the martial chronicles, in the trenches - nov 17. 2012

8/13/2019 The Martial Chronicles, In the Trenches - Nov 17. 2012

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MMA. With Veterans Day having been recentlycommemorated here in the States, this time hetakes a look back at the hand-to-hand combat ofWorld War I.

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This is an edited version of an article which was originallycross-posted at our fellow SBNation Blog,BloodyElbow.comby Cageside Features Guest ColumnistJohnS. Nash, onNov, 12, 2012[]

Editor's Note: Oftentimes, the media blitzes readers on suchdays as Veterans Day with so much material, thatsomething truly fascinating and informative, such as thislong form historical piece, can get lost in the mix. We hopenow that about a week has passed, you can find time on alazy Saturday to enjoy these words and reflect upon theimages they evoke.

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"I crawled up the trench a few feet and came upon two mentrying to strangle each other. I thought then, of motion

pictures I had watched back home. Here was a more

terrible drama than ever the movie camera showed. Abayonet charge is a street fight magnified and made tenthousand times more fierce. It becomes on close range,almost impossible to use your bayonets. So we fought with

fists and feet, and used our guns, when possible, as clubs."
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-- "Boys' Book of Battles", by Chelsea Curtis Fraser(1919)

Veterans Day 2012, marked the 94th year since the signing ofthe Armistice, which on "the eleventh hour, of the eleventh

day, of the eleventh month" silenced the guns of the FirstWorld War.

That conflict is famous for having ushered in modernwarfare, introducing an industrial level of carnage, thanks tothe use of such advanced weaponry as the machine gun, theflamethrower, poison gas, the airplane, and the tank.

Less known, is how it resurrected the ancient battlefield artsof hand-to-hand combat, and gave birth to what wouldeventually be known as "combatives".

The early days of the war quickly revealed how limited 19thcentury military tactics were against the new weapons of the20th century. Entire armies of charging soldiers found

themselves trapped in barbed wire, gunned down bymachine guns and rifle fire, blown up by artillery shells orland mines, and choked upon poisonous gases - without evercoming into close contact with the enemy.

Within a few months of the start of hostilities, all of theWestern Front was caught in a stalemate, as the dreaded

"trench warfare" soon took over the battlefield. Thisequilibrium led to the rise of what Robert Axelrod termedthe "live-and-let-live system" in which the opposing frontline soldiers came to an understanding, a tacit truce, in

which each side found it prudent to restrain from aggressiveactions, for fear of triggering a reprisal.
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Transcription of above Newspaper Image:

Page 3, The War Illustrated, 17th August, 1918.Headline:Raiders Prepare to Fare Forth on a Foray

Caption: Regimental sergeant-major handing out bombsand hand-grenades to a party of soldiers about to proceedon a daylight raid. Right: The men giving in their personalbelongings, including their paybooks and identity disks,

before starting. This is done in order that in the event oftheir being killed or captured no information may beconveyed to the enemy as to the regiments confronting him.

Raids were almost exclusively made at night, with the raidersfaces blackened with "grease-paint or burnt cork", allowing
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them to stealthily cross the no-man's-land unseen by enemyartillery spotters, snipers, or sentries.

A surprise attack on the opposing trenches would follow, inwhich hopefully, the enemy could be killed or captured

without alerting any of their comrades; after which, theraiders could then safely sneak back to their own lines,shielded by their trailing prisoners, if necessary.

For such missions, they learned the best weapons were thosewhich would not impede their movement, were quiet, andcould also be used in close-quarters combat.

"What are our weapons? The pistol, the rifle, the bullet, thebayonet, knuckle-dusters, hook knives with which to rip up,daggers for the heart, butchers' knives for the throat, thebomb for random work, once the prisoner has beenextracted and bags of ammonal thrown into the dugouts,served up with time fuses, to blow whole companies tosmithereens." [EN2]

In this new phase of the war, combat regressed to a moreprimitive state. The bayonet, once written off as outdated,following the Boer and Spanish-American Wars, found newlife.

"The present war has shown that modern science has not

done away with hand-to-hand fighting, and success inbattle may still hinge upon the use of the bayonet." [EN3]

It soon became clear to soldiers that their rifle was not theirbest combat weapon in the trenches. Where it could kill atgreat distances an enemy upon the open battlefield during


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the day, in the dark of the night, at close proximity, insidethe confined earthen entrenchments, it was almost useless.

