OGT Science ReviewOGT Science Review

Physical SciencePhysical Science

Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion:Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion:

►11stst law: law: A body at rest remains at rest A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in and a body in motion remains in motion until an outside force acts on it motion until an outside force acts on it (inertia)(inertia)

►22ndnd law: law: A forces causes an object to A forces causes an object to accelerateaccelerate

►33rdrd law: law: For every action there is an For every action there is an equal and opposite reactionequal and opposite reaction

Kinetic Energy: energy in Kinetic Energy: energy in motionmotion

►Examples: jogging, an mp3 player Examples: jogging, an mp3 player playing musicplaying music

►KE = ½ mvKE = ½ mv22

mm = mass = mass V=velocityV=velocity

Potential Energy: stored Potential Energy: stored energyenergy

►The ability of a system to do work due The ability of a system to do work due to its position or internal structureto its position or internal structure

►Examples: batteries, the food we eat, Examples: batteries, the food we eat, a rock on a ledge, an expanded rubber a rock on a ledge, an expanded rubber bandband

►Gravitational PE = m x g x hGravitational PE = m x g x h M= mass g = gravityM= mass g = gravity h=heighth=height

Law of Conservation of Law of Conservation of Energy:Energy:

►Says that energy cannot be created or Says that energy cannot be created or destroyed…only converted to another destroyed…only converted to another type of energytype of energy Example: chemical energy in food Example: chemical energy in food

converting into different types of energyconverting into different types of energy Example: Example: SolarSolar (sun) energy converts to (sun) energy converts to

chemical chemical energy during photosynthesisenergy during photosynthesis Example: in an mp3…Example: in an mp3…chemical chemical energy in a energy in a

battery is converted into battery is converted into electricalelectrical energy energy that powers the mp3, which becomes that powers the mp3, which becomes soundsound energyenergy

Heat (a type of energy) can be Heat (a type of energy) can be transferred in 3 ways…transferred in 3 ways…

1. conduction:1. conduction: transfer of heat through a transfer of heat through a solid objectsolid objectExample: heating on stoveExample: heating on stove

2.2. Convection:Convection: transfer of heat by liquid transfer of heat by liquid or gasor gasexample: currents in ocean waters, example: currents in ocean waters, earth’s mantle layers, steam from earth’s mantle layers, steam from waterwater

3.3. Radiation:Radiation: transfer of heat by transfer of heat by electromagnetic waveselectromagnetic wavesexample: microwaves, x-rays, infraredexample: microwaves, x-rays, infrared

Chemical Properties:Chemical Properties:

►Any change that produces a new Any change that produces a new substancesubstance

►Examples: when copper corrodes and Examples: when copper corrodes and turns green, when iron rusts, when turns green, when iron rusts, when something is burnedsomething is burned

Physical Change:Physical Change:

►A change that does not create any A change that does not create any new substance.new substance.

►Examples: phase changes of water, Examples: phase changes of water, cutting hair, creating mixturecutting hair, creating mixture

Endothermic reactions:Endothermic reactions:

►A reaction that absorbs heat from the A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundingsurrounding

►Ex: baking a cakeEx: baking a cake

Exothermic reactions:Exothermic reactions:

►A reaction that gives off heatA reaction that gives off heat►Ex: burning wood or paper produces Ex: burning wood or paper produces

heatheat

Other terms in phase Other terms in phase changes:changes:

►Freezing:Freezing: when a liquid becomes a solid when a liquid becomes a solid►Melting:Melting: when a solid changes to liquid when a solid changes to liquid

to allow molecules to move more freelyto allow molecules to move more freely►Evaporation:Evaporation: liquid becomes a gas; liquid becomes a gas;

molecules now moving rapidlymolecules now moving rapidly►Condensation:Condensation: gas becomes a liquid gas becomes a liquid

(clouds)(clouds)►Sublimation:Sublimation: Solid directly to a gas (dry Solid directly to a gas (dry

ice)ice)►Precipitation:Precipitation: clouds release water in clouds release water in

rain/snowrain/snow

DensityDensity

►Allows objects to float or sinkAllows objects to float or sink►Density = mass/volumeDensity = mass/volume►Density of water is 1 g/mlDensity of water is 1 g/ml

