Respond to 1. How does Technology Respond to Society?Society?

Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society

The Demands of Society is what The Demands of Society is what influences technology.influences technology.2004-2012: Biggest demand on Society is 2004-2012: Biggest demand on Society is

energy.energy.Technology is being developed to find new Technology is being developed to find new

sources of energy or to reuse energy we sources of energy or to reuse energy we already have.already have.

Communication: Communication: Nuclear Engineering:Nuclear Engineering:

Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society

Read this article which talks about the Read this article which talks about the effects of technology on societyeffects of technology on society

http://www.presidentpolls2008.com/Philoshttp://www.presidentpolls2008.com/Philosophy/effects-of-technology-on-society.htmlophy/effects-of-technology-on-society.html

Check out this article for modern examplesCheck out this article for modern exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_an

d_societyd_society

Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Scientific InvestigationScientific Investigation

What you need to know.What you need to know.

A. Scientific MethodA. Scientific Method

1. Independent variable = manipulated 1. Independent variable = manipulated variablevariable

2. dependent variable = responding 2. dependent variable = responding variablevariable

3. controlled variable 3. controlled variable

4. Control group4. Control group

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Ask a QuestionAsk a Question Do Background ResearchDo Background Research Construct a HypothesisConstruct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an

ExperimentExperiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Analyze Your Data and Draw a

ConclusionConclusion Communicate Your ResultsCommunicate Your Results

Check out this Scientific Check out this Scientific ExperimentExperiment

http://step.nn.k12.va.us/science/6th_scienhttp://step.nn.k12.va.us/science/6th_science/ppt/Scientific_Method.ppt#28ce/ppt/Scientific_Method.ppt#28

Independent VariableIndependent Variable The independent, or The independent, or

manipulated variable, is a factor manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the that’s intentionally varied by the

experimenter.experimenter.John used 25g., 50g., 100g., John used 25g., 50g., 100g.,

250g., 500g. of sugar in his 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.experiment.

Dependent VariableDependent Variable The dependent, or responding The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes change as a result of changes

made in the independent made in the independent variable.variable.

In this case, it would be the size In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.of the loaf of bread.

Controlled VariablesControlled Variables

Variables that are kept the same Variables that are kept the same throughout the experiment.throughout the experiment.

Control GroupControl Group

In a scientific experiment, the In a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison.as the standard of comparison.

The control group may be a “no The control group may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter treatment" or an “experimenter

selected” group.selected” group.

Control GroupControl Group

The control group is exposed to The control group is exposed to the same conditions as the the same conditions as the

experimental group, except for experimental group, except for the variable being tested.the variable being tested.

AllAll experiments should have a experiments should have a control group.control group.

Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Scientific Knowledge and Inquiry: Scientific Ways of KnowingScientific Ways of Knowing

What you need to knowWhat you need to know1.1. Describe ethical practices and guidelines Describe ethical practices and guidelines

with how science operates.with how science operates.

2.2. Know the difference between observation Know the difference between observation and inference.and inference.

EthicsEthics

Big thing here is to just use your COMMON Big thing here is to just use your COMMON SENSE!!SENSE!!

Ask These Questions when thinking about Ethics of Science.

How has this advancement improved life? Were they any ethical implications during and

after research stage? How were living things affected during the

experiment? • What are some possible concerns that people

still have?

Observation and InferenceObservation and Inference

Observation = sensesObservation = sensesCan you see, touch, smell, feel, or hear it?Can you see, touch, smell, feel, or hear it?

Inference = come to a conclusion about Inference = come to a conclusion about the observation.the observation.

Observation vs. InferenceObservation vs. Inference

Starring Homer J. SimpsonStarring Homer J. Simpson

ObservationObservation

Observation: when studying something describe only facts that you can see, touch, smell and hear. You are not making any guesses. THIS IS NOT AN OPINION!!

Ohh… This liquid is green and it is leaking from a brown can. I also smell it.

InferenceInference

Inference: using your observations to make a guess about an object or an outcome

THIS CAN BE A SCIENTIFIC OPINION

Based on my observations, I think that this can is old and is leaking a toxic substance.

Group PracticeGroup Practice

Please Make some observations about the Please Make some observations about the following picture.following picture.

Group PracticeGroup Practice

Please Make some inferences about the Please Make some inferences about the following picture.following picture.