"The weapon that is least needed is a rifle. A club or asandbag or an Indian battle-axe or spiked club is better. A

good slugger without any weapon at all may take anadversary's loaded rifle away from him and knock himdown and then kick him to death." [EN4]

The preferred firearms of the trench fighters were theshotgun and revolver. However, use of these firearms was farless desirable than that of even more primitive weapons,

since they would surely alert the enemy. In this most modernof war, soldiers quickly relearned the lesson of their medievalpredecessors, arming themselves with an odd assortment ofmle weaponry, with which to butcher their opponents.
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Raiders sallied forth from their underground dugouts armedwith various bayonets, swords, hatchets, clubs, coshes,knobkerries, truncheons, hammers, daggers, pick-axes,push-knives, staves, and steel bars. The edges of entrenchingshovels were ground to razor sharpness.

Trench raiding clubs were both homemade and massproduced, some of which were lead filled, had steel studs orspikes hammered into them, or had their heads wrapped in

barbed wire. Men carried brass knuckles (or "knuckle-dusters") and a wide array of knifes with them.

Sometimes these were combined: theUS army issuedtrench-knives,fitted with metal knuckle guards and "skullcrusher" or "walnut-opener" pommels, to their infantry.Inside the trenches, centuries of advancement in warfare was

being discarded in favor of the older lessons of mlecombat.
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"Not since the Middle Ages has knowledge of this method offighting been as essential as it is today. As the great warprogresses, it is becoming more and more apparent that theexpertness and skill of the individual are playing anincreasingly large part in the determination of the finaloutcome." [EN5]

The samurai of Japan had originally developed jujutsu foruse in such close combat, so that even hand-held weaponscould prove to be ineffective. The knights of Europe had asimilar martial art in kampfringen. Both disciplines usedthrows, holds, and strikes to gain an advantage over a better-

armed or armored opponent.

With the introduction of rapid firing and more accuratefirearms, such hand-to-hand fighting was thought to be athing of the past, but the War had resurrected them.

"Between the British and German modern machinewarfare, wherein every man was supposed to have becomea pawn without initiative of his own has been developing,

perhaps, the deadliest form of sport imagination canconceive - where every combatant places his cunning, hisstrength and his skill in hand-to-hand fighting against thoseof his adversary.

"All of the elements of boxing, wrestling, fencing and mobtactics, plus the stealth of the Indian, who crept up on acamp on the plains, and the team work of a professionalbaseball nine, are valuable to the players." [EN6]

While the armies of Europe had not been prepared for thelevel and intensity of hand-to-hand combat, they also hadnot been completely caught off guard either. Many of their


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military strategists had noted the close quarters fighting thathad taken place during the Russo-Japanese War, and theimportance jujutsu training amongst the Japanese troopshad played.

Based on this lesson, the Emperor had ordered that allofficers in the German army and navy have "acquaintancewith the methods of jiu-jitsu."[EN7]

The United States had made a similar decision in 1905, when

President Roosevelt recommended that jujutsu "beincorporated with courses of boxing and wrestling at thenational institutions"of the West Point and AnnapolisMilitary and Naval Academies. [EN8]
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Nevertheless, Jujutsu was quickly abandoned, but bothcatch-as-catch-can wrestling and boxing were taught to the

young officers.

In any case, for the Americans, as with all the other nations,

any preparation for future conflicts involving hand-to-handcombat was limited to their officers, and not to the vastmajority of soldiers who would actually be doing the fighting.

Eventually, all of the armies began to rectify this oversight.Although, the British were particularly slow to adapt to therealities of trench combat, having ignored early offers from

"jiu-jitsuist and fencing masters" to instruct their footsoldiers in the proper use of bayonet and hand-to-handcombat. [EN9]

Soon, even they could not ignore the simple fact that trenchcombat, meant close-quarter combat. This in turn revealedanother reality...

"After a bayonet attack, in nine cases out of ten, trench oropen warfare, the men grapple. The man who has neverbeen there before does not know what to do." [EN10]

While at first, soldiers were being armed with more andmore handheld mle weapons, it was soon realized thatmerely being properly armed was not enough to engage in

hand-to-hand combat. The psychological dread of beinghorrendously butchered or bludgeoned in the middle of thenight proved too much for most soldiers. When finally faced

with such a situation, for which they had received notraining,


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"... the soldier has almost always lost his head and confinedhimself with struggling uselessly, because he did not knowany blows or holds which would have sufficed, untilsomeone came to the aid of one or the other of theadversaries." [EN11]

As men with a background in combat sports began returningfrom night raids at greater numbers than those lacking, itsoon became obvious to both the troops in the field and theircommanding officers that some knowledge in hand-to-handcombat was beneficial for the survival and success of asoldier on the front lines. Even a small amount of training

proved incredibly helpful.