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

►Matter:Matter: anything that takes up space anything that takes up space►Atom:Atom: smallest particle of an element smallest particle of an element

that has all the properties of that elementthat has all the properties of that element Protons:Protons: positive (in nucleus) positive (in nucleus) Neutrons:Neutrons: no charge (in nucleus) no charge (in nucleus) Electrons:Electrons: negative (orbit nucleus) negative (orbit nucleus)

►Element:Element: pure substance that cannot be pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substancebroken down into a simpler substance

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

►Atomic number: # of protons in an Atomic number: # of protons in an atomatom Hydrogen: Atomic #1, so it’s the 1Hydrogen: Atomic #1, so it’s the 1stst

elementelement►Moving left to right, the elements go up in Moving left to right, the elements go up in

atomic number on the periodic tableatomic number on the periodic table

►Top number: atomic # Top number: atomic # ►Bottom number: atomic mass Bottom number: atomic mass

(protons & neutrons)(protons & neutrons)

BondsBonds

► Ionic bonds:Ionic bonds: form when one or more form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating positive one atom to another, creating positive and negative ionsand negative ions

►Covalent bonds:Covalent bonds: some atoms some atoms complete their outer shell by sharing complete their outer shell by sharing these valence electrons with other these valence electrons with other atomsatoms

Wave PropertiesWave Properties

►Earthquake, water, and sound waves Earthquake, water, and sound waves require matter to travel throughrequire matter to travel through

►Electromagnetic waves do not require Electromagnetic waves do not require matter (light, radio, micro, x-rays)matter (light, radio, micro, x-rays)

►Wavelength:Wavelength: the length of one complete the length of one complete wavelength cyclewavelength cycle

► Amplitude:Amplitude: a measure of the energy a wave a measure of the energy a wave carries (distance from crest to midline)carries (distance from crest to midline) Larger the amplitude…higher the soundLarger the amplitude…higher the sound

► Frequency:Frequency: # of waves that pass a point in # of waves that pass a point in a given amount of timea given amount of time

► In phase:In phase: when 2 waves match (become when 2 waves match (become larger wave)larger wave)

►Out of phase:Out of phase: when 2 waves do not match when 2 waves do not match up (will cancel each other out)up (will cancel each other out)

Earth & Space ScienceEarth & Space Science

Big Bang Theory:Big Bang Theory:

►Universe was created in one giant Universe was created in one giant explosion about 13.7 billion years agoexplosion about 13.7 billion years ago Galaxies are moving apart from central Galaxies are moving apart from central

locationlocation Red shift: the light most galaxies give off Red shift: the light most galaxies give off

is close to the red end of the spectrum…is close to the red end of the spectrum…therefore the light energy is longer and therefore the light energy is longer and the color is red as they move outthe color is red as they move out

How a star is formed…How a star is formed…

► In space, dust & gas get pulled together by In space, dust & gas get pulled together by gravity = gravity = nebulanebula

► this gravity produces heat, and nuclear this gravity produces heat, and nuclear fusion occursfusion occurs

Massive Star Cycle:Massive Star Cycle:nebula-massive star-large red giant-nebula-massive star-large red giant-supernova- black hole or neutron starsupernova- black hole or neutron star

Low mass star cycle:Low mass star cycle:nebula-star similar to sun-small red giant-nebula-star similar to sun-small red giant-white dwarf-black dwarfwhite dwarf-black dwarf

ToolsTools

►Telescopes: look at moons, planets, Telescopes: look at moons, planets, galaxiesgalaxies

►Spaceship: allows travel to collect dataSpaceship: allows travel to collect data►Satellites: transmit signals from outer Satellites: transmit signals from outer

spacespace►Probes: sent by scientists to collect Probes: sent by scientists to collect

data on far away planets that humans data on far away planets that humans cannot get tocannot get to

GalaxiesGalaxies

►SpiralSpiral►ElipticalEliptical► irregularirregular

Why does the earth and other Why does the earth and other planets revolve around the sun?planets revolve around the sun?►Gravitational forceGravitational force

►Earth rotates on axis: causes Earth rotates on axis: causes night night and dayand day

►Earth Earth revolvesrevolves around sun around sun 1 year = one time around sun1 year = one time around sun

SeasonsSeasons►Hemispheres differ (summer/winter) Hemispheres differ (summer/winter)

depending on angle toward sun (think depending on angle toward sun (think of the tiltof the tilt))

►Solar eclipse:Solar eclipse: when moon blocks sun when moon blocks sun from the Earth’s view (moon is from the Earth’s view (moon is between)between)

