Aris to te l i s E F T Y C H I A D I S , Spyros M A R K E T O S (Athens , Greece)

D 7

THE MEDICAL CARE OF OLD PEOPLE DURING THE ANCIENT AND BYZANTINE PERIOD

The doc tor ' s w o r k acco rd ing to Galen a n d Aet ius is t o p r e se rve t h e h e a l t h f rom t h e beg inn ing to old age. Galen pa r t i cu la r ly says t h a t t h e doc to r ough t t o be a « very e d u c a t e d sc ien t i s t in cu r ing old people » a n d « t o w r i t e scientif ic s t ud i e s abou t t h e c u r e of old age ». H e a d d s t h a t : t h e p a r t of t h e m e d i c a l a r t p rese rv ing t h e hea l th of old people is cal led « ge rocomicon » ( t ak ing c a r e of t h e aged) .

I . Specia l m a r k s of old age

1. Beginning of senility

According to Hyppoc ra t e s af ter t h e sixty t h i r d y e a r old age begins a n d it is c o n t i n u e d un t i l t h e f u r t h e s t point of seni l i ty. Ar i s to t le no tes t h a t t h e age-re la ted d e t e r i o r a t i o n s t a r t s a f te r t h e fifty fifth yea r . Galen says t h a t t h e l a s t per iod of the dec l ined age is t he beg inn ing of seni l i ty.

2. Definition

I t is given conce rn ing t h e body cons t i t u t i on a n d t h e phys ica l de t e r io ra t ion . Old age is cold a n d d ry t e m p e r a m e n t . T h e doc to r m u s t k n o w exact ly t h e m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m s d ry a n d cold, because only then , acco rd ing to Galen a n d Aet ius , h e c a n be « doc to r of old people ».

T h e fol lowing a r e t h e m a r k s of a d r y t e m p e r a m e n t : d r y body, lean, h a r d a n d incapable of m u c h m o v e m e n t , d ry pulse , t h i r s t , few a n d t h i c k e x c r e m e n t s . T h e cold t e m p e r a m e n t is cha r ac t e r i z ed a s following : cold body, ha i r l e s s , obes i ty , pal l id complexion, lead-colored, t h in ve ins , w e a k pulse , low fevers , s adnes s . T h e m a r k s of bo th t e m p e r a m e n t s a r e me lancho l i a , ver t igo , s i ckness , m i l d i n f l a m m a t i o n s , colon i n t e m p e r a n c e , i ncon t inence a n d e x c r e m e n t re jec t ion , s t rong a n d sho r t pulse , r a r e a n d slow b r e a t h , a n a e m i a , hepa t i c insufficiency, ce rebra l a r t e r iosc le ros i s a n d vascu l a r episodes , loss of m e m o r y , t r e m o r , m e e k n e s s .

H ipoc ra t e s r e m a r k s t h a t s o m e old people h a v e cold a n d w e t t e m p e r a m e n t , bu t Or ibas ius a n d Galen d i sag ree w i t h th i s point of v iew. T h e m a r k s of cold a n d w e t t e m p e r a m e n t a r e inc rease of t he body w a t e r , excess ive a n d w e t excre t ions , eyes shedd ing t e a r s , c a t a r r h , ph legm, ha i r l e s s , f a tness , r h e u m a t i c d i seases .

T h e m e d i c a l a u t h o r s s t a t e t h e fol lowing po in t s pa r t i cu l a r ly :

H ippoc ra t e s r e fe r s t o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i seases of old age a s be ing b ronch i t i s ,

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coryza, c a t a r r h , p u l m o n a r y , a r t h r i t i s , dysur ia , nephr i t i s , apoplexy, i n somnia , eyes , nose a n d ea r s d i so rde r s , spondyl i t i s of t h e neck , a s t h m a , i tch ing , k idney s tones , cough ing blood, h e m a t e m e s i s o r pyemes i s . Old people die m a i n l y f rom pleur isy , peri­p n e u m o n i a a n d c a t a r r h . T h e c l ima te a n d t h e seasons inf luence o ld age .