[By] "... the third year of the war, when hand-to-handcombats became the rule rather than the exception, Englishofficers stated... that their men had found the application ofa few jiu-jitsu tricks in grappling to be of great service invanquishing of their opponent."


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By 1916, each of the belligerents was offering their soldiers atleast somebasic training in armed and unarmed close

quarters combat. The Arditi, Italy's elite raiders, took theprimitive nature of this new combat to heart bystudyingFiore dei Liberi, a medieval master of arms. TheFrench, in turn, developed one of the most extensiveprograms, based primarily on jujutsu [EN12] along withtheir own homegrown savate.
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"There were a couple of well-known savate men in the nextcompany and I saw one of them get under Fritz's guardwith his foot and, believe me, there was some force in thatkick. He must have driven the German's chin clear throughthe back of his neck." [EN13]

When the United States entered the war in April of 1917, theydid so with a military that was by almost all measures far

behind the other Great Powers. The exception was in hand-to-hand combat. For some years prior to their entry, theyhad been developing their own program, while also makinggreat use of their allies experiences, especially those of the

Canadians (who were generally considered the best of thetrench raiders, [EN14]) and the French, whose hand-to-handtraining program they used as a model for their own.

We have adopted real hand-to-hand fighting, such as is imposed thecircumstances of this war. We require men to kill their adversaries in thisnew corps--corps work....Boxing is all right, so is the savate, or Frenchsubstitute for boxing, so is wrestling, and so is also, of course, the Japanese jiu-

jitsu. All come into our system of instruction. [EN15]


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The focus would be not on making American soldiers expertsin unarmed combat, but in providing them with just enoughexperience and skill to improve their survivability greatly.

"If all failed, the raider was encouraged to resort to 'hand-to-hand fighting and various jiu-jitsu methods of offenceand self-defence'... " [EN16]

One of the more important figures in the development of theAmerican's combat training programs was John J. O'Brien.
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As a civilian, he had been among the first Americans to studyjujutsu in Japan extensively, reportedly having even servedas Inspector of Police at Nagasaki for 10 years beforereturning to the US in 1900. [EN17]

He was perhaps best known as being the man whointroduced President Theodore Roosevelt to the martial artin early 1902. [EN18] Thanks to such contacts, in 1910, he

was recruited by the Army, made a Captain, and given thecharge of developing a hand-to-hand fighting program fortheir soldiers. The program he and others came up withcombined boxing, wrestling, and jujutsu.

"Boxing and hand-to-hand fighting have been organizedunder skilled instructors in the majority of army camps. Inmany cases, boxing has been made compulsory because itdevelops qualities fundamental for success in bayonet

fighting.

"The work in hand-to-hand fighting consists in training aman in a few simple but clever wrestling tricks, which willbe useful to him if disarmed in combat in a fight, in the darkon patrol or on trench raid. Entirely apart from a gain intechnical proficiency, the man versed in boxing and hand-to-hand fighting acquires a large amount of confidence."

[EN19]


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Although boxing was given special attention, it was primarilyfor the fact that not only could it be used as a form ofunarmed combat, but also because, "the science of boxing, asDr. Raycraft has pointed out, is intimately related to the

business of bayonet-fighting." [EN20]
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For the unarmed portion of the training, most Americancamps had instructors who focused on grappling. The

common thread amongst the various trainers, many of whomwere recruited by O'Brien, was that they were all based on"rough-and-tumble" fighting... i.e., all-in, anything goesstreet-fighting. With regards to strikes, most instructed theircharges to ignore their boxing training:
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"Never use your fists, as the fist is the least effective ofnature's weapons. Especially without gloves, it is

practically impossible to put an enemy hors de combat withthe fist.... Nature's best weapons are: The Feet, the Knees,the Head, and the Elbows." [E21]

Among the more noteworthy trainers of the US troops, wasA. E. Marriott, who's fighting system incorporated "Greco-Roman, catch-as-catch-can, and jiu-jitsu wrestling" [EN22];Billy Sandow, the manager and trainer of Ed "Strangler"Lewis, who developed a "rough-and-tumble" grapplingsystem based extensively on catch-as-catch can fouls [EN23];

and perhaps most influential of the three trainers, was AllenCorstophin Smith.

