the incoherent internationaljurisprudence of rape p23

7/31/2019 THE INCOHERENT INTERNATIONALJURISPRUDENCE OF RAPE p23

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-incoherent-internationaljurisprudence-of-rape-p23 1/21

B_BZ HN QGB OJJ Thirfb : Nrfmb} < =;;4

Ln onqb}aozjo{ionl}y chr}nli abthqba qh qgb zqray lna lnliyzoz hd ozzrbz }bilqba qh qgbOnqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q.

L]QOJIBZ

Qgb Bibjqh}li Aoz&jhnnbjqohn3Onzqoqrqohnli Ml}}ob}z qh RZ Zbnlqb Zr{{h}q dh} qgb OJJ

Jgl}ibz Lnqghny Zfoqg $ Gblqgb} Zfoqg

•

Qgb Onjhgb}bnq Onqb}nlqohnli Cr}oz{}rabnjb hd ]l{b Bioslmbqg&Fb}}y Jhnahn

NHQBZ

Bzqlmiozgone l [}bjbabnq on Relnal3 Qgb Ibeoqofljy hd Nlqohnli Lfnbzqobz Rnab} qgb OJJ ]hmon Fr}{gy

•

Q}lnzoqohnli Zqlqbz) qgb OJJ) $ Lfnbzqobz3Bzqlmiozgone ln Latozh}y Jhffozzohn

]hmb}q Ehfbs

•

Qhul}az Bndh}jbfbnq on qgb OJJ Bioslmbqg ]hmmonz

L {rmiojlqohn hd qgb Jhrnjoi dh} Lfb}ojln Zqrabnqz on Onqb}nlqohnli Nbehqolqohnz 'JLZON/

Qgoz bibjq}hnoj {}btobu {}htoabz hniy qgb onq}harjqohn qh bljg l}qojib.Qh ljjbzz l}qojibz on drii) {iblzb jhnqljq Fh ]lgfln) lq fhKlfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz



B_BZ HN QGB OJJBaoqh}oli Mhl}a

Baoqh}&on&Jgobd3 Qgbhah}b F. Ibjgqb}fln

Baoqh}z3

Goil}ob Lzgqhn • Libwoz H}qos • E}bb} [}oqjgbqq • Abmmob Zgl}nl`

ONDH]FLQOHN DH] LRQGH]ZBybz hn qgb OJJ oz {rmiozgba lnnrliiy my qgb Jhrnjoi dh} Lfb}ojln Zqrabnqz on Onqb}nl&qohnli Nbehqolqohnz. Qgb chr}nli ontoqbz |rlioqy zrmfozzohnz d}hf zjghil}z) cr}ozqz) lna {}h&dbzzohnliz on dobiaz }bilqba qh onqb}nlqohnli j}ofonli ilu lna {hiojy. Hjjlzohnliiy) bwjb{qohnlizqrabnq uh}` uoii mb ljjb{qba.

Flnrzj}o{qz frzq mb jhf{rqb} ebnb}lqba lna zrmfoqqba bibjq}hnojliiy) tol b&floi h} Mb}&

`biby Bibjq}hnoj [}bzz‟z Bw{}bzzh zrmfozzohn zb}tojb) lq gqq{3((bw{}bzzh.mb{}bzz.jhf. Bljgzrmfozzohn zghria jhnqlon ln lmzq}ljq) l ibqqb} hd onq}harjqohn) l JT) lna l{{}h{}olqb jhn&qljq ondh}flqohn. L}qojibz fly }lneb on ibneqg d}hf zhfb =2 qh 7; {lebz) ahrmib&z{ljba.Mhh` }btobuz }rn d}hf zhfb <);;; qh =)2;; uh}az. [iblzb lagb}b jihzbiy qh qgb Jgojleh Flnrli hd Zqyib lna joqb zhr}jbz on ibeli dh}flq ljjh}aone qh qgb Gl}tl}a Mirb Mhh`.

[bb} ]btobu3 Zrmfozzohnz qh qgb chr}nli l}b zrmcbjqba qh bwqb}nli) ahrmib&miona {bb} }btobumy qgb [bb} ]btobu Mhl}a) jhnzozqone hd {}btohrz lrqgh}z lna bw{b}qz on qgb dobia hd zqray. Laaoqohnliiy) lrqgh}z l}b bnjhr}leba qh zbb` jhffbnqz hn qgbo} flnrzj}o{qz d}hf jhi&iblerbz uoqgon qgbo} aozjo{ionb. Qgb chr}nli ontoqbz jhffbnql}y hn qgb |rlioqy hd oqz zrmfoz&zohnz) ugbqgb} my {}otlqb jh}}bz{hnabnjb h} {rmiozgba ibqqb}. Lq qgb }b|rbzq hd qgb {b}zhnzrmfoqqone l jhffbnq) qgb jhffbnq uoii mb {hzqba hn qgb chr}nli‟z ubmzoqb) {}onqba on qgbnbwq thirfb) nboqgb}) h} mhqg.

Zrmfozzohnz lna hqgb} baoqh}oli jh}}bz{hnabnjb zghria mb laa}bzzba qh qgb Baoqh} lq qgblaa}bzz mbihu) h} b&floiba qh ojjKlfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz .

ZRMZJ]O[QOHNZZrmzj}o{qohnz dh} hnionb ljjbzz lna(h} {}onq jh{obz l}b ltloilmib dh} mhqg onaotoarliz lnaonzqoqrqohnz. Zoneib {}onq ozzrbz l}b ltloilmib qh onaotoarliz lq !:2 lna qh onzqoqrqohnz lq !<;;.Hnionb ljjbzz dh} onaotoarliz oz ltloilmib hn l {b}&l}qojib mlzoz lq !<=. Hnionb ljjbzz oz jr}&}bnqiy ltloilmib qh onzqoqrqohnz qg}hreg BMZJH [rmiozgone lna Qghfzhn Elib aozq}omrqh}z.

JH[_]OEGQ Jh{y}oegq ¯ =;;4 my qgb Jhrnjoi dh} Lfb}ojln Zqrabnqz on Onqb}nlqohnli Nbehqolqohnz0 lii}oegqz }bzb}tba. OZZN3 <214&2;7 W

Tozoq qgb JLZON ubmzoqb lq uuu.lfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz dh} fh}b ondh}flqohn) h} jhnqljqBybz hn qgb OJJ ao}bjqiy lq ojjKlfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz

Qgoz ahjrfbnq oz nhq }b{}bzbnqlqotb hd JLZON lna ahbz nhq }b{}bzbnq lny {l}qojril} tobuhd qglq h}elnoslqohn. JLZON oz nhq }bz{hnzomib dh} lny b}}h}z h} hfozzohnz jhnqlonbagb}bon.

JLZON<<;? Chzbizhn Ltbnrb

Mly Zgh}b) Nbu _h}` <<5;4

uuu.lfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz



LMHRQ QGB JHRNJOI DH] LFB]OJLN ZQRABNQZON ONQB]NLQOHNLI NBEHQOLQOHNZ 'JLZON/3

Qgb Jhrnjoi dh} Lfb}ojln Zqrabnqz on Onqb}nlqohnli Nbehqolqohnz 'JLZON/) ulz

h}oeonliiy dhrnaba lz qgb Onab{bnabnq Zqrabnq Jhlioqohn dh} qgb Onqb}nlqohnliJ}ofonli Jhr}q 'OZJ&OJJ/ lna oz qgb hniy zqrabnq&mlzba h}elnoslqohn on qgbRnoqba Zqlqbz abaojlqba qh barjlqone qgb Lfb}ojln {rmioj lmhrq qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqblna qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q. Qgb OZJ&OJJ mbeln lz l zof{ib {bqoqohn)zoenba my RZ jhiibeb lna rnotb}zoqy zqrabnqz lj}hzz qgb jhrnq}y) lz`one qgbn&[}bzo&abnq Jionqhn qh liihu qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz qh mbjhfb l zoenlqh}y qh qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb. Qgb mbiobd hd qgoz onoqoli e}hr{ hd zqrabnqz on qgb tlirb hd l }bilqohnzgo{ mbqubbn qgbRZ lna qgb OJJ) bw{}bzzba qg}hreg l zof{ib {bqoqohn) glz zonjb e}hun onqh ln bd&dbjqotb h}elnoslqohn qglq {ilyz ln of{h}qlnq }hib on dhzqb}one l {hzoqotb }bilqohnzgo{mbqubbn Lfb}ojl lna qgb OJJ on flny ulyz.

JLZON }b{}bzbnqz qgb nbwq ebnb}lqohn hd Lfb}ojln iblab}zgo{ on qgb onqb}nlqohnlil}bnl) lna glz flonqlonba l jhnzozqbnq {}bzbnjb lq qgb OJJ nbehqolqohnz gbia lq qgbRnoqba Nlqohnz. Lfb}ojln zqrabnqz d}hf lj}hzz qgb jhrnq}y) }bdb}}ba qh lq qgb RNlz ’thojbz hd qgb drqr}b)‖ {l}qojo{lqba on qgb {}b{l}lqh}y nbehqolqohnz dh} qgb Jhr}qqg}hreg qgb lrz{ojbz hd qgb OZJ&OJJ. ]b{}bzbnqone qgb nbwq ebnb}lqohn hd Lfb}o&jln iblab}z) JLZON glz jhnqonrba qh {l}qojo{lqb on nbehqolqohnz dh} qgb Jhr}q lqfbbqonez hd qgb Lzzbfmiy hd Zqlqbz [l}qobz) qgb ehtb}none mhay dh} qgb Jhr}q.