Ar is to t le says t h a t seni l i ty is body de t e r io ra t ion , loss of w a r m n e s s a n d w e t n e s s , expi r ing of life's spir i t , n a t u r a l d i sease a n d n a t u r a l d e a t h l ike d ry ing in t h e p l a n t s . I t is cold a n d d r y cons t i tu t ion , freezing, a k i n d pf ro t t ing , a n d poet ical ly t h e vesper o r t h e sunse t of life. H e no te s special m a r k s of old age as shr i l l vo iceness , g l a u c o m a d u e to d rynes s , b a d eyes ight , w h i t e n e s s , sk in ' s h a r d n e s s a n d t h i cknes s , b r i s t les , ba ldness , w e a k n e s s , h e m o r r h o i d s , b lood th ick, b lack a n d sca rce , fas t coagu­la t ion . Ar is to t le t a k e s c a r e of fert i l i ty. T h e old m e n h a v e few s p e r m a n d t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s a r e imper fec t a n d ill in b o d y a n d in m i n d . There fo re t h e p roc rea t ion of ch i ld ren m u s t be done before t h e f if t ieth of fifty-fifth year .

He roph i lu s cons ide r s seni l i ty as a n e u t e r d ispos i t ion b e t w e e n h e a l t h a n d d isease .

I t m u s t be no t ed t h a t Galen follows Aris to t le . H e a d d s t h a t t h e pulse i s s t r o n g a n d s h o r t a n d i r revers ib le shock is possible to appear d u e t o def iciency of t h e blood.

Are t aeus r e m a r k s t h a t i n f l a m m a t i o n in old people is n o t a c u t e a n d pa r t i cu l a r ly i n f l a m m a t i o n of t h e lung . P leur i sy is m o r e easi ly cu rab l e in o ld m e n .

Or ibas ius dec la res t h a t old people h a v e w e t excre t ions b u t d ry t e m p e r a m e n t . Nu t r i t i on , appe t i te a n d m o t i o n a r e very low.

Aet ius ana lyses t h e m a r k s of t h e cold a n d d r y b r a i n , a b d o m e n , h e a r t , l iver , tes t ic le . I l eus is a r e a s o n for dea th .

Alexander cons ide r s seni l i ty as a n a t u r a l decay a n d w i t h e r i n g away . Pau lus Aegine ta m e n t i o n s d i seases such as indiges t ion , ga s t ro in t e s t i na l dis­

o r d e r s , hepa t i c insuf ic iency a n d gout . H e a d d s t h a t t h e cons t i t u t i on begins t o c o n t r a c t f r igidi ty w i t h age.

Accord ing to Theophi lus t h e r e a r e cold a n d foamy e x c r e m e n t s o r d i a r r h e a due to ph legm a n d cold in the head .

3. Etiology of senility

Body de t e r io ra t ion a n d ear ly seni l i ty a r e occas ioned by long life a n d by d i seases . H ippocra te s no te s also t h a t t h e l ack of exerc ise a n d inac t iv i ty cause old age to c o m e quickly. Ar is to t le r e m a r k s t h a t l abour m a k e s people g row old, b e c a u s e it causes d rynes s . People living in a po l lu ted e n v i r o n e m e n t w i t h o u t f resh a i r g r o w old soon. Vene ry a lso causes ear ly seni l i ty, b e c a u s e i t f reezes t h e body. F r o m th is point of v iew t h e female is m o r e long-lived t h a n t h e m a l e . The old aged a r e genera l ly unf i t for sexual en joymen t . Michae l Pse l lus s t a t e s t h a t t h e c h a n g e s b e t w e e n cold, w a r m , d ry a n d w e t a r e r e a s o n s for o ld age.

4. Cerebral arteriosclerosis

Aris to t le dec l a re s t h a t t h e r e is seni l i ty of t h e body a n d seni l i ty of t h e b r a i n

4.1. Loss of memory

According to N o n n u s , a m n e s i a appea r s owing to d rynes s a n d co ldness of t h e

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back cavi ty of t h e b ra in . Rufus bel ieves t h a t a m n e s i a is a r e su l t of seni l i ty. Galen no t e s t h a t th is s y m p t o m is occas ioned by t h e i l lness of t h e who le b r a i n o r i t is a pass ion of t h e h e a r t . P a u l u s po in t s o u t t h a t loss of m e m o r y a n d of r e a s o n a r e s e a t e d in t h e vessels of t h e b ra in . Ar is to t le says t h a t o ld peaple a r e forgetfull , b e c a u s e of c o n s u m p t i o n a n d lack of m o t i o n .