►Lunar eclipse:Lunar eclipse: when Earth blocks our when Earth blocks our view of moon (Earth is between)view of moon (Earth is between)

Plate TechtonicsPlate Techtonics► Theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many Theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many

plates that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle plates that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer (which is molten liquid rock)layer (which is molten liquid rock)

Earthquake:Earthquake: when plates slide past each when plates slide past each other, creating frictionother, creating friction

Mountains:Mountains: when plates collide & push up when plates collide & push up Magma:Magma: comes up between 2 plates or comes up between 2 plates or

melt through a soft crustal platemelt through a soft crustal plate Convection currentsConvection currents in mantle push plates in mantle push plates

around, causing continents to drift and around, causing continents to drift and seafloors to spreadseafloors to spread

Alfred WegenerAlfred Wegener

►Proposed Continental Drift Theory (at one Proposed Continental Drift Theory (at one time continents were all 1 land mass)time continents were all 1 land mass)

Fossils:Fossils: a piece/trace of an organism that a piece/trace of an organism that was once alive (found in sedimentary was once alive (found in sedimentary rock)rock)

*Oldest rock sediments will be on the *Oldest rock sediments will be on the bottombottom

Non-renewable resourcesNon-renewable resources

►Fossil fuels:Fossil fuels: gasoline, oil, coal gasoline, oil, coal►We can We can nevernever replace or renew them replace or renew them

2 negatives:2 negatives:

1. They will eventually run out1. They will eventually run out

2. They cause global warming2. They cause global warming

Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources

►Can be replaced and renewedCan be replaced and renewed►Ex: sunlight, water power, wind, Ex: sunlight, water power, wind,

wood, cropswood, crops

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

►When heat is trapped, and causes the When heat is trapped, and causes the planet to become warmerplanet to become warmer

►Greenhouse effect: insulation layer Greenhouse effect: insulation layer that allows some heat in, and other that allows some heat in, and other outout

Alternative Energy Sources Alternative Energy Sources (VERY IMPORTANT!!)(VERY IMPORTANT!!)

►Wind powerWind power Good: no COGood: no CO2 2 producedproduced Bad: must have windBad: must have wind

Hydroelectric (dams)Hydroelectric (dams) Good: no COGood: no CO2 2 producedproduced Bad: need large riverBad: need large river

►Solar panelsSolar panels Good: no COGood: no CO2 2 producedproduced Bad: expensive; must have sun shineBad: expensive; must have sun shine

►Hydrogen powerHydrogen power Good: no COGood: no CO2 2 produced; large amounts of produced; large amounts of

energyenergy Bad: explosive; expensiveBad: explosive; expensive

►GeothermalGeothermal Good: no COGood: no CO2 2 producedproduced Bad: need access to underground Bad: need access to underground

temperaturestemperatures

►Ethanol-making alcohol from corn/sugar Ethanol-making alcohol from corn/sugar canecane Good: produces less COGood: produces less CO2 2 than fossil fuelsthan fossil fuels Bad: still creates carbon dioxideBad: still creates carbon dioxide

How can we conserve How can we conserve resources?resources?

►RecycleRecycle►Car poolCar pool►Ride bike instead of drivingRide bike instead of driving►Use public transportationUse public transportation►Turn off water/electricity when not Turn off water/electricity when not

usingusing

BiomesBiomes

►Desert: little rain; large temp. changeDesert: little rain; large temp. change►Rainforest: hot and wetRainforest: hot and wet►Tundra: cold; has wet/dry seasonsTundra: cold; has wet/dry seasons►Grasslands: wet/dry seasons; hotGrasslands: wet/dry seasons; hot►Deciduous forest (usDeciduous forest (us): even ): even

moisture; warm summers/cold wintersmoisture; warm summers/cold winters►Coniferous forest: moisture varies; Coniferous forest: moisture varies;

cool summers/cold winterscool summers/cold winters

►Biomes with colder temperatures have Biomes with colder temperatures have less diversity of lifeless diversity of life

Moh’s Mineral Hardness Moh’s Mineral Hardness ScaleScale

► 1 1 Talc (softest mineral on Earth)Talc (softest mineral on Earth)► 22 GypsumGypsum► 33 CalciteCalcite► 44 FluoriteFluorite► 55 ApatiteApatite► 66 FeldsparFeldspar► 77 QuartzQuartz► 88 TopazTopaz► 99 CorundumCorundum► 1010 Diamond (hardest mineral on Earth)Diamond (hardest mineral on Earth)