Qgoz chr}nli bnjhr}lebz l aoliherb mbqubbn qghzb zqrayone lna uh}`one uoqg qgbOnqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q lna qgb ebnb}li {rmioj. Qgoz chr}nli uh}`z qh dridoiiJLZON‟z }hib lz ln barjlqh} lna lz l {}htoab} lna {}bzbnqb} hd qgb ondh}flqohn

nbjbzzl}y dh} onaotoarliz qh l}}otb lq qgbo} hun) ondh}fba h{onohnz lna jhnjirzohnzlmhrq qgb nbu Jhr}q.

Qgb ilj` hd lul}bnbzz lmhrq qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q on qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbzoz lil}fone. Ub gh{b qglq yhr) qgb }blab}) uoii chon rz on hr} bddh}qz qh barjlqb qgb Lfb}ojln {rmioj lmhrq qgb of{h}qlnjb hd qgb Jhr}q. Hr} ehli oz qh `bb{ qgb RnoqbaZqlqbz bneleba on qgb uh}` hd qgb Jhr}q.

Bwbjrqotb Ao}bjqh} Agbb}lc Clelabt

Mhl}a hd Ao}bjqh}z

Jg}ozqonl Gl}qflnO}onl @bm}blr Fh ]lgfln Uoiiolf IofBzqo Qlfmly

Bioslmbqg Q}hqqob}

Zqldd Lncl Q}lnhtojg........Ao}bjqh} hd Onqb}nlqohnli NbehqolqohnzJg}ozqh{gb} Dih}bz...............Ao}bjqh} hd Bfmlzzy ]bilqohnzGlsbi Ul}ab.................................Ao}bjqh} hd Qbjgnhihey Clfob Mly.........................................Fbfmb}zgo{ Ao}bjqh} To}eonol&Fl}ob ]hr}b.......................Fbfmb}zgo{ Ao}bjqh}Zl}lg Dbnn................................Baoqh}) JLZON \rl}qb}iy Chgn Zlfrbioln.....................Baoqh}) Eihmli Gbliqg Chr}nliBflnrbi Alzg..............Baoqh}) Jhndiojq ]bzhirqohn Chr}nli L}qgr} Q}liao.......................Baoqh}) Grfln ]oegqz Chr}nli Qgbhah}b Ibjgqb}fln.................Baoqh}) Bybz hn qgb OJJ



B_BZ HN QGB OJJ Thirfb : =;;4 Nrfmb} <

JHNQBNQZ

L]QOJIBZ

Qgb Bibjqh}li Aoz&jhnnbjqohn3Onzqoqrqohnli Ml}}ob}z qh RZ Zbnlqb Zr{{h}q dh} qgb OJJ Jgl}ibz Lnqghny Zfoqg $ Gblqgb} Zfoqg․․․․․․․․․․․․<

•

Qgb Onjhgb}bnq Onqb}nlqohnli Cr}oz{}rabnjb hd ]l{b Bioslmbqg&Fb}}y Jhnahn․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․..=:

NHQBZ

Bzqlmiozgone l [}bjbabnq on Relnal3 Qgb Ibeoqofljy hd Nlqohnli Lfnbzqobz Rnab} qgb OJJ

]hmon Fr}{gy․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ::

•

Q}lnzoqohnli Zqlqbz) qgb OJJ) $ Lfnbzqobz3Bzqlmiozgone ln Latozh}y Jhffozzohn

]hmb}q Ehfbs․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․.25 •

Qhul}az Bndh}jbfbnq on qgb OJJ Bioslmbqg ]hmmonz․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․.72



D]HF QGB BAOQH]3

O lf {iblzba qh {}bzoab htb} fy do}zq thirfb hd Bybz hn qgb OJJ lz Baoqh}&on&Jgobd) gltone uh}`ba uoqg qgb Jhrnjoi dh} Lfb}ojln Zqrabnqz on Onqb}nl&qohnli Nbehqolqohnz 'JLZON/ dh} quh ybl}z nhu. Qgb chr}nli glz ehnb qg}hreg zoenodojlnq jglnebz zonjb O qhh` qgb gbif.

Ub }btobuba hr} zqlnal}az hd {bb} }btobu lna }btozba qgbf qhul}a e}blqb} q}lnz{l}bnjy) bw{b}qozb) lna }beofbnqlqohn. Ub aotb}zodoba hr} zjh{b) {r}zrone l}qojibz d}hf hrqzoab qgb ibeli aozjo{ionb) qh j}blqb l q}riy onqb}aozjo{ionl}y chr}nli.Ub lzzozqba on qgb ilrnjg hd JLZON‟z nbubzq chr}nli) qgb Onqb}aozjo{ionl}y

Chr}nli hd Grfln ]oegqz Ilu. Fhzq of{h}qlnq) {b}gl{z) ub onoqolqba io&jbnzone le}bbfbnqz uoqg flch} bibjq}hnoj aozq}omrqh}z) zrjg lz BMZJH [rmiozgone lna Qghfzhn Elib. Qgbzb nbu ltbnrbz dh} qgb chr}nli l}b crzq qgb mbeonnone)ghubtb}0 hr} friqo&ybl} {iln jliiz dh} onj}blzone hr} hnionb {}bzbnjb lna ljjbzzo&moioqy bw{hnbnqoliiy.

Hd jhr}zb) nhnb hd qgbzb jglnebz uhria mb {hzzomib uoqghrq qgb onz{o}lqohn lna qo}bibzz bddh}qz hd hr} zqldd. O qgln` ]h}y H‟Zriiotln) dh}fb} Baoqh}&on&Jgobd hd qgoz chr}nli) dh} goz ontlirlmib eroalnjb lna iblab}zgo{ my bwlf{ib. Fh ]lgfln)JLZON‟z Jgobd Donlnjoli Hddojb}) glz mbbn onzq}rfbnqli on {}htoaone ibeli lna dozjli latojb. Agbb}lc Clelabt bwqbnaba qgoz h{{h}qrnoqy qh fb) lna glz e}lnqba fb uoab ilqoqrab on abqb}fonone qgb ao}bjqohn hd qgb chr}nli) dh} ugojg O lf e}lqbdri. O uhria mb }bfozz od O aoa nhq qgln` hr} baoqh}oli mhl}a) ugh gltb {rq r{uoqg rn}blzhnlmib abflnaz lna rnio`biy ablaionbz) liulyz uoqg jgbb}dri {}hdbz& zohnliozf.

Oq oz fy aozqonjq {iblzr}b qh lnnhrnjb qgb jhnq}omrqh}z qh qgoz thirfb. QhnyZfoqg lna Gblqgb} Zfoqg gblaionb qgoz thirfb my }blzzbzzone RZ h{{hzoqohn d}hfl ahfbzqoj&onzqoqrqohnli ibnz. Qgbo} onjozotb lnliyzoz laaz j}oqojli flzz qh qgoz hn& ehone lna btb}&{}bzzone abmlqb. Bioslmbqg Jhnahn abfhnzq}lqbz dile}lnq onjhnzoz&qbnjobz on qgb onqb}nlqohnli ibeli jhffrnoqy‟z q}blqfbnq hd }l{b) lna hddb}z lnhtbi l{{}hljg qhul}a jhf{}bgbnzotb cr}oz{}rabnjb. Ub l}b lizh mibzzba uoqg donbbwlf{ibz hd zqrabnq u}oqone) qhrjgba hdd my l aozjrzzohn hd nlqohnli lfnbzqobz my ]hmon Fr}{gy lna abtbih{ba my Mhmmy Ehfbs. Bioslmbqg ]hmmonz jl{z hdd qgbthirfb uoqg l {ibl dh} nbu qgon`one hn qgb ozzrb hd bndh}jbfbnq.

Qh }bz{hna qh ln l}qojib h} qh on|ro}b lmhrq r{jhfone jglnebz qh qgb chr}nli) {iblzb jhnqljq fb ao}bjqiy lq qbaKlfb}ojlnzqrabnqz.rz. O uhria ihtb qh gbl} d}hf yhr.

Jh}aoliiy)

Qba Ibjgqb}fln Nhtbfmb} =;;4



QGB BIBJQH]LI AOZ&JHNNBJQOHN3

ONZQOQRQOHNLI ML]]OB]Z

QH R.Z. ZBNLQB ZR[[H]Q DH] QGB OJJ

Jgl}ibz Lnqghny Zfoqg lna Gblqgb} F. Zfoqg#

ONQ]HARJQOHN LNA HTB]TOBU

Qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) lz jhnqbf{ilqba my qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb) ulz hddojoliiy bzqlmiozgba on <??7. Qgb nbjbzzl}y 4; zqlqbz }lqodoba qgb q}blqy lna oq bnqb}ba onqh dh}jb hn

Criy <) =;;=. On lii) <:? zqlqbz nhu gltb }lqodoba qgb q}blqy. Qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz ulz hnb hd hniy zbtbn zqlqbz qh thqb lelonzq qgb j}blqohn hd qgb OJJ. < Zonjb qgb onjb{qohn hd qgb Jhr}q)RZ ghzqoioqy qhul}a qgb Jhr}q glz nhq lmlqba. Liqghreg [}bzoabnq Moii Jionqhn zoenba qgbq}blqy on qgb ulnone alyz hd goz lafonozq}lqohn) [}bzoabnq Ebh}eb U. Mrzg ulz |roj` qh’rnzoen‖ oq bl}iy on =;;=. Ugoib h{{hzoqohn d}hf RZ {hiojyfl`b}z ql`bz l tl}obqy hd {lqgz)

on ebnb}li) qgb hmcbjqohn ab}otbz on zhfb flnnb} d}hf l {}hdbzzba jhnjb}n qglq RZ foio&ql}y) ao{ihflqoj) h} {hiojy {b}zhnnbi uoii mb rncrzqiy {}hzbjrqba mbdh}b l {hioqojosba q}omr&nli. Fl}j E}hzzfln) Rnab} Zbj}bql}y hd Zqlqb dh} {hioqojli lddlo}z) bw{ilonba qglq qgb RZ’frzq onzr}b qglq hr} zhiaob}z lna ehtb}nfbnq hddojoliz l}b nhq bw{hzba qh qgb {}hz{bjq hd {hioqojosba {}hzbjrqohnz lna ontbzqoelqohnz.‖= Qgb RZ glz lizh thojba hmcbjqohnz qh qgbJhr}q‟z lmoioqy qh tohilqb qgb zhtb}boenqy hd nhn&}lqodyone zqlqbz lz ubii lz oqz }hib on rnab}&jrqqone qgb lrqgh}oqy hd qgb Rnoqba Nlqohnz Zbjr}oqy Jhrnjoi.:

Ub l}erb qglq qgb jh}b hd RZ }bzozqlnjb qh qgb OJJ) qgb dbl} hd {hioqojliiy fhqotlqba{}hzbjrqohnz) oz ebnb}liiy nhq zonjb}b. Ugoib oq oz onabba {hzzomib qglq zbnlqh}z hmcbjq qhOJJ cr}ozaojqohn dh} {}onjo{iba }lqgb} qgln zq}lqbeoj }blzhnz) ub zreebzq gb}b qglq qgb fl&

ch}oqy hd zbnlqh}z h{{hzb qgb Jhr}q dh} zq}lqbeoj }blzhnz‑nlfbiy mbjlrzb qgby dbl} bibj&

qh}li lafhnozgfbnq.1

Qgb cr}ozaojqohnli jhnzq}lonq hd jhf{ibfbnql}oqy) lz ubii lz l friqo&{iojoqy hd moilqb}li offrnoqy le}bbfbnqz 'MOLz/ lna zqlqrz hd dh}jbz le}bbfbnqz 'ZHDLz/)jhfmonb qh fbln fbfmb}z hd qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz foioql}y lna jotoiolnz h{b}lqone hn mbglid hd qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz) {}ljqojliiy z{bl`one) jhria nbtb} mb {}hzbjrqba mbdh}b qgb OJJ.2 Abz{oqbqgbzb to}qrliiy onzr}fhrnqlmib onzqoqrqohnli ml}}ob}z qh qgb {}hzbjrqohn hd RZ joqosbnz) qgbRZ Zbnlqb glz flonqlonba l zq}oabnq h{{hzoqohn qh qgb }lqodojlqohn hd qgb q}blqy on qgb fhzqmbiioeb}bnq qb}fz {hzzomib. Ugoib qgb RZ jhria gltb bneleba on goeg {}hdoib ’jgbl{ qli`‖‑

# Jgl}ibz Lnqghny Zfoqg) CA) [gA) oz ln lzzozqlnq {}hdbzzh} lq qgb Rnotb}zoqy hd Folfo0

Gblqgb} F. Zfoqg oz l ahjqh}li jlnaoalqb 'LMA/ lq qgb Rnotb}zoqy hd Jliodh}nol&Zln Aobeh. Qgblrqgh}z uozg qh qgln` qgb baoqh}z hd Bybz hn qgb OJJ lz ubii lz qgb lnhnyfhrz }btobub}z dh} qgbo}onzoegq lna lzzozqlnjb on of{}htone qgb flnrzj}o{q. Laaoqohnliiy) ub l{{}bjolqb qgb jhffbnqz lnajhnq}omrqohnz d}hf qgb jhndb}bnjb {l}qojo{lnqz hd qgb =;;4 ]bzbl}jg Jhffoqqbb hn Jhf{l}lqotbJhr}qz 'O[ZL/ lz ubii lz qgb tlirlmib on{rq d}hf Mbn Mozgon) Cbdd A}h{b) Chaob Don`bi) Ahnlia Clj`&zhn) Fojglbi Qhiiby) lna Fl}y Thijlnzb`.

< Qgb hqgb} zow jhrnq}obz l}b3 Jgonl) O}l|) Iomyl) _bfbn) \lql}) lna Oz}lbi.= Bioslmbqg Mbj`b}) Hn Uh}ia Jhr}q) R.Z. Dhjrz Zgodqz qh Zgobiaone Hddojoliz ) N._. Qofbz) =5 Zb{q.

=;;=.: Lnqghny L}nhia) Q}oli my Do}b3 Qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q [rzgbz Lgbla ) =131 Gl}t. Onq‟i

]bt. 'Zb{q. =;;=/.1 H{{hzoqohn qh onqb}nlqohnli h}elnoslqohnz lna }bilqotb ozhilqohnozf gltb ihne mbbn zonjb}biy

gbia qbnbqz hd zhfb jhnzb}tlqotbz. Zbb) b.e.) [lq}oj` C. Mrjglnln) L ]b{rmioj Nhq ln Bf{o}b3 ]b&

jilofone Lfb}ojl‟z Abzqony ']benb}y [rmiozgone) =;;=/.2 Jhf{ibfbnql}oqy fblnz qglq qgb cr}ozaojqohn hd qgb Jhr}q jhf{ibfbnqz }lqgb} qgln zr{{ilnqzzqlqb cr}ozaojqohn. Moilqb}li Offrnoqy Le}bbfbnqz l}b bwbjrqotb le}bbfbnqz mbqubbn zqlqbz qglq jhndb}offrnoqy my bljg zqlqb r{hn qgb hqgb} zqlqb‟z dh}jbz. Zqlqrz hd Dh}jbz Le}bbfbnqz l}b rnoilqb}lie}lnqz hd offrnoqy qh hnb zqlqb‟z dh}jbz dh} ljqohnz on lnhqgb} zqlqb. Qgbzb jhnjb{qz lna qgbo} of{h}ql}b laa}bzzba lq ibneqg on qgb l}qojib.



= Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3<

zbosone qgb fh}li goeg e}hrna hd zr{{h}qone qgb OJJ ugoib dljone nh }oz` hd {}hzbjrqohnmbdh}b oq‑qgb Zbnlqb onzqbla glz {rmiojosba oqz h{{hzoqohn qh qgb OJJ lna ql`bn nh ljqohnqh boqgb} }lqody h} }bcbjq qgb rnab}iyone q}blqy. Onabba) l jhf{biione l}erfbnq bwozqz qglq qgbRZ zghria bneleb on qgb OJJ mbjlrzb oq jhria rzb qgb onzqoqrqohn qh {}hfhqb oqz {}bdb}}ba{hiojobz lna {rnozg oqz bnbfobz. On zgh}q) onqb}nlqohnli h}elnoslqohnz) onjiraone qgb OJJ)

zb}tb mrq ah nhq qg}blqbn qgb onqb}bzqz hd qgb fhzq {hub}dri zqlqbz.4

Qgb q}laoqohnli bw{ilnlqohn dh} RZ ghzqoioqy qhul}az qgb OJJ oz jhrjgba on qb}fz hd lebnb}li }birjqlnjb qh abibelqb lny nlqohnli zhtb}boenqy qh ln onqb}nlqohnli h}elnoslqohn hrqhd dbl} hd {hioqojliiy fhqotlqba fozq}blqfbnq. Qgoz q}laoqohnli bw{ilnlqohn dloiz on qgbzglahu hd qgb UQH) NLDQL) JLDQL) lna l ghzq hd bjhnhfojliiy h}obnqba h}elnoslqohnz.

Ugoib oq oz q}rb qglq qgb bjhnhfojliiy h}obnqba h}elnoslqohnz ah nhq ao}bjqiy lddbjq zhtb}&boenqy d}hf l zbjr}oqy zqlna{honq) qgbzb h}elnoslqohnz zqoii }b|ro}b zhfb iofoqba zr}}bnab}hd zhtb}boenqy. Fh}b }bjbnqiy) lee}bzzotb dbab}li zr{{h}q dh} qgb Uh}ia Jhr}q) h} qgb On&qb}nlqohnli Jhr}q hd Crzqojb)5 rnab}fonbz qgb q}laoqohnli bw{ilnlqohn on ln btbn fh}b ao}bjqlna bw{iojoq flnnb}. Zonjb RZ ghzqoioqy oz nhq m}hlaiy ao}bjqba lq lii onqb}nlqohnli h}elnosl&qohnz h} btbn lii onqb}nlqohnli jhr}qz) qgb |rbzqohn hd ugy qgb OJJ oz ln bz{bjoliiy rnljjb{q&

lmib onzqoqrqohn dh} qgb RZ Zbnlqb {}bzbnqz oqzbid. Ub l}erb qglq qgb onzqoqrqohnli zq}rjqr}b hd qgb Zbnlqb lna qgb jhnjhfoqlnq bibjqh}liiheoj dh} btb}y Zbnlqh} bw{ilon qgoz ghzqoioqy. Mbjlrzb }lqodojlqohn hd q}blqobz oz qgb zhib {}b&}helqotb hd qgb Zbnlqb) qgoz mhay oz qgb elqb`bb{b} dh} q}blqobz. Zbnlqh}oli h{{hzoqohn qh lq}blqy oz qgrz dlqli qh oqz of{ibfbnqlqohn. On qgoz onzqlnjb) Zbnlqh}z l}b ihlqg qh zr{{iy l {h&qbnqoliiy onjbnaol}y ozzrb‑liihuone ln onqb}nlqohnli q}omrnli qh gltb nhfonli cr}ozaojqohnhtb} RZ q}hh{z‑qh {hqbnqoli }otliz dh} qgbo} hqgb}uozb ebnb}liiy zldb zblqz. Eotbn qgbz{}bla hd foioql}y {lq}hnleb lna q}hh{&h}oeon to}qrliiy lj}hzz qgb bnqo}b zqlqb hd btb}y Zbnl&qh}) qgb ozzrb uhria mb rmo|roqhrz lj}hzz qgb bibjqh}li gh}oshn hd btb}y onjrfmbnq. Qgrz)qgb ghzqoioqy oz e}hrnaba on qgb bibjqh}li iheoj hd qgb onzqoqrqohn }lqgb} qgln on l zonjb}b jhn&jb}n lmhrq OJJ {}hzbjrqohnz. Jhnzoab}one qgb bibjqh}li iheoj lz qgb dhrnalqohn hd RZ h{&{hzoqohn lizh bw{ilonz ugy liiobz zofoil}iy zoqrlqba qh qgb RZ) zrjg lz qgb R@) Jlnlal) Lrz&q}liol) [hilna) lna Eb}flny) gltb bfm}ljba qgb OJJ. My zofoil}iy zoqrlqba) ub fbln qglqqgbzb jhrnq}obz }beril}iy bneleb on onqb}nlqohnli {bljb`bb{one bddh}qz. Qgbzb jhrnq}obz {ily l zofoil}) od ibzzb}) onqb}nlqohnli }hib qh qgb RZ lna dljb l jhf{l}lmib }oz` hd {hioqojli {}hzb&jrqohnz.