1. When baking soda and vinegar are combined, the mixture foams.

2. A chemical reaction must be taken place when baking soda and vinegar are combined.

3. The ducks arrived at the Wilsons’ pond two weeks earlier this spring than last spring.

4. The leaves are falling earlier since the weather has been so cold.

5. The dog must have frightened the rabbit. It ran into a bush.

Evidence gathered by paying close Evidence gathered by paying close attention. Observations are based on fact – attention. Observations are based on fact – events that you see or hear, or events that you see or hear, or measurements that you make.measurements that you make.Uses evidence to draw a conclusion. Inferences are logical guesses that use facts to back them up.

Observation

Observation

Inference

Inference

Inference

Possible OGT QuestionsPossible OGT Questions

C. Data from experiments that have C. Data from experiments that have not been performed.not been performed.

Use this information for problems 1, 2, and 3.Use this information for problems 1, 2, and 3. We did an experiment to see if the distance a toy car rolled was affected We did an experiment to see if the distance a toy car rolled was affected

by the size of the car’s wheels. First, we set up a ramp at 45°. Each of by the size of the car’s wheels. First, we set up a ramp at 45°. Each of the toy cars was rolled down the same ramp. At the bottom of the ramp, the toy cars was rolled down the same ramp. At the bottom of the ramp, the cars rolled onto the classroom floor. We used a metric ruler to the cars rolled onto the classroom floor. We used a metric ruler to measure the distance each car rolled. The cars we used all had the same measure the distance each car rolled. The cars we used all had the same mass, but the wheels on each car were a different diameter. Our mass, but the wheels on each car were a different diameter. Our hypothesis was: If a toy car has larger wheels, then it will roll a greater hypothesis was: If a toy car has larger wheels, then it will roll a greater distance.distance.

1. 1. Which of the statements below represents the manipulated variable?Which of the statements below represents the manipulated variable? A. masses of the toy carsA. masses of the toy cars B. distance traveled by the toy carsB. distance traveled by the toy cars C. height of the rampC. height of the ramp D. surface at the bottom of the rampD. surface at the bottom of the ramp E. size of the toy car’s wheelsE. size of the toy car’s wheels

22. Which of the statements below represents the responding variable?. Which of the statements below represents the responding variable? A. masses of the toy carsA. masses of the toy cars B. distance traveled by the toy carsB. distance traveled by the toy cars C. height of the rampC. height of the ramp D. surface at the bottom of the rampD. surface at the bottom of the ramp E. size of the toy car’s wheelsE. size of the toy car’s wheels

3. All of the statements below are controlled variables EXCEPT?3. All of the statements below are controlled variables EXCEPT? A. the height of the rampA. the height of the ramp B. he masses of the toy carsB. he masses of the toy cars C. the distance the cars travelC. the distance the cars travel D. the type of floor they roll onD. the type of floor they roll on

E. size of the toy car’s E. size of the toy car’s wheelswheels

B. distance traveled B. distance traveled by the toy carsby the toy cars

C. the distance the C. the distance the cars travelcars travel

12. Based on the illustration to the right, which of the following

is a reasonable observation?

A.The tree is in Seattle, Washington.

B. This is an area that gets a large amount of rain each year.

C. This tree is home to seven varieties of birds.

D. It is raining.D. It is raining.

D. Disclose all medical procedures and provide D. Disclose all medical procedures and provide information on risks and potential side effects.information on risks and potential side effects.

C. It led to the development of more C. It led to the development of more effective, alternative pesticides.effective, alternative pesticides.

D. lead-lined apronD. lead-lined apron

How to Answer Extended How to Answer Extended ResponseResponse

Use T method or T-square methodUse T method or T-square method

Find Performance verbs and place Find Performance verbs and place on line. on line. (you do not have to write in complete sentences).(you do not have to write in complete sentences).

• Analyze: • Compare: • Describe: • Evaluate:• Explain:Formulate:• Infer:• Predict:• Summarize:• Support: • Trace:

Predict Explain

Describe Describe

state state

explain explain

describe describe

Describe Describe

Shortage of

Blood

Prevent bad blood transfusions that lead to HIV

Describe Explain

Select a soil plot to use no fertilizer

Without a plot to compare the fertilized plot to the researcher will not be able to determine if the fertilizer works.