New YorkNew York

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle ColoniesColonies

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle ColoniesColonies

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

Henry Hudson’s voyage provided Holland with a claim to the region

1600s Golden Age of Dutch history.

Major commercial and naval power.

Challenging England on the seas.

3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars

Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies].

Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages

Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages

New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands

New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)

Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.

Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.

30 families settled along Hudson River and Manhattan Island

Manhattan [New Amsterdam]

Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

Peter Minuit

• New Netherland Governor• Purchased Manhattan for $24.00

worth of cloth and trinkets• Indians did not have concept of

“white” land ownership. Land was communal. It could not be owned.

Cha Ching!!!

Dutch West India Company ran with the interests of the stockholders in mind.

No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.

Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.

Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.

Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

Characteristics of New Amsterdam:

Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land Land GrantsGrants

PatroonshipsPatroonships

Patroon System

• Patroon: person who transported and settled fifty families in exchange for a large tract of land in the New World.

• Families had to live on the patroon’s land and under his control

• System was unfair and feudalistic.• It failed because land was in

abundance and people didn’t want to sacrifice their freedom.

New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden

New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlands

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlandsMid-1600s Sweden in Golden Age

settled small, under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland.

1655 Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attacked New Sweden.

Main fort fell after bloodless siege.

New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColony

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColonyCharles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. People living there did not see Britain as a threat.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. (Angered Dutch by taxing them to fight the Indians)

Renamed “New York”

England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16641664

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16641664

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.Building in NYC.

New York New York CityCityseal.seal.

Names Harlem, Brooklyn

Architecture gambrel roof

Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.

They offended religious & secular leaders in England.

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

They met without paid clergy

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

Aristocratic Englishman.

1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.

Embraced Quakerismafter military service.

1681 he received agrant from king (Charles II)to establish a colony.

This settled a debt the king owed his father.

Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

“Holy Experiment” in America.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.

Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.

BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA

Treated native peoples poorly.

This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans

Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Representative assembly elected by landowners.

No tax-supported church.

Political liberty

Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.

Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.

Death penalty only for treason & murder.

Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society

Attracted many different people

Religious misfits from other colonies.

Many different ethnic groups.

No provision for military defense.

No restrictions on immigration.

No slavery!!

“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

Pennsylvania Summary

1. Religious toleration2. political liberty3. respectful treatment of the

Indians4. Generous terms on which Penn

offered land5. Penn offered aid to immigrants6. Freemen (taxpayers and property owners elected the councilors and

assembly

Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared

Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

New JerseyNew

Jersey

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor1664 aristocratic

proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York.

Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.

1674 West NJ sold to Quakers.

East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.

1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

New Jersey: named after the island of Jersey: (Sir George Carteret)

• Originally East and West Jersey• Came under control of New York in

1664• East: NYC (Dutch settlers • West: Phila. Swedish settlers

• 1676: Quakers• 1689: common ownership of New Jersey, but

not really unified.• 1702: Royal colony

DelawareDelaware

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].

Closely associated with Penn’s colony.

1703 granted its own assembly.

Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

First controlled by the Swedes, Dutch, then English

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups

Southern Colonies

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to granted to GeorgeGeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.

Maryland named for Maryland named for

Wife of Charles I, Queen Wife of Charles I, Queen

Henrietta MariaHenrietta Maria

A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.

A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestownthan Jamestown..

Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relativesrelatives..

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Colonists only willing to come to Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received landMD if they received land..

Colonists who did come received Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.

Catholic land barons surrounded by Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmmostly Protestant small farmersers..

Conflict between barons and farmers led Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17the end of the 17cc..

In the late 1600s, black slaves In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be importedbegan to be imported..

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship freedom of worship in order to in order to prevent repeat of persecution of prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Catholics by Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

Guaranteed toleration to all Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANSCHRISTIANS..

Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

Virginia

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

1619: Year of Importance

• 1. House of Burgesses established • 2. arrival of African slaves• 3. women arrived: thank goodness!!• 4. Profitable trade in tobacco

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & began to assume the role of the House of & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was able , H of B was able to initiate to initiate legislationlegislation..

First self-governing assembly in New WorldFirst self-governing assembly in New World

A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of LordsFunctions like House of Lords..

High death rates ensured rapid turnover of High death rates ensured rapid turnover of

membersmembers..

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA charter of the bankrupt VA Company.Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct controlunder the king’s direct control!!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown First Africans arrived in Jamestown in in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, increased, white colonists white colonists reacted to put down perceived reacted to put down perceived racial threatracial threat..

Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servantsservants..

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.

Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.

Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

It exposed It exposed resentments between resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.coastal plantations.

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes differences/clashes between rural between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

The Carolinas

The Carolinas

Carolina

• 1. Carolina: Latin for Charles, Carolus• 2. 1624: Virginia Company: • North of the James River: Maryland• South: of the Virginia Colony

The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland Station to Mainland

AmericaAmerica

The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland Station to Mainland

AmericaAmerica1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.

Were squeezed out by sugar barons.

Sugar barons brought black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.

The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters

They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas

Carolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.

Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Became the busiest port in the South.

City with aristocratic feel.

Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

The primary export.

Rice was still an exotic food in England.

Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.

These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:

IndigoIndigo

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:

IndigoIndigoIn colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.

Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-

17751775

Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida

Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida

Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.

Anglo-Spanish Wars

The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.

Either inciting local Native Americans to attack or attacking themselves.

By 1700 Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a

border with VA

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves.

Religious dissenters.

Distinctive trait of North Carolinians

trong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

GeorgiaGeorgia

18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies

18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies

Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia

Founded in 1733.

Last of the 13 colonies.

Named in honor of King George II.

Founded by James Oglethorpe: rehab

People through hard word and opportunity

Oglethorpre

• Model poor: Georgia would be founded by those who could not pay their debts in England

• Utopian rules in place: no slavery or rum

Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColony

Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColony

Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:

As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.

A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.

Determined to keep slavery and rum out.

Slavery found in GAby 1750.

The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah

The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah

Diverse community.

All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration.

North-South Divide

• New England: all class, mobile, and fluctuating society with upward movement pushed by solid work ethic

• South: gentry land owning class with hereditary longings, emphasis on families, using indentured servants and black slaves. Religion used to maintain the status quo, rather than overwhelming desire to live a godly life.Division of country into north and south