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Middle Colonies and the South
Middle Colonies Middle Colonies NY, NJ, DE, PA
Middle Colonies most diverse of 13 colonies inhabitants that included Scots, French, Dutch, Swedes, Germans, Norwegians, Irish, Poles, Portuguese, and Italians who were the forerunners of millions to come.
Why colonize here?Goal for NY, NJ, PA, & DE was to develop
profitable trading centers
Dutch were the first to settle here- Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson, who encountered Delaware Bay and claimed the area around it for the Dutch-New Netherland, which was settled as a proprietorship. The crown granted individuals or a group of partners a charter to develop these proprietary colonies
New YorkHenry Hudson explored Hudson River
1626-Dutch bought Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for pennies on the acre called it New Amsterdam
1664-English seize New Amsterdam (Dutch surrender without any fight)
New Amsterdam renamed New York, in honor of the Duke of York
New JerseyDuke of York granted the land between the
Hudson & the Delaware Rivers to two of his friends
To attract settlers NJ offered land, established freedom of religion, and a relatively democratic government.
QuakersQuakers=Society of Friends
Spirituality was rooted in an individual’s personal relationship with God.
Quakers in England were being persecuted, killed, and imprisoned for their beliefs. As with the Puritans, however, the English government was willing to put up with colonies of Quakers in the Americas so long as they expanded the English presence on the Atlantic Coast.
PennsylvaniaThe name of the land granted to William Penn by
the English crown. Pennsylvania named in honor of William’s father by King Charles II, Pennsylvania=Penn’s woods
Goals: establish a haven for Quakers; make money
Immigration was very diverse
PennsylvaniaPenn promoted the colony, promised land to
settlers, and had no restrictions on immigration.
Amicable relationship with Indians
Penn’s new colony was liberal
Penn guaranteed freedom of religion
Middle Colonies OverviewThe middle colonies were urban and linked by
trade and commerce.
No dominant religious group, resulting in relative tolerance
Refuge for a variety of dissenters and religious misfits.
Coastal cities were maritime centers with ships that brought supplies from Europe and returned to Europe filled with grains, furs, and lumber for shipbuilding.
Southern ColoniesKing Charles II grants land south of VA to
supporters in 1663
Forms North and South Carolina (originally just Carolina)
South Carolina was settled largely by European settlers from Barbados
South Carolina’s main cash crop is rice
South CarolinaRice is cash crop
Labor force begins with Native Americans as slaves, then indentured servants, then African slavesWhy? African slaves were slaves for life;
knowledge of rice cultivation; health factorsBy 1710 Africans outnumbered Europeans
Slave TradeMiddle Passage: voyage from Africa to the New
World
Slaves were packed into tight quarters on slave ships
In S.C. slaves followed “task system” only 1 task a day, when they were done they were done for the day
Other southern colonies “gang system” worked from sun up to sun down under watchful eye of white owner
Slavery’s BrutalityBought and sold like animals
Worked long hour hours and faced brutal beatings for no reason
Poor diet of corn and salted pork
Lived in small shacks
Slavery: Holding on to Heritage
Children were given “African” names
Music reflected heritage
Spoke a “slave” language called Gullah= language of English and African words
Slavery: ResistanceSubtle resistance was common. i.e. break tools,
fake illness, pretend not to understand English
Slaveholders fear rebellion
Stono RebellionWhites fear major rebellion; fear becomes a
reality in 1739
Context takes place during yellow fever outbreak
Stono Rebellion: Beginnings
20 slaves initially involved when slaved named “Jemmy” broke into a store to take weapons and powder
Traveled south, gathering 60-100 slaves along the way
Local militia stops advancement
Rebellion put down, but uprisings continue for several weeks
Stono Rebellion: AftermathLargest slave rebellion of the colonial period
Slaves who participated in the rebellion were killed and their heads were placed on mileposts
New slave code past; increasing slave patrols
Tighter control on slaves and their owners
MarylandMaryland allowed for some religious toleration
when, Lord Baltimore agreed to the Act of Toleration, which guaranteed freedom of religion to anyone “professing to believe in Jesus Christ.”
GeorgiaGeorgia was founded in 1732 and named for
King George II
Founded as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida
Georgia was settled by those who were in debtor’s prison in England
GeorgiaMany settlers came from Germany, Switzerland,
England, and Scotland
Missionaries attempt to spread Christianity
The number of settlers are too small so slavery is legalized and it becomes similar to S.C.