Smith had been recruited by O'Brien, and given the rank ofCaptain, after receiving his black belt in January of 1916from the Kodokan in Japan. From 1917 to 1918, he servedalongside former middleweight boxing champion Mike

Gibbons, as the hand-to-hand combat instructor at CampBenning. A film of their training methods still survives.

During the First World War, millions were introduced andtrained in the martial arts. Perhaps at no time before, had somany been instructed in unarmed combat, or had such amassive laboratory for life or death situations been

undertaken.


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Yet, in a cruel irony, those most likely to have learned hand-

to-hand combat were most likely to be killed or maimed;being the ones assigned to the front lines or sent on theraids. The War thus wiped out its greatest martial artsgeneration, as quickly as it created it.

The lessons learned during the war were not completely lost,though. It was during the war that Bill Underwood came up

with his "Combato". It was also where Viktor Spiridonov andVasil Oshchenko developed the theories they would use tocreate "Samooborona Bez Oruzhiya".

What was learned in the trenches and battlefields of the FirstWorld War would be put to use to help create the British,Canadian, and American close-quarters combat programs,

the predecessors of our modern combatives.The price for such knowledge would be great, and those

whom paid it for us should never be forgotten.
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"Stealth Patrol", by Otto Dix viaSocks-studio.com

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"In Flanders Field"In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,

That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.We are the Dead. Short days ago

We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved and were loved, and now we lie

In Flanders fields.
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Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who die,

We shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.

by John McCrae

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______ -- This article by our Cageside Features Guest ColumnistJohn S. Nash, has been'crossposted' to Cagesideseats.com today (Nov. 17, 2012). In addition to delving intowrestling's past for Cageside Seats,Mr. Nashhas regularly chronicled the forgottenhistory of mixed martial arts at our fellow SBNation Blog:BloodyElbow.com,wherethis article was also posted onNov 12, 2012. Cageside Seats is proud to present thecross-posting of his entire archive of articles in this exclusive guest column for yourenjoyment. To read more fascinating articles from Mr. Nash, simplybookmark thislinkand remember to check back frequently for new content.

____________________________________________

END NOTES:

EN 1: The Evolution of Cooperation,by Robert Axelrod

- 1984

EN 2:A Brass Hat in No Man's Land, by F. P. Crozier -1930

EN 3:Bayonet Fighting and Physical Training, byMajor Percy Hobbs of the Canadian Forces - 1917
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EN 17:Theodore Roosevelt's private letters

EN 18:A Complete Course of Jiu-jitsu and PhysicalCulture,by Prof. John J. O'Brien - 1905

EN 19: "Athletics in the Army and Navy", The ModernCity- Oct, 1918

EN 20: "Athletic for the Army", by Raymond B. Fosdick& Edward F. Allen: The Century, (Vol 96) - May to Oct, 1918

EN 21:Methods 0f Hand-to-Hand Fighting, byLieutenant Bernard Desouches - 1921

EN 22:Hand-to-Hand Fighting, by A. E. Marriott - 1918

EN 23:Self Defense for the Individual, by Billy C.Sandow - 1919

IMAGES:

"Raiders Prepare to Fare Forth on a Foray",

viagreatwardifferent.com"Trench Knife", viaWikiMedia Commons.org"Hip Break", viaHand-to-Hand Fighting, by A. E.Marriott - 1918"Plate 13", viaHow to Out-Think Your Opponent, byProf. Al Williams - 1918"Boxing Applied to Bayonet Fighting", viaBoxing forBeginners, by William J. Jacomb - 1918"Front Strangle" & "Back Strangle", "Strangle andHead Butt" & "Hammerlock", viaSelf Defense for theIndividual, by Billy C. Sandow - 1919"One of Captain Smith's Classes", viaejmas.com
http://theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Subject-Tag-Search.aspx?subject=Jiu-jitsu--Study%20and%20teaching&subID=fst00983640http://theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Subject-Tag-Search.aspx?subject=Jiu-jitsu--Study%20and%20teaching&subID=fst00983640http://theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Subject-Tag-Search.aspx?subject=Jiu-jitsu--Study%20and%20teaching&subID=fst00983640http://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=u_rlAAAAMAAJ&dq=trench%20raid%20wrestling&pg=RA9-PA35#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ymo-LpJq-QgC&lpg=PA372&ots=I6rJUQl7PV&dq=from%20boxing%20and%20bayonet%20fighting%20film&pg=PA371#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=otUEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Never%20use%20your%20fists%2C%20as%20the%20fist%20is%20the%20least%20effective%20of%20nature%27s%20weeapons%3B%20it%20is%20practically%20impossible%20to%20put%20an%20enemy%20hors%20de%20combat%20with%20the%20fist%2C%20since%20the%20military%20equipment%20protects%20the%20solar%20plexus%2C%20and%20the%20most%20violent%20blow%20on%20the%20point%20of%20the%20chin%20has%20no%20other%20effect%20than%20that%20of%20cutting%20cleanly%20the%20skin.&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=otUEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Never%20use%20your%20fists%2C%20as%20the%20fist%20is%20the%20least%20effective%20of%20nature%27s%20weeapons%3B%20it%20is%20practically%20impossible%20to%20put%20an%20enemy%20hors%20de%20combat%20with%20the%20fist%2C%20since%20the%20military%20equipment%20protects%20the%20solar%20plexus%2C%20and%20the%20most%20violent%20blow%20on%20the%20point%20of%20the%20chin%20has%20no%20other%20effect%20than%20that%20of%20cutting%20cleanly%20the%20skin.&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trench_Raids/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Trench%20Raid%20006.jpghttp://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trench_Raids/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Trench%20Raid%20006.jpghttp://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trench_Raids/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Trench%20Raid%20006.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1918_Trench_Knife.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1918_Trench_Knife.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1918_Trench_Knife.jpghttp://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57347625/How-to-Out-Think-Your-Opponent-or-T-N-tactics-for-close-in-fighting-Prof-Al-Williams-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57347625/How-to-Out-Think-Your-Opponent-or-T-N-tactics-for-close-in-fighting-Prof-Al-Williams-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/100157178/24779430-Boxing-for-Beginniers-Bayonet-Fighting-by-William-J-Jacomb-With-Introduction-by-Joseph-E-Raycroft-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/100157178/24779430-Boxing-for-Beginniers-Bayonet-Fighting-by-William-J-Jacomb-With-Introduction-by-Joseph-E-Raycroft-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/100157178/24779430-Boxing-for-Beginniers-Bayonet-Fighting-by-William-J-Jacomb-With-Introduction-by-Joseph-E-Raycroft-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_cptsmith_0700.htmhttp://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_cptsmith_0700.htmhttp://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_cptsmith_0700.htmhttp://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_cptsmith_0700.htmhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/100157178/24779430-Boxing-for-Beginniers-Bayonet-Fighting-by-William-J-Jacomb-With-Introduction-by-Joseph-E-Raycroft-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/100157178/24779430-Boxing-for-Beginniers-Bayonet-Fighting-by-William-J-Jacomb-With-Introduction-by-Joseph-E-Raycroft-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57347625/How-to-Out-Think-Your-Opponent-or-T-N-tactics-for-close-in-fighting-Prof-Al-Williams-1918http://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1918_Trench_Knife.jpghttp://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trench_Raids/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Trench%20Raid%20006.jpghttp://www.scribd.com/doc/57506714/Self-Defense-for-the-Individual-Billy-Sandow-1919http://www.scribd.com/doc/57497733/Hand-To-Hand-Fighting-A-System-of-Personal-Defense-For-The-Soldier-A-E-Marriott-1918http://books.google.com/books?id=otUEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Never%20use%20your%20fists%2C%20as%20the%20fist%20is%20the%20least%20effective%20of%20nature%27s%20weeapons%3B%20it%20is%20practically%20impossible%20to%20put%20an%20enemy%20hors%20de%20combat%20with%20the%20fist%2C%20since%20the%20military%20equipment%20protects%20the%20solar%20plexus%2C%20and%20the%20most%20violent%20blow%20on%20the%20point%20of%20the%20chin%20has%20no%20other%20effect%20than%20that%20of%20cutting%20cleanly%20the%20skin.&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ymo-LpJq-QgC&lpg=PA372&ots=I6rJUQl7PV&dq=from%20boxing%20and%20bayonet%20fighting%20film&pg=PA371#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=u_rlAAAAMAAJ&dq=trench%20raid%20wrestling&pg=RA9-PA35#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GOBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP2&dq=John++O%27Brien+jitsu&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Subject-Tag-Search.aspx?subject=Jiu-jitsu--Study%20and%20teaching&subID=fst00983640


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*** Special thanks to Thomas Nashfor helping withresearch ***
http://www.sbnation.com/users/Thomas%20Nashhttp://www.sbnation.com/users/Thomas%20Nash

the martial chronicles, in the trenches - nov 17. 2012

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