**higher number will scratch lower **higher number will scratch lower number**number**

Life ScienceLife Science

►Predator:Predator: organisms that kill and eat organisms that kill and eat othersothers

►Prey:Prey: organisms that the predators organisms that the predators killskills

►Herbivore:Herbivore: feeds off plants only feeds off plants only►Carnivore:Carnivore: feeds off animals only feeds off animals only►Omnivore:Omnivore: feeds off plants and feeds off plants and

animalsanimals

►Consumers:Consumers: depend other organisms depend other organisms for energyfor energy Primary consumer: 1Primary consumer: 1stst to eat the plant to eat the plant Secondary consumer: eats 1Secondary consumer: eats 1stst consumer consumer

►Producers:Producers: produce own food through produce own food through photosynthesisphotosynthesis

►Food chain:Food chain: 3-5 links 3-5 links►Food web:Food web: network of food chains network of food chains

Energy pyramidEnergy pyramid

►Bottom is the producers (get energy Bottom is the producers (get energy from sun)from sun)

►Most available energy is located at the Most available energy is located at the bottom!!bottom!!

►Only 10% of each level gets passed onOnly 10% of each level gets passed on Where does the other 90% go?Where does the other 90% go?

►Lost as Lost as HEATHEAT

Biotic (living) factors:Biotic (living) factors:

►Plants, animals, fungi, etc.Plants, animals, fungi, etc.

Abiotic (non-living) factors:Abiotic (non-living) factors:

►Weather, rocks, water, hills, rocks, Weather, rocks, water, hills, rocks, holes, etc.holes, etc.

Symbiosis Symbiosis (aka symbiotic relationships)(aka symbiotic relationships)

1. mutualism:1. mutualism: both organisms benefit both organisms benefit

Ex: bee pollinating a flowerEx: bee pollinating a flower

2. Commensalism:2. Commensalism: one benefits, other one benefits, other is not harmed OR helpedis not harmed OR helped

Ex: bird’s nest in treeEx: bird’s nest in tree

3. Parasitism:3. Parasitism: one benefits, other is one benefits, other is harmedharmed

Ex: flea on dogEx: flea on dog

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

►When nature chooses the most When nature chooses the most favorable variationfavorable variation

►Those organisms that are the best for Those organisms that are the best for that environment will survive and that environment will survive and reproduce the bestreproduce the best

►Ex: giraffes with tall food (only tall Ex: giraffes with tall food (only tall giraffes survive and reproduce)giraffes survive and reproduce)

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

►When plants convert light energy (sun) When plants convert light energy (sun) into chemical energy (glucose=food)into chemical energy (glucose=food)

►Must take in Must take in carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide and and release release oxygenoxygen!!

►Who does this? PLANTSWho does this? PLANTS

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

► Take in Take in oxygenoxygen and breathe out and breathe out carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

►Who does this? ANIMALS & PLANTSWho does this? ANIMALS & PLANTS

►Together: both cycles need each Together: both cycles need each other!!other!! Just opposites of each otherJust opposites of each other

Cells:Cells: smallest functional unit of smallest functional unit of organismorganism

►Eukaryotes:Eukaryotes: have a nucleus and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles Ex: plants, animalsEx: plants, animals

►Prokaryotes:Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus and lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles Ex: bacteriaEx: bacteria

Organelles:Organelles: have a have a membranemembrane

►Nucleus:Nucleus: control center; contains DNAcontrol center; contains DNA►Ribosome:Ribosome: makes proteinsmakes proteins►Lysosomes:Lysosomes: digests food particlesdigests food particles►Mitochondria:Mitochondria:produces energy produces energy

(powerhouse)(powerhouse)►Endoplasmic reticulum:Endoplasmic reticulum: transports transports►Golgi complex (apparatus/body):Golgi complex (apparatus/body):

process and packages proteinsprocess and packages proteins►Vacuole:Vacuole: stores water & food stores water & food►Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm: gel-like substance that fills gel-like substance that fills

cellcell

Plants vs. Animal Cells:Plants vs. Animal Cells:

Only in plants:Only in plants:►Chloroplast:Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll contains chlorophyll

(green pigment); photosynthesis (green pigment); photosynthesis occurs hereoccurs here