Ldqb} l }btobu hd qgb bwqlnq ioqb}lqr}b) qgb l}qojib abzj}ombz qgb cr}ozaojqohnli zq}rjqr}b hd qgb OJJ onjiraone jhf{ibfbnql}oqy. Qgb}bldqb}) qgb of{h}qlnjb hd zoab le}bbfbnqz) on&jiraone MOLz lna ZHDLz) ugojg dr}qgb} rnab}fonb qgb cr}ozaojqohnli zjh{b lna jl{ljoqy hd qgb Jhr}q) l}b bwlfonba. Qgb }blzhnz qgb RZ zghria zr{{h}q qgb OJJ lz ubii lz qgb bddh}qzqh rnab}fonb qgb Jhr}q my RZ {hiojyfl`b}z‑on {l}qojril} qgb Zbnlqb l}b qgbn laa}bzzba.

Qgb l}qojib bw{iojlqbz qgb bibjqh}li iheoj hd qgb Zbnlqb qh {}htoab l fh}b }hmrzq bw{ilnlqohndh} qgb RZ ghzqoioqy. Qgoz lzzb}qohn oz qbzqba hn qgb Zbnlqb thqbz }bel}aone qgb OJJ on =;;<

lna =;;=) ugojg l}b qgb hniy onzqlnjbz ugb}b qgb RZ Zbnlqb glz ql`bn r{ qgb OJJ. Qgbebnb}li jhnjirzohnz l}b dhiihuba my l aozjrzzohn hd qgb of{iojlqohnz hd qgb l}erfbnq lnazreebzqohnz dh} ltbnrbz hd laaoqohnli }bzbl}jg.

4 Chgn Fbl}zgbofb}) Qgb Dlizb [}hfozb hd Onqb}nlqohnli Onzqoqrqohnz ) <?3: Onq‟i Zbjr}oqy 2 '<??1/.5 Qgb jr}}bnq RZ lafonozq}lqohn zr{{h}qz qgb Uh}ia Jhr}q on oqz }rione qglq Qbwlz tohilqba qgb

onqb}nlqohnli {}hqhjhi qglq aojqlqbz Chzb B}nbzqh Fbabiion) l Fbwojln nlqohnli) ulz bnqoqiba qh mb on&

dh}fba hd goz }oegq rnab} onqb}nlqohnli ilu qh jhnqljq goz jhrnq}y‟z jhnzrilqb. Qgb {}hqhjhi l}ozbzrnab} qgb Tobnnl Jhntbnqohn hd Jhnzril} ]bilqohnz hd <?4:. Fbabiion ulz jhntojqba hd fr}ab}. Dh}l aozjrzzohn hd qgb flqqb}) zbb Altb Fhnqehfb}y) Ablqg ]hu Onflqb‟z L{{bli Gonebz hn Eihmli Q}blqy Ozzrb) Folfo Gb}lia) =? Fl}. =;;2. Hnb aoddb}bnjb hd jhr}zb oz qglq qgb RZ jln lna glz uoqga}lund}hf OJC cr}ozaojqohn lna nh zbibjqotb uoqga}luli d}hf qgb OJJ oz {}htoaba dh} on qgb bnljqone ahjr&fbnqz.



QGB ONJHGB]BNQ ONQB]NLQOHNLI

CR]OZ[]RABNJB HD ]L[B

Bioslmbqg&Fb}}y Jhnahn# ONQ]HARJQOHN

On qgb ilzq qbn ybl}z) zrjjbzzdri {}hzbjrqohnz hd ebnab}&mlzba j}ofbz lz tohilqohnz hd onqb}nlqohnli ilu gltb latlnjba lq ln bwq}lh}aonl}y {ljb. On il}eb fblzr}b arb qh qgb{}bjbabnq j}blqba my qgb RN la ghj q}omrnli) onqb}nlqohnli ilu nhu q}blqz }l{b lz l ul}j}ofb) l j}ofb lelonzq grflnoqy) lna ln onzq}rfbnq hd ebnhjoab. Qglq oz) zbwrli lzzlriq)

ugbqgb} {b}{bq}lqba on onqb}nlqohnli h} onqb}nli l}fba jhndiojq) jln mb {}hzbjrqba lna{rnozgba rnab} onqb}nlqohnli ilu.< Qgb cr}oz{}rabnjb laa}bzzone ul}qofb }l{b) ghubtb})ahbz nhq ybq }bdibjq qgb drii }blioqy hd qgoz ebnab}&mlzba ul} j}ofb on qglq oq dloiz qh }bjhe&nosb qglq }l{b ar}one jhndiojq ahbz nhq liulyz gltb ln offbaolqb {hioqojli fhqotlqohn lna oznhq liulyz jhffoqqba my ul}}one dljqohnz. ]l{bz l}b hdqbn jhffoqqba on jhndiojq({hzq&

jhndiojq bnto}hnfbnqz my onaotoarliz ugh l}b nhq jhfmlqlnqz on ln l}fba jhndiojq) mrqgltb zbosba r{hn qgb iluibzznbzz lna abzqlmoioslqohn qglq {}btbnq jhffrnoqobz d}hf {}h&qbjqone qgbo} joqosbnz.

Qgb abdonoqohnz jl}tba hrq on qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb= hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q'OJJ/ dh} {}hzbjrqohn hd }l{b lz l j}ofb lelonzq grflnoqy lna l ul} j}ofb jhria {hqbnqoliiy bwjirab flny onzqlnjbz hd }l{b qglq) ugoib hjjr}}one uoqgon qgb il}eb} jhnqbwq hd l}fbajhndiojq) fly nhq mb jhffoqqba my ehtb}nfbnq h} foioqol dh}jbz h}) od jhffoqqba my qghzbdh}jbz) nhq jhffoqqba on dr}qgb}lnjb hd qghzb e}hr{z‟ hmcbjqotbz. Rnab} qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb)qh {}hzbjrqb }l{b lz l j}ofb lelonzq grflnoqy) L}qojib 5'</ }b|ro}bz qglq qgb }l{b hjjr} ’lz{l}q hd l uoabz{}bla h} zyzqbflqoj lqqlj` ao}bjqba lelonzq l jotoioln {h{rilqohn) uoqg `nhui&baeb hd qgb lqqlj`.‖: Io`buozb) }l{b fly mb {}hzbjrqba lz l ul} j}ofb {r}zrlnq qh L}qojib

7'=/'b/'to/) mrq qgb zjh{b oz lelon iofoqba qh onzqlnjbz ugb}b qgb }l{b oz jhffoqqba ’lz {l}qhd l {iln h} {hiojy h} lz {l}q hd l il}eb&zjlib jhffozzohn hd zrjg j}ofbz‖ '’{hiojy‖/. Od qgbilnerleb ’lz {l}q hd‖ oz jhnzq}rba nl}}huiy qh fbln ao}bjqiy ’lz {l}q hd‖ l uoabz{}bla) zyz&qbflqoj lqqlj` h} {hiojy) flny }l{bz jhffoqqba on jhndiojq({hzq&jhndiojq shnbz lz j}ofbz hd h{{h}qrnoqy) }lqgb} qgln lz abiomb}lqb ljqz hd l}fba lee}bzzohn) lnoflqba my il}eb} {hiojy hmcbjqotbz) uoii dlii hrqzoab hd qgb abdonoqohn.

Qglq jhnzq}rjqohn hd qgb zqlqrqb dloiz qh }bjhenosb qglq fhzq }l{bz {b}{bq}lqba ar}onejhndiojq) btbn od jhffoqqba uoqghrq l {hiojy fhqotlqohn) l}b nbtb}qgbibzz l ao}bjq jhnzb&|rbnjb hd qgb zhjoli qrfriq qglq }bzriqz on jhffrnoqobz abzqlmoiosba my l}fba jhndiojq.

Qghreg qgb {b}{bq}lqh}z on qgoz jhnqbwq fly ilj` qgb onqbnq qh dr}qgb} l zqlqb h} e}hr{ {hi&ojy) qgby gltb) nhnbqgbibzz) bw{ihoqba qgb zrz{bnzohn hd qgb }rib hd ilu lz ln h{{h}qrnoqy

qh }l{b. Jhnzoab} qgb dhiihuone bwlf{ibz3 l zhiaob} erl}aone l }bdrebb jlf{ }l{bz l uhfln ugh tbnqr}bz hrqzoab qgb jlf{ qh }bq}obtb do}buhha0 h} l nhn&jhfmlqlnq) bfmhia&bnba my qgb lmzbnjb hd j}ofonli jhnzb|rbnjbz) }l{bz l dh}fb} nboegmh}.