4.2. Tremor

Theophi lus says t h a t t h e t r e m o r of t h e aged is occas ioned by a c o n t i n u o u s c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e b o d y a n d t h e soul . P a u l u s speaks of t r e m l i n g s d u e t o a w e a k n e s s of t h e ne rves . I t a r i ses f rom a cold t e m p e r a m e n t a n d f rom too l iberal u s e of a lcohol . Nico laus Myrepsus no t e s t h e t r e m u l o u s pe r sons a n d especial ly t hose w h o h a v e t r emb l ing head .

4.3. Cerebral vascular episodes

Accord ing to Aris to t le , t h e coagu la t ion of a cold f luid in t h e brain, c auses apoplexy in old people. Or ibas ius says t h a t hemip leg ia o r apoplexy a r e occas ioned by co ldness a n d d ryness , a n d Galen, by a p h l e g m a t i c s u b s t a n c e in t h e b r a in . J o a n n e s Ac tua r iu s po in t s o u t t h a t ce rebra l episodes , psychos is a n d hemipleg ia a r i se f rom a special h u m o u r in t h e b ra in a n d f r o m a w e a k cons t i t u t i on . Theophi lus notes t h a t parapleg ia is d iagnosed f r o m t h e t e s t of t he u r i n e being greasy .

5. Psychological marks of old people

Accord ing to Galen a n d Aet ius t h e o ld aged d o n ' t get a n g r y easi ly a n d s h o w m e e k n e s s . S o m e t i m e s they con ta in t he i r anger . Ar is to t le dec la res t h a t seni l i ty a n d every w e a h n e s s m a k e old people i l l iberal , fond of money , hopeless , cold, lowspir i ted , suspicious , sad , all b e c a u s e of t h e m i s f o r t u n e of t he i r age. They fear, a n d live w i t h r a t i o n a l i s m a n d self- interest r a t h e r t h a n w i t h m o r a l i t y a n d v i r t u e . Bu t , h e a d d s , old people a re a l so merci fu l , wise , p r u d e n t , a n d live m o r e w i t h t he i r m e m o r i e s t h a n w i t h t h e fu ture .

I I . Medica l c a r e of old people

1. Sanitary and dietary measures

1.1. Regimen

Hippocra tes a n d Ar is to t le s t a t e t h a t old people b e a r r e g i m e n a n d a b s t i n e n c e be t t e r t hen t hose in any o t h e r per iod of life, because of t he l i t t le w a r m t h in t he i r bodies . T h e food m u s t be given, acco rd ing to Aet ius , a l i t t le a n d a t f requent in te rva l s . Ga len approves of t h r e e sma l l m e a l s in t h e day . T h e d ie t ough t to cons i s t of b r e a d p roper to old people w i t h o u t m u c h sal t a n d leaven, w i t h honey a n d espe­cially At t ic , vege tab les as beet , ma l low, onion, gar l ic , fish a n d fowl 's soup. P a u l u s s ays t h a t t h e food is to be g radua l ly lessened . H e a d d s t h a t pot-herbs o u g h t t o be ea t en before all o t h e r food, w i t h oil, p ickless o r olives seasoned w i t h sal t . Ga len sugges t s m e a t of k id a n d b i rd , b e t t e r sa l ted , m i l k of goa t o r as in ine . T h e old m e n o u g h t t o u se special w ines such as wh i t e , l ight or heavy, a n d sweet , b u t no t red , ac r id a n d b i t t e r . F r u i t s a r e a l so given such as r ipe figs a n d in w i n t e r d r i ed figs, p r u n e s a n d w a l n u t s . Food w h i c h old people ough t t o avoid a r e r o a s t e d eggs,

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cheese , snai ls , shel ls , roo t vege tab les , m u s h r o o m s , lentils, pork , m u t t o n and beef. Charac te r i s t i ca l ly Galen refers to a n old f a rmer , h e knew, w h o lived over a h u n d r e d yea rs in t h e fields. Every day h e d r a n k only goa t m i l k w i t h d r y b r e a d in i t . H e s o m e t i m e s r o a s t e d the b r e a d a n d pu t in t h y m e a n d he also u s e d honey .

1.2. Bathing

B a t h s su i tab le to old m e n of w a r m fresh water!, even twice o r t h r e e t i m e s a day, a r e sugges ted .

1.3. Physiotherapy

This en ta i l s qu ie t w a l k s , swinging , gymnas t i c s , rubb ing , m a s s a g e s a n d exer­cises su i tab le to old aged.

1.4. Mental health

Aetius advices psychica l c a l m a n d avo idance of s t r e s s , labour , a n g u i s h e d pa in a n d insomnia . Galen sugges t s sleep. P a u l u s says t h a t bo th t h e bodily a n d m e n t a l supply ough t t o be lessened. Aris to t le r e c o m m e n d s m u s i c t o old m e n .

2. Treatment of the age-related diseases

Remed ie s for gout , a r t h r i t i s a n d k idney s tones a r e given, for example t h e p lan t ve tonica , c e s t ron ( sax i f ragum) , pars ley , n a r d , w i n e p r e p a r e d w i t h honey, pepper a n d t h e he rb rue . Alexander sugges t s ches t r iu ts to a r t h r i t i s .

Galen a n d Aet ius say t h a t w e m u s t p r o m o t e t h i d i scha rge of u r i n e every day w i t h celery a n d d iu re t i c w ines . Accord ing t o Paulus^ w h e n the u r i n e is suppressed in t h e b l a d d e r owing to s o m e o b s t r u c t i o n w e m u s t u s e a c a t h e t e r p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e age a n d sex.

When the a b d o m e n is b o u n d , t h e saffron, t u r p e n t i n e a n d peeled bar ley a r e used . Oil in a c lys te r is m o s t useful to t h e s e w h o a r e cons t ipa ted . Or ibas ius gives t h e hel lebore a n d Galen, aloe a n d f ru i t s such a s figs a n d p r u n e s . Ar i s to t l e forbids purga­t ion in old people, as it is d a n g e r o u s a n d can cause! col lapses a n d dea th .

Alexander in hepa t i c insuff iciency sugges t s w a r m b r e a d w i t h wine , cheese , cabbage, fish, r a i s in a n d a n t i d o t e « c y p h o i d e s » . Aretaeus gives digest ible food, chyles , mi lk . Aet ius r e c o m m e n d s bo tan ica l subs t ances such as e u p a t o r i u m , capn ium, pis tachio-nut , a n d Dioscor ides , decoc t ion of t h e t i n d e r a n d reed .

In b ronch i t i s , c a t a r r h a n d coryza inha l ing w i t h t h e vapour s of t h e h e r b m e l a n t h i u m is u s e d a n d also h o t b a t h s a n d a l m o n d s a s a n expec to ran t r e m e d y . Dioscor ides sugges t s s t a r c h of a k i n d of w h e a t soo th ing t h e r o u g h n e s s of t h e a r t e ry .

Alexander sugges ts co l lyr ium for eyes ight d i so rde r s of old people. Loss of m e m o r y is t r e a t e d by N o n n u s w i t h phys io the rapy in the head , f r ic t ions

w i t h oil a n d mus t a rd - seed , expec to ran t r e m e d i e s a n d pu rga t ives such as h ie ra . Accord ing t o P a u l u s w e m u s t bleed o r u s e a c r i d c lys te r s . Galen sugges t s m u s t a r d p las te r , coa t ing t h e h e a d w i t h n i t r e , a n d h o t saturations. Rufus r e c o m m e n d s p rope r diet , h i e r a a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t h e body a n d the p o w e r s of o ld aged. Or ibas ius p resc r ibes a loe a n d s c a m m o n i a .

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Old people w h o t r e m b l e shou ld t a k e a sweet pot ion of hon i ed w a t e r a n d cas to r , r e m e d i e s of t h e shoo t s of r u e a n d decoc t ion of t h e root of m a r s h m a l l o w s . Ac tua r iu s sugges t s « a n t i d o t u s d i a sc incu M i t h r i d a t i s » w h i c h « t r e m u l o s q u e f i r m a t » ( s t r e n g t h e n s t r e m u l o u s ) . Nico laus Myrepsus sugges t s a m e t h o d of inha l ing .

Or ibas ius gives t r e a t m e n t of hemip leg ia cons i s t ing of ph lebotomy, e n e m a , cupping on para lyzed m e m b e r s , o i n t m e n t s , w a r m poul t ices w i t h t a r a n d t u rpen t ine , a n d o ra l r e m e d i e s s u c h as cas to r . A c t u a r i u s gives « a n t i d o t u s d ia th iu , id est , sulphoure . . . r e so lu tos » ( in para lys i s ) , a n d « scy l l i t i cum a c e t u m » (acid of t h e p l an t scilla) t h a t « p r o d e s t ver t ig inos is » (benefi ts ver t igo) .

Denta l p rob lems in o ld aged such a s h a k e n t e e t h a n d gingivit is a r e t r e a t e d by Galen giving ac r id r e m e d i e s a n d s c h i n i n u m oil. Aet ius sugges t s coa t ing o r decoc t ion of t h e p lan t x a n t h i u m , a n d N o n n u s , o i n t m e n t of a l u m a n d c e d a r res in .

3. Happy senility

T h e med ica l c a r e of old people i n t e n d s t o give t h e m a happy senil i ty. Galen bel ieves t h a t old m a n ough t t o al low h is b a d hab i t s , a n d i t w o u l d n o t be in vain , if h e begins to l e a rn a n a r t even a t e ighty y e a r s old. Ar i s to t l e no t e s t h a t happy seni l i ty is l a t eness in c o m i n g of old age, w i t h o u t grief a n d i m m u n e f rom d iseases . I t depends on t h e body ' s hea l th , good cons t i t u t ion a n d also luck. T h e g rea t philo­sopher a d d s t h a t to ld people ough t to avoid ac t ions . They can j u d g e w i t h v i r tue , a n d h a v e t h e r igh t to enjoy t h e s tud ies they m a d e in t h e i r y o u t h . Final ly , h e says , happy senil i ty is a p a r t of wel l being.

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10. P E D A N I I Dioscoridis . — D e materia medica, ed. C. Sprengel, Lipsiae 1829, t. I, B o o k II, p. 242, t. I I , I l ep i euTcoptrjTtov A , p. 266, 269-271.

11. Œuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, par E. Littré, Paris 1844, t. IV, I lepi ap6pcov, p. 254, Acpopio-JXCH , p. 466, 476, 483, 490, 494, 496, 500, 564, 578, t. V, Koaxat , Tupoyvcoaeiç p. 700, 718, t. VI , Ilept. voucrcov то TrptùTov, p. 182-184, 188, Ilept, 8t,aiT7)ÇTO тсрсотоу p. 508, 510, 512.

12. N I C O L A U S Myrepsus I lepi auv6eaewç cpapjzaxcùv, Codex 1478 Nat ional Library of Athens , f. 90, 120.

13. N o n i medici clarissimi, D e omnium particularium morborum curatio, ed. Argentorati, 1568, p. 42, 43, 117-129.

14. Œuvres d'Oribase, t. I-IV, ed. Bussemaker and Daremberg, Paris 1862, t. II, p. 4, 116, 167, t. III, p. 6, 7, t. IV, ' E x T7]ç ßißXou 'Opeißacuou TYJÇ тсрос TOV IouXiavov T O V B a oiXea, 'ExXoyat. Boy)Ê7][XATCOV p. 584.

15. The seven books of Paulus Aegineta, by Fr. Adams , L o n d o n 1844, B o o k I, p. 18, 36, 44, Book III, p. 372, 407, 408, B o o k VI , p. 351.

16. M I C H A E L I S Pselli , AiSaaxaXia TCavToSaTCY), sive D e omnifaria doctrina, ad Michae lem D u c a m Imperatorem, ed. J.A. Fabricio, Hamburgi 1711, p. 132.

17. Œuvres de Ruf us d'Ephèse, ed. C H . Daremberg- and C E . Ruel le , Paris 1879, p. 306, 324. 18- T H E O P H I L I . — D e urinis l ibrum edit Th . Guidotius , Anglo-Britannus 1703, p. 2, 126,

D e excrementis l ibrum, p. 254. 19. Theophili et Stephani A T H E N I E N I S . — D e febrium differentia ex Hippocrate et Ga leno ,

ed. D e m . Sicurus, Florentiae 1862, p. 31.

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