►Cell walls:Cell walls: give plants support give plants support

DNADNA

►Located on chromosomesLocated on chromosomes►Shaped like double helixShaped like double helix►DNA in specific spot on chromosome = DNA in specific spot on chromosome =

genegene

►Viruses Viruses are not cells; they must inject are not cells; they must inject DNA into host in order to reproduceDNA into host in order to reproduce Ex: flu and HIVEx: flu and HIV

Asexual reproduction:Asexual reproduction:

►Reproduction from 1 parentReproduction from 1 parent►DNA is DNA is identicalidentical to parent to parent► Involves mitosisInvolves mitosis►Ex: bacteria, fungi, some Ex: bacteria, fungi, some

plants/animalsplants/animals

Sexual reproduction:Sexual reproduction:

► Involves 2 parentsInvolves 2 parents►Causes Causes VARIETYVARIETY► Involves meiosisInvolves meiosis

Mitosis vs. MeiosisMitosis vs. Meiosis

►Mitosis:Mitosis: cell division that produces 2 cell division that produces 2 identical daughter cellsidentical daughter cells

►Meiosis:Meiosis: cell division that produces 4 cell division that produces 4 different daughter cellsdifferent daughter cells Sperm/eggSperm/egg Each have 23 chromosomesEach have 23 chromosomes When sperm + egg = 46 chromosomesWhen sperm + egg = 46 chromosomes

GeneticsGenetics

►Allele:Allele: one form of a gene one form of a gene

►Dominant:Dominant: trait is expressed if 1 there trait is expressed if 1 there►Recessive:Recessive: only expressed if 2 present only expressed if 2 present

►Homozygous:Homozygous: same (hh, BB) same (hh, BB)►Heterozygous:Heterozygous: different (Hh, Bb) different (Hh, Bb)

Sex-linked traitsSex-linked traits

►Male: Male: XYXY►Female: Female: XXXX

►MalesMales are are more likelymore likely to get a sex- to get a sex-linked disorder, for they only need 1 linked disorder, for they only need 1 affected X to have the disorder. affected X to have the disorder. Females would need 2 affected x’s to Females would need 2 affected x’s to have the disorder (which is less likely).have the disorder (which is less likely).

Science & TechnologyScience & Technology

2 kinds of nuclear energy2 kinds of nuclear energy

1.1. Nuclear fusion:Nuclear fusion: produced inside stars produced inside stars

2.2. Nuclear fission:Nuclear fission: when radioactive when radioactive atom called an isotope is broken up atom called an isotope is broken up into two smaller atomsinto two smaller atoms

-occurs inside Earth’s core, nuclear power -occurs inside Earth’s core, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weaponsplants, and nuclear weapons

Other ideas:Other ideas:

►Know how technology and inventions Know how technology and inventions impact our life and environmentimpact our life and environment

►State State advantages/disadvantagesadvantages/disadvantages of of specific technologiesspecific technologies

►Examples: car adv/disadv, genetically Examples: car adv/disadv, genetically altered food, hydroelectric power, altered food, hydroelectric power, laserslasers

►How modern practices use science: How modern practices use science: auditorium can quiet by using carpet, auditorium can quiet by using carpet, styrofoam, curtains (solid, smooth styrofoam, curtains (solid, smooth materials will reflect sound)materials will reflect sound)

Scientific InquiryScientific InquiryScientific Ways of KnowingScientific Ways of Knowing

Scientific methodScientific method

►Hypothesis must be able to be Hypothesis must be able to be testedtested

►Dependent variable: Dependent variable: depends on depends on independent variable (ex: growth of independent variable (ex: growth of plant)plant)

► Independent variable:Independent variable: what you are what you are actually changing (ex: adding fertilizer)actually changing (ex: adding fertilizer)

►Control:Control: untreated sample untreated sample

Know scientific instruments and Know scientific instruments and their purposestheir purposes

►Find volume of object with graduated Find volume of object with graduated cylindercylinder

►Observation:Observation: something you detect something you detect using your sensesusing your senses

► Inference:Inference: may or may not be true; may or may not be true; based on past experiencesbased on past experiences

►Deal with ethical issues…why Deal with ethical issues…why something is right or wrongsomething is right or wrong

►Safety issuesSafety issues►Explain yourself, no matter what your Explain yourself, no matter what your

opinionopinion

*Much of this information in this powerpoint was gained from *Much of this information in this powerpoint was gained from http://mapleschools.com/docs/286_11_8_2007science%20study%20guide09.pdfhttp://mapleschools.com/docs/286_11_8_2007science%20study%20guide09.pdf