# Bioslmbqg&Fb}}y Jhnahn) CA) Zbqhn Glii Rnot. Zjghhi hd Ilu '=;;2/) ML) jrf ilrab) Onq%i Lddlo}z) Rnot. hd Nbu Glf{zgo}b '<??2/. Qgb lrqgh}) lafoqqba qh qgb Nbu _h}` lna Nbu Cb}zby zqlqb

ml}z) }bjbnqiy jhf{ibqba l dbiihuzgo{ uoqg qgb J}ofonli Abdbnzb Zbjqohn 'Hazcb` @}oto nb Ham}lnb/ hd qgb Zqlqb Jhr}q hd Mhznol $ Gb}sbehtonl%z Ul} J}ofb Jglfmb} on Zl}lcbth.

< @biiy A. Lz`on) L Abjlab hd Abtbih{fbnq on Ebnab} J}ofbz on Onqb}nlqohnli Jhr}qz lna Q}o&

mrnliz3 <??:&=;;:) Grf. ]qz. M}obd '=;;:/.= ]hfb Zqlqrqb hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.rn.h}e(ilu(ojj(zqlqrqb(}hfbd}l.gqf.

: Ljjh}aone qh L}qojib 5'=/'l/) qgoz qy{b hd lqqlj` oz ’l jhr}zb hd jhnarjq onthitone qgb friqo{ibjhffozzohn hd ljqz }bdb}}ba qh on {l}le}l{g < lelonzq lny jotoioln {h{rilqohn) {r}zrlnq qh h} on dr}&qgb}lnjb hd l Zqlqb h} h}elnoslqohnli {hiojy qh jhffoq zrjg lqqlj`.‖



=1 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3< Oabliiy) ihjli lrqgh}oqobz uhria {}hzbjrqb lna {rnozg qgb {b}{bq}lqh}z hd qgbzb j}ofbz

lna lathjlqbz l}b gh{bdri qglq qgb OJJ fly bnjhr}leb zqlqbz qh onj}blzb qgb nrfmb} hd }l{b {}hzbjrqohnz ahfbzqojliiy.1 Qgoz {}hfozb) ghubtb}) }bflonz rndridoiiba0 ugbn j}ofbzhd zbwrli tohibnjb ugojg l}b nhq {l}q hd ln lqqlj` h} {hiojy l}b jhffoqqba on jhndiojq({hzq&jhndiojq zoqrlqohnz) qgb zqlqb ugb}b qgb j}ofbz ub}b jhffoqqba jlnnhq mb }bioba hn qh

{}hzbjrqb qghzb ebnab} j}ofbz mbjlrzb hd qgb lmzbnjb hd zhjoli h}ab}) ilj` hd {hioqojli uoiilna jriqr}liiy&}hhqba molz lelonzq uhfbn. Ljjh}aoneiy) uoqghrq onqb}nlqohnli jhffrnoqy onthitbfbnq) modr}jlqohn hd crzqojb dh} }l{b tojqofz on jhndiojq({hzq&jhndiojq bnto}hnfbnqz

uoii {b}zozq. Qgb tojqofz hd }l{ozqz ughzb {r}{hzb oz ion`ba qh l e}blqb} jlf{loen hd toh&ibnjb lelonzq l jotoioln {h{rilqohn uoii gltb ln h{{h}qrnoqy qh zbb` crzqojb uoqg qgb OJJ)

ugoib tojqofz ugh l}b }l{ba my fbn d}hf qgbo} hun jhffrnoqy h} hrqzoab}z lzzoenba qherl}a qgbo} }bdrebb jlf{ uoii hniy gltb }bjhr}zb qh qgb nhn&drnjqohnone h} {hh}iy drnj&qohnone craojoli zyzqbfz uoqgon qgbo} zqlqb.

Lrz{ojohrziy) qgoz onjhgb}bnjb oz nhq jhf{biiba my qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb0 qgoz aotozohn mb&qubbn tojqofz hd }l{b jln mb lthoaba qg}hreg l iomb}li }blaone hd qgb {g}lzb ’lz {l}q hd‖

uoqgon L}qojibz 5 lna 7. Qglq oz) od jhnzq}rba m}hlaiy) ’lz {l}q hd‖ jln onjirab }l{bz qglqhjjr} uoqgon qgb il}eb} jhnqbwq hd jhndiojq({hzq&jhndiojq zhjobqobz. My onqb}{}bqone qglq iln&erleb on qgoz flnnb}) qgb OJJ‟z cr}ozaojqohn jln onjirab }l{bz jhffoqqba ar}one jhn&diojq({hzq&jhndiojq zoqrlqohnz my ljqh}z ugh bw{ihoq qgb lmzbnjb hd qgb }rib hd ilu z{lunba my qgb r{gbltli hd jhndiojq.

L}erlmiy) mbjlrzb qgbzb j}ofonli ljqz l}b jhffoqqba my onaotoarliz nhq ljqone on ao}bjqjhnnbjqohn uoqg l m}hlab} jlf{loen) qgb nbwrz mbqubbn qgb }l{bz lna qgb ’uoabz{}bla h}zyzqbflqoj lqqlj`‖ h} qgb ’{iln h} {hiojy h} ․ il}eb&zjlib jhffozzohn hd zrjg j}ofbz‖ fly)lq qofbz) zbbf qbnrhrz. Qghreg jhnjb}nz lmhrq qgb OJJ bzqlmiozgone ln htb}&onjirzotb

cr}ozaojqohn l}b ibeoqoflqb) j}blqone l g ob}l}jgy lfhne ugojg jhndiojq&mlzba j}ofbz hd }l{bfly mb {}hzbjrqba my qgb OJJ oz aoddojriq qh }bjhnjoib fh}liiy. Uhfbn ugh l}b }l{ba arbqh qgb dljq qglq qgb lmzbnjb hd qgb }rib hd ilu ar}one l}fba jhndiojq }bnab}z qgbf {l}qojr&il}iy trinb}lmib qh ebnab}&mlzba lmrzb abzb}tb }bjhenoqohn hd qgbo} bw{b}obnjbz lz onqb}&nlqohnliiy }bibtlnq.

Dh} bwlf{ib) uoqg }bz{bjq qh qgb uoabz{}bla }l{bz on Al}dr}) qgb {b}{bq}lqh}z‟ z{bjodojfhqotlqohnz dh} jhffoqqone qgb j}ofbz ahbz nhq }bnab} qgb tojqof‟z bw{b}obnjb lny ibzzjhnnbjqba qh qgb jhndiojq. On dljq) lz btoabnjb hd qgoz jhnnbjqohn) rnqoi zhfb fblzr}b hd qgb }rib hd ilu oz }bzqh}ba) qgbzb uhfbn uoii jhnqonrb qh iotb uoqg qgb qg}blq hd }l{b) lnaqghzb j}ofbz uoii eh rn{rnozgba rnibzz qgb OJJ bwb}jozbz cr}ozaojqohn htb} qgbf. Qgbnhqohn qglq on zhfb jh}nb}z hd qgb uh}ia) qgb lmzbnjb hd qgb }rib hd ilu) lna {lq}ol}jglijriqr}li lna ibeli nh}fz) {b}foq fbn qh }l{b uoqg of{rnoqy zghria ’abb{iy zghj` qgb jhn&zjobnjb hd grflnoqy‖ lna jhf{bi qgb OJJ qh bwb}q oqz lrqgh}oqy.2

On laaoqohn qh qgb fh}li crzqodojlqohn dh} m}hlabnone qgb OJJ‟z cr}ozaojqohn) qgoz bw&{lnzohn lizh zb}tbz ln of{h}qlnq rqoioql}oln {r}{hzb3 qgb abqb}}bnq bddbjq hd fh}b OJJ

{}hzbjrqohnz. Qglq oz) od fh}b {b}{bq}lqh}z l}b {}hzbjrqba dh} j}ofbz hd }l{b) drqr}b j}ofbzfly mb {}btbnqba.

1 ]ghnal Jh{bihn) Zyf{hzorf3 Onqb}nlqohnli Grfln ]oegqz Aofbnzohnz Hd Onqoflqb Tohibnjb3 Ln&hqgb} Zq}lna On Qgb Aolibjqoj Hd Dbfonozq Ilufl`one ) R.C. Ebnab} Zhj. [hi‟y $ I. '=;;:/. Bnaoneof{rnoqy oz nhq {hzzomib uoqghrq qgb onjh}{h}lqohn hd ebnab}&zbnzoqotb onqb}{}bqlqohnz onqh nlqohnli

ibeli zyzqbfz. Lfnbzqy Onqb}nlqohnli) Iotbz Mihun L{l}q3 J}ofbz Lelonzq Uhfbn On Qofbz Hd Jhndiojq ) 7 Abj. =;;1) LJQ 55 (;52 (=;;1 '’Zqlqbz frzq bnljq iluz ugojg liihu qgbf qh jhh{b}lqb on q}lj`oneahun lna l}}bzqone zrz{bjqz) zgl}b btoabnjb lna boqgb} m}one ljjrzba {b}zhnz qh crzqojb on dlo} q}ol iz h}bwq}laoqb qgbf qh jhrnq}obz ugojg l}b uoi ione qh q}y qgbf.‖/.

2 ]hfb Zqlqrqb [}blfmib) '’ Fonadri qglq ar}one qgoz jbnqr}y foiiohnz hd jgoia}bn) uhfbn lnafbn gltb mbbn tojqofz hd rnofleonlmib lq}hjoqobz qglq abb{iy zghj` qgb jhnzjobnjb hd grflnoqy.‖/



:1 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3< Ljghio zhiaob}z qh }b{h}q qh qgb ml}}lj`z l}hrzba zrz{ojohn. <; Dr}qgb}) qgb N]L‟z ljqohnzdhiihuone qgb }bmbiiohn on {r}zrone dh}jba aoz{iljbfbnq lna uoabz{}bla abqbnqohnz hd jo&

toiolnz bnebnab}ba dr}qgb} ghzqoioqobz lfhne qgb Ljghio.<< Qgb I]L ulz qgb}bmy dh}fbalz flny Ljghio diba onqh Zraln qh rnoqb onqh ln l}fba }bzozqlnjb lelonzq qgb nbu ehtb}n&fbnq.<=

Zonjb qgb mbeonnone hd qgb I]L‟z onzr}ebnjy on <?74) oqz zbid&{}hjilofba z{o}oqrliiblab}) Chzb{g @hny) glz iba qgb I]L qg}hreg l rno|rb }bioeohrz oabhihey hd Jg}ozqoln)Ozilfoj) lna lnofozq ahjq}onbz.<: Ar}one nonbqbbn ybl}z hd u}lqg) qgb I]L jhffoqqbajhrnqibzz lq}hjoqobz lelonzq qgb jotoioln {h{rilqohn hd nh}qgb}n Relnal) onjiraone qh}qr}blna frqoilqohn) lmarjqohn) zbwrli tohibnjb) dh}jba }bj}roqfbnq) lna fr}ab} hd zrz{bjqbaehtb}nfbnq zr{{h}qb}z.<1 Qgb I]L glz lizh bneleba on uoabz{}bla lmarjqohn hd jgoia}bn0zhfb bzqoflqb qglq I]L }bmbiz gltb lmarjqba fh}b qgln =;);;; jgoia}bn) dh}jone mhyz qhdoegq lz zhiaob}z lna eo}iz qh zb}tb lz zbw ziltbz. <2 Qgoz jlf{loen hd qb}}h} }bzriqba on htb}<.4 foiiohn onqb}nliiy aoz{iljba {b}zhnz ugh nhu onglmoq z|rlioa lna alneb}hrz zglnqy&qhunz.<4

Frzbtbno do}zq }bz{hnaba qh I]L lqqlj̀ z my onoqolqone l}fba hddbnzotbz onqh qgbnh}qg) qh nh ltloi.<5 Qgbn) on ln bddh}q qh |rbii qgb tohibnjb) qgb Relnaln ehtb}nfbnq

<; Zbb oa lq 1<; 'laaone qglq zbtb}li z{ionqb} e}hr{z hd Ljghio }bdrebbz dh}fba qgb I]L lna mbelnilrnjgone lqqlj`z onqh nh}qgb}n Relnal d}hf qgbo} mlzbz on zhrqgb}n Zraln on <?77/.

<< Zbb Grfln ]oegqz Ulqjg) R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbn3 Of{rnoqy lna Grfln ]oegqz Lmrzbz on Nh}qg&b}n Relnal) Thi. <5) Nh. <='L/) Zb{qbfmb}) =;;2 Pgb}bonldqb} R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbnV) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((g}u.h}e(}b{h}qz( =;;2 (relnal;?;2 (relnal;?;2.{ad 'ilzq tozoqba : Hjq. =;;2/.

<= Zbb L{rrio) zr{}l nhqb 5) lq <7< '|rhqone Gboò Mbg}bna/ '}bjhrnqone qglq qgb N]L‟z :2qg mlq&qliohn mbeln {oiileone) }l{one) lna òiione r{hn bnqb}one nh}qgb}n Relnal) jlrzone dh}fb} Ljghiojhfmlqlnqz qh ql`b r{ l}fz lna }brnoqb on qgb mrzg/.

<: Zbb ebnb}liiy Onqb}nlqohnli Jbnqb} dh} Q}lnzoqohnli Crzqojb lna qgb Grfln ]oegqz Jbnqb}) Rno&

tb}zoqy hd Jliodh}nol) Mb}`biby) Dh}ehqqbn Thojbz3 L [h{rilqohn&Mlzba Zr}tby hn Lqqoqrabz lmhrq [bljb lna Crzqojb on Nh}qgb}n Relnal) Criy) =;;2 Pgb}bonldqb} Dh}ehqqbn Thojbz V) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.}biobdubm.onq(iom}l}y(ahjrfbnqz( =;;2 (g}j&rel&=2 cri.{ad 'ilzq tozoqba << Nht. =;;2/) lq <: '}bilqone qglq @hny oz`nhun dh} gltone l{hjliy{qoj tozohnz) lna tobuz gofzbid lz l aotonb fbzzbneb} lna iomb}lqh} hd qgb Ljghio/.

<1 Zbb Qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q3 Jlqjgone l Relnaln Fhnzqb} ) Bjhnhfozq) == Hjq. =;;2) lq17 Pgb}bonldqb} Jlqjgone l Relnaln Fhnzqb} V 'abzj}omone qgb qb}}h} qgb I]L ondiojqba hn qgb {bh{ib hd nh}qgb}n Relnal) onjiraone oqz e}rbzhfb onoqolqohn }oqbz ugb}b I]L iblab}z dh}jba }bj}roqz qh ’jirm)zqlf{) lna moqb qh ablqg d}obnaz lna }bilqotbz) zhfbqofbz btbn qgbo} hun {l}bnqz) qgbn ioj` qgbo}m}lonz) a}on` qgbo} mihha) lna btbn blq qgbo} dibzg‖/. Qghzb qglq gltb lqqbf{qba bzjl{b gltb boqgb}zrddb}ba d}hf zofoil} ablqgz h} ’gla io{z) nhzbz) m}blzqz lna iofmz glj`ba hdd on }bq}omrqohn.‖ Oa.

<2 Zbb L}zlnclno $ ]bozfln) zr{}l nhqb 2) lq :?= 'abzj}omone qgb {hub}ibzznbzz hd qgb lmarjqba

jgoia}bn) ugh l}b dh}jba qh zqly lna doegq uoqg qgb }bmbiz/0 zbb lizh [.U. Zoneb}) Qli` oz Jgbl{3 Ebqqone Zb}ohrz Lmhrq [}btbnqone Jgoia Zhiaob}z ) :5 Jh}nbii Onq‟i I.C. 24<) 25= '=;;1/ 'hmzb}tone qglq qgbI]L) uoqg l jh}b hd hniy =;; mbiobtb}z) glz dobiaba l dh}jb hd qghrzlnaz hd lmarjqba jgoia}bn) lna ughzb j}ofbz onjirab qh}qr}one) }l{one) lna òiione jgoia}bn/0 Zzbnyhnch) zr{}l nhqb 7) lq 1<= 'nhqoneqglq I]L jhfflnab}z zbwrliiy bnziltb eo}iz) zrmcbjqone qgbf qh -}l{b) rnulnqba {}benlnjobz) lna qgb}oz` hd zbwrliiy q}lnzfoqqba aozblzbz) onjiraone GOT(LOAZ‖/.

<4 Zbb Dh}ehqqbn Thojbz ) zr{}l nhqb <: '}bfl}òne qglq lq aoz{iljbfbnq jlf{z) dhha) jibln ulqb})lna fbaojli jl}b oz zjl}jb) flinrq}oqohn lna aozblzb oz }lf{lnq) lna I]L dhha&zbbòne lqqlj`z l}bd}b|rbnq/0 zbb lizh R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbn) zr{}l nhqb <= 'hmzb}tone qglq qgb Relnaln ehtb}nfbnq‟z{hiojy hd dh}jba aoz{iljbfbnq on h}ab} qh }bfhtb qgb {h{rilqohn d}hf }bmbi&ondbzqba l}blz‑’a}lononeqgb zbl‖‑ibdq lifhzq qgb bnqo}b }r}li {h{rilqohn hd qg}bb aozq}ojqz ghfbibzz) }bzriqone on z{}luionezglnqyqhunz/.

<5

Zbb Zzbnyhnch) zr{}l nhqb 4) lq 1<5 'abzj}omone qgb ehtb}nfbnq‟z ’H{b}lqohn Nh}qg‖ zq}lqbey on<??< qglq onthitba foioql}y h{b}lqohnz onqh nh}qgb}n aozq}ojqz jhr{iba uoqg zblione hdd hd zb{l}lqbshnbz qh {}btbnq fhtbfbnq h} jhffrnojlqohn/. Rndh}qrnlqbiy) qgb I]L }bflonba bnq}bnjgba lnaqgbo} lqqlj`z lelonzq jotoiolnz jhnqonrba. Oa. Ilqb}) qgb Relnaln ehtb}nfbnq lqqbf{qba ao{ihflqojbddh}qz my le}bbone uoqg Zraln qh abzozq d}hf zr{{h}qone }bmbi e}hr{z on qgbo} }bz{bjqotb jhrnq}obz. Zbb R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbn) zr{}l nhqb <= '}bfl}òne qglq liqghreg Zraln zr{{h}q hd qgb I]L }b{h}qbaiy



=;;4V Bzqlmiozgone l [}bjbabnq on Relnal :2 {lzzba qgb Lfnbzqy Ljq on Clnrl}y hd =;;;.<7 Flny jhnzoab}ba qgb lfnbzqy {}he}lf lzrjjbzz mbjlrzb oq bnjhr}leba fh}b qgln <2);;; }bmbiz qh zr}}bnab}.<? Qgb jhndiojq) ghu&btb}) jhnqonrba qh }leb) abz{oqb }bnbuba ehtb}nfbnq foioql}y bddh}qz) zrjg lz ’H{b}lqohnO}hn Dozq)‖ ugbn ehtb}nfbnq q}hh{z j}hzzba onqh zhrqgb}n Zraln qh biofonlqb qgb I]L on

Fl}jg hd =;;=.=; Qgoz foioql}y flnbrtb} {l}lahwojliiy bwljb}mlqba qgb jhndiojq my a}otone

qgb I]L mlj` qh nh}qgb}n Relnal qh jhnarjq }bqliolqh}y lna dhha&zbbòne lqqlj`z hn qgbjotoioln {h{rilqohn.=< Iljòne liqb}nlqotb ltbnrbz qh {bljb lna dljba uoqg nbehqolqone uoqg l }rqgibzz }bmbi

e}hr{) qgb Relnaln ehtb}nfbnq qr}nba qh qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q '’OJJ‖/.== My }bdb}}one oqz jlzb hn Abjbfmb} <4) =;;:) Relnal mbjlfb qgb do}zq zqlqb {l}qy qh tbzq qgbOJJ uoqg cr}ozaojqohn on qgb Jhr}q‟z m}obd gozqh}y.=: Hn Criy =?) =;;1) OJJ [}hzbjrqh}Iroz Fh}bnh&Hjlf{h dhrna l ’}blzhnlmib mlzoz‖ qh ontbzqoelqb @hny lna hqgb} I]L hddo&jb}z dh} j}ofbz lelonzq grflnoqy.=1 On }bz{hnzb) Ljghio iblab}z) dbl}one qglq qgb ontbzqoel&qohn lna {hzzomib {}hzbjrqohn uhria lee}ltlqb qgb {bljb {}hjbzz) q}ltbiba qh Qgb Glerb qh{ibla uoqg qgb OJJ qh zrz{bna ontbzqoelqohnz.=2 Nbtb}qgbibzz) hn Hjqhmb} <1) =;;2) qgbOJJ ozzrba ul}}lnqz dh} qgb l}}bzq hd @hny lna zow hqgb} qh{ I]L iblab}z.=4

dr}qgb} ulnba ldqb} qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz {iljba qgb I]L hn oqz i ozq hd eihmli qb}}h}ozq h}elnoslqohnz) oq ozrnjb}qlon ugbqgb} lii Zralnbzb zr{{iy jglnnbiz qh qgb I]L ub}b jhf{ibqbiy jrq hdd/.

<7 Zbb Qgb Lfnbzqy Ljq) =;;;) {q. = 'Relnal/ Pgb}bonldqb} Lfnbzqy LjqV) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.j}.h}e(ljjh}a(relnal(ljjh}a<<(ahunihlaz(=;;;XClnXQgbXLfnbzqyXLjq.ahj 'ilzq tozoqba =1 Cln.=;;4/ 'e}lnqone offrnoqy qh qghzb ugh {l}qojo{lqba on qgb jhndiojq) jhiilmh}lqba uoqg {b}{bq}lqh}z)jhffoqqba lny j}ofb on dr}qgb}lnjb hd qgb ul} bddh}q) h} loaba qgb jhnarjq hd qgb ul}) on bwjglneb dh}qgb lfnbzqy zbb`b}‟z zr}}bnab} lna }bnhrnjbfbnq hd qgb }bmbiiohn/.

<? Zbb Zzbnyhnch) zr{}l nhqb 4) lq 1=< 'nhqone qglq lz l }bzriq hd qgb l{{l}bnq zrjjbzz hd qgb lf&nbzqy ibeozilqohn) zhfb Relnaln {hioqojli lna }bioeohrz e}hr{z mbeln qh zr{{h}q qgb Lfnbzqy Ljq lz l{ilrzomib {bljb zhirqohn/0 zbb lizh Dh}ehqqbn Thojbz ) zr{}l nhqb <:) lq 15 '}bfl}òne qglq bw&I]L jhfmlq&lnqz ljjhrnq dh} l{{}hwoflqbiy 4);;; }b{h}qb}z) onjiraone l nrfmb} hd zbnoh} I]L jhfflnab}z/. Mrq zbb R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbn) zr{}l nhqb <= 'hmzb}tone qglq liqghreg Relnaln iblab}z {}hfhqba qgb lf&nbzqy lz l qhhi qh {}hfhqb {bljb lna bnjhr}leb }bmbiz qh }bqr}n ghfb) oq ilj`ba l m}hlab} }bjhnjoiol&qohn fbjglnozf h} ln lul}a&jhf{bnzlqone jhffoqqbb dh} tojqofz/.

=; Zbb Zzbnyhnch) zr{}l nhqb 4) lq 1<5.=< Zbb oa 'abzj}omone qgb ’mhhfb}lne bddbjq‖ hd ’H{b}lqohn O}hn Dozq‖/. ’H{b}lqohn O}hn Dozq OO‖ hd

=;;1) ghubtb}) }bzriqba on fh}b zrjjbzz) iblaone qh qgb jl{qr}b hd flny I]L doegqb}z. R{}hhqba lna Dh}ehqqbn) zr{}l nhqb <=.

== Zbb [lylf L`gltln) Qgb Ih}a‟z ]bzozqlnjb L}fy Jlzb3 Relnal‟z Zrmfozzohn hd qgb Do}zq Zqlqb ]bdb}&}li qh qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q ) ?? Lf. C. Onq‟i I. 1;:) 1;: '=;;2/ 'hmzb}tone qglq Relnal ulzibdq qh dbna dh} oqzbid lelonzq qgb I]L mbjlrzb hqgb} zqlqbz) {b}gl{z iljòne nlqohnli onqb}bzq) ub}b nhqfhqotlqba qh hddb} lzzozqlnjb/.

=:

Zbb ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb :) l}q. <1'</ '{b}foqqone zqlqb {l}qobz qh qgb ]hfb Zqlqrb qh }bdb} lzoqrlqohn qh qgb OJJ [}hzbjrqh} on ugojg j}ofbz uoqgon OJJ cr}ozaojqohn gltb mbbn jhffoqqba/0 zbblizh Auoegq E. Nbufln) Qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb) Zhfb ]bzb}tlqohnz Jhnjb}none Lfnbzqobz) lna l Aozq}omrqotb [}hmibf) =; Lf. R. Onq‟i I. ]bt. =?1) ::7&:? '=;;2/ 'hmzb}tone qglq Relnal do}zq h{bnba qgb {lqg qhonqb}nlqohnli {}hzbjrqohn my lfbnaone qgb lfnbzqy hddb} qh bwjirab Chzb{g @hny) lna goz zbnoh}jhfflnab}z) lz {}htoaba my qgb }bnbuli {}htozohn hd qgb ilu/.

=1 Zbb [}bzz ]biblzb) Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) Zqlqbfbnq my qgb Jgobd [}hzbjrqh} hn qgb Reln&aln L}}bzq Ul}}lnqz '<1 Hjq. =;;2/ Pgb}bonldqb} L}}bzq Ul}}lnqz V) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(iom}l}y(h}elnz(hq{(Relnal&XIFHXZ{bbjgX<1<;=;;2.{ad 'ilzq tozoqba =? Crn. =;;4/ 'bw{ilon&one qglq qgb OJJ [}hzbjrqh} mbeln oqz ontbzqoelqohn uoqg I]L j}ofbz) ldqb} ln lnliyzoz hd mhqg I]L lna R[AD j}ofbz) mbjlrzb qgb I]L‟z j}ofbz ub}b fh}b nrfb}hrz lna hd frjg goegb} e}ltoqy/0 zbblizh [}bzz ]biblzb) Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) Qgb Hddojb hd qgb [}hzbjrqh} hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofo&

nli Jhr}q H{bnz ln Ontbzqoelqohn onqh Nh}qgb}n Relnal'=? Criy =;;1/)

ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&

j{o.onq({}bzz({}bzz}biblzbz( ::.gqfi 'ilzq tozoqba =? Crn. =;;4/ 'lnnhrnjone qgb [}hzbjrqh}‟z abjozohn qhontbzqoelqb ldqb} qgh}hregiy lnliysone ltloilmib ondh}flqohn qh bnzr}b qglq qgb jlzb zlqozdoba qgb ]hfbZqlqrqb }b|ro}bfbnqz/.

=2 Zbb Zqb{glnob Nhibn) [bljb Do}zq) Crzqojb Ilqb}8) Eihmb $ Floi) 5 Fly =;;2) lq D? 'zqlqone qglqliqghreg qgb hddojoli {r}{hzb hd qgb Ljghio abibelqohn tozoq qh qgb OJJ on L{}oi =;;2 ulz qh ibl}n lmhrq



:4 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3< Relnal‟z OJJ }bdb}}li }lozbz j}oqojli |rbzqohnz jhnjb}none ugbn qgb Jhr}q zghria ab&

db} qh nlqohnli {}hzbjrqohnz) q}rqg lna }bjhnjoiolqohn jlf{loenz) lna lfnbzqy {}he}lfz.=5 Zhfb ibeli zjghil}z l}erb qglq ln rn}bibnqone onzozqbnjb hn j}ofonli {}hzbjrqohn ugb}bqgb}b oz ln lfnbzqy on {iljb {}hihnez l jhndiojq) bwljb}mlqbz qgb zrddb}one hd qgb jhrnq}y‟zjoqosbnz) lee}ltlqbz qgb jhffrnoqy‟z gblione lna barjlqohnli nbbaz) lna aofonozgbz qgb

tlirb hd drqr}b lfnbzqobz lz {bljb&mroiaone qhhiz.

=7

J}oqojz hd nlqohnli lfnbzqobz }bz{hnaqglq ghnh}one lfnbzqobz {}hfhqbz l jriqr}b hd of{rnoqy‑bddbjqotbiy ’zbnaPoneV l fbzzleb‖qh {hqbnqoli m}rqli }beofb iblab}z qglq qgby gltb nhqgone qh ihzb my onzqoqrqone }b{}bzzotbfblzr}bz lelonzq qgbo} hun {h{rilqohnz.=?

Qbwqrliiy) qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb ahbz nhq dh}bjihzb qgb {hzzomoioqy hd abdb}}one qh lfnbz&qobz lna liqb}nlqotb crzqojb fbjglnozfz ugbn qgby l}b on qgb ’onqb}bzqz hd crzqojb.‖:; Jrz&qhfl}y onqb}nlqohnli ilu ahbz nhq ybq dh}moa lfnbzqy e}lnqz dh} onqb}nlqohnli j}ofbz. :< Ghubtb}) oq fly mb fhtone on qgoz ao}bjqohn lz qgb}b oz l e}huone onqb}nlqohnli jhnzbnzrz

qgb jhr}q) Ljghio }b{}bzbnqlqotbz zqlqba qglq qgb {r}{hzb hd qgb q}o{ ulz qh {ibla uoqg Fh}bnh&Hjlf{h qh abily ontbzqoelqohnz lz ’qgb fbaolqohn ulz zghuone qgb mbzq jglnjbz hd {bljb on abjlabz‖/.Mrq zbb Fhzbz Hah`hnyb}h) Ljghio Iblab}z Zr{{h}q OJJ Fhtb Hn @hny) Fhnoqh} 'Relnal/) <; Hjq.=;;2 'hmzb}tone qglq Ljghio iblab}z gltb mbbn zr{{h}qotb hd qgb OJJ‟z ozzrlnjb hd l}}bzq ul}}lnqz dh}@hny lna dotb hqgb} qh{ I]L iblab}z mbjlrzb qgbzb qh{ I]L hddojb}z gltb lz ybq dloiba qh zr}}bnab}/.

=4 Zbb L}}bzq Ul}}lnqz ) zr{}l nhqb =1 'lnnhrnjone qglq qgb OJJ glz ozzrba l}}bzq ul}}lnqz) dh} qgbdo}zq qofb zonjb oqz onjb{qohn) my donaone }blzhnlmib e}hrnaz qglq @hny) Tonjbnq Hqqo) goz ab{rqy) lnaqg}bb hd goz hqgb} qh{ jhfflnab}z gla jhffoqqba j}ofbz lelonzq grflnoqy lna ul} j}ofbz) onjiraone}l{b) fr}ab}) bnziltbfbnq) zbwrli bnziltbfbnq) lna dh}jba bniozqone hd jgoia}bn/.

=5 Zbb Nbufln) zr{}l nhqb =:) lq :24 'hmzb}tone qglq qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb‟z bw{iojoq hfozzohn hd qgbibeoqofljy hd lfnbzqobz glz iba qh hnehone {hiojy lna {goihzh{gojli abmlqb/0 zbb lizh Qghflz G. Jil}`)Nhqb) Qgb [}hzbjrqh} hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) Lfnbzqobz) lna qgb ’Onqb}bzqz hd Crzqojb‖3 Zq}o`one

l Abiojlqb Mlilnjb) 1 Ulzg. R. Eihmli Zqra. I. ]bt. :7?) :?< '=;;2/ 'hmzb}tone qglq qgb}b l}b of{h}&qlnq rnlnzub}ba |rbzqohnz jhnjb}none qgb qbnzohn mbqubbn {hzzomib nlqohnli bddh}qz lna qgb ]hfbZqlqrqb/.

=7 Zbb Flyl Ehiazqbon&Mhihjln) ]ulnaln Eljljl3 Ln Bw{b}ofbnq on Q}lnzoqohnli Crzqojb) =;;1 C.Aoz{. ]bzhi. :22) :4< '=;;2/ 'hmzb}tone qglq onqb}nlqohnli q}oliz) mlzba hn qgbo} zq}rjqr}li lna {zyjgh&iheojli aozjhnnbjq d}hf jotoioln zhjobqy) zrddb} d}hf ubl`nbzzbz qglq gonab} tojqofz {b}jb{qohn hd jhf{ibqb crzqojb) qgb}bmy lee}ltlqone qgb dhzqb}one hd abfhj}lqoj tlirbz/0 zbb lizh Jil}`) zr{}l nhqb =5)lq 1;1 'nhqone qglq od {hqbnqoli lfnbzqy e}lnqbbz mbiobtba qglq qgb e}lnq hd lfnbzqy uhria nhq offr&nosb qgbf d}hf onqb}nlqohnli {}hzbjrqohn) qgby uoii gltb ibzz onjbnqotb qh ily ahun qgbo} l}fz/. Mrq zbb @bn ]hqg) Oq‟z Uh}qg M}oneone Qy}lnqz qh Crzqojb) Onq‟i Gb}lia Q}om.) <; Lre. =;;2 'fbnqohnone qglqdh}fb} _rehziltoln [}bzoabnq Zihmhaln Foihzbtoj le}bba qh bna qgb Mhznoln jhndiojq lna ljjb{q qgbAlyqhn [bljb Ljjh}a uoqghrq hmqlonone ln lfnbzqy) zhhn ldqb} onqb}nlqohnli jliiz dh} {}hzbjrqohn/.

Dr}qgb}) qgb qg}blq hd OJJ {}hzbjrqohn dh}jba h{{}bzzotb iblab}z on Zraln lna Jhneh qh }bdh}f m}r&qli {}ljqojbz on h}ab} qh lthoa qgb [}hzbjrqh}‟z lqqbnqohn. Oa. =? Zbb Fojglbi [. Zjgl}d) Qgb Drnjqohnz hd Crzqojb lna Lnqo&Crzqojb on qgb [bljb&Mroiaone [}hjbzz ) :2

Jlzb U. ]bz. C. Onq‟i I. <4<) <54 '=;;:/ 'flonqlonone qglq lfnbzqobz ah nhq dridoii qgb jlqgl}qoj {}hj&bzz hd }bq}omrqohn lna ljjhrnqlmoioqy) mrq onzqbla ibla qh ljqz hd }btbneb/. Laaoqohnliiy) qgb zqoeflqos&one bddbjq hd rngonab}ba j}ofonli {}hzbjrqohnz uh}`z qh ozhilqb lna ubl`bn {hioqojli ibeoqofljy hd aoz}r{qotb ljqh}z on qgb onqb}nlqohnli jhffrnoqy. Oa. Dr}qgb}) onqb}nlqohnli l{{}htli hd ln lfnbzqy liulyz {}htoabz }herb iblab}z qgb h{qohn hd ml}elonone luly qgbo} j}ofbz my le}bbone qh {bljb. Oa lq<770 zbb lizh Dh}ehqqbn Thojbz ) zr{}l nhqb <: 'hmzb}tone qglq {}h{hnbnqz hd OJJ onqb}tbnqohn mbiobtb qglqqgb OJJ‟z onj}blzba lqqbnqohn hn qgb I]L {}hf{qba Zraln qh bna oqz zr{{h}q hd qgb I]L lna qglq qgbh{bnone hd ontbzqoelqohnz foegq gltb bnjhr}leba qgb I]L qh {l}ql`b on {bljb nbehqolqohnz on =;;1/.Mrq zbb Nbufln) zr{}l nhqb =:) lq :21 'zreebzqone qglq qgb l}erfbnq qglq OJJ {}hzbjrqohn uoii abqb}drqr}b grfln }oegqz lmrzbz oz aofonozgba ugbn hnb jhnzoab}z qglq {}hzbjrqohn ahbz nhq liulyz yobiaqh l crzq hrqjhfb) eotbn qgb {hqbnqoli zgh}qlebz hd }bzhr}jbz h} btoabnjb on q}lnzoqohnli jhrnq}obz/.

:; Zbb ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb :) l}q. 2:'</'j/ 'eotone qgb [}hzbjrqh} lrqgh}oqy qh abdb} ln ontbz&qoelqohn ugbn oq uhria nhq zb}tb qgb ’onqb}bzqz hd crzqojb‖/.

:< Zbb Arel}a) zr{}l nhqb =) lq 4?7 '}bfl}`one qglq fhab}n zqlqb {}ljqojb oz doiiba uoqg bwlf{ibzhd lfnbzqy e}lnqz my zrjjbzzh} }beofbz onzqbla hd {}hzbjrqohn/.



=;;4V Bzqlmiozgone l [}bjbabnq on Relnal :5 lelonzq lmzhitone {b}{bq}lqh}z hd zb}ohrz tohilqohnz hd onqb}nlqohnli grflnoql}oln ilu.:= Mbjlrzb qgb OJJ glz ybq qh lacraojlqb r{hn qgb qbnzohn mbqubbn oqz cr}ozaojqohn lna l nl&qohnli lfnbzqy e}lnq) qgb bddh}qz hd qgb [}hzbjrqh} lna qgb Jhr}q on Relnal uoii io`biy gltb {hqbnq }lfodojlqohnz on drqr}b OJJ jlzbz.:: Qgb jlzb zghria lizh a}lu zj}rqony d}hfhqgb} Ld}ojln iblab}z jhnd}hnqone }bmbiiohnz on qgbo} ghfb jhrnq}obz. :1

[l}q O hd qgoz jhffbnq bw{ih}bz qgb bddbjqotbnbzz lna ibeoqofljy hd {}oh} lfnbzqy {}h&e}lfz):2 aozjrzzbz qgb mlzoj zq}rjqr}b hd qgb Relnaln Lfnbzqy Ljq) :4 lna {}htoabz ln htb}& tobu qh {}htozohnz hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb qglq of{iojlqb nlqohnli lfnbzqy {}he}lfz.:5 [l}q OOlqqbf{qz qh }bjhnjoib qgb crzqojb onqb}bzqz hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrb lna qgb {}ljqojli ehliz hd qgbRelnaln lfnbzqy.:7 [l}q OOO hddb}z }bjhffbnalqohnz dh} {}hzbjrqone {b}{bq}lqh}z on qgbRelnaln jhndiojq ugoib {}bzb}tone qgb onqbe}oqy hd lfnbzqobz) qgb}bmy mroiaone l tolmib{}bjbabnq dh} drqr}b jlzbz.:?

OO. MLJ@E]HRNA

L. [}b&OJJ Onqb}nlqohnli Cr}oz{}rabnjb

Ugoib onqb}nlqohnli q}blqy ilu zbbfz qh nbjbzzoqlqb j}ofonli {}hzbjrqohnz dh} jb}qlonzb}ohrz j}ofbz)1; oq lizh l{{bl}z qh {}htoab ibeli bnjhr}lebfbnq dh} lfnbzqobz on jb}qlonjhnqbwqz.1< Qgb ibeoqofljy hd nlqohnli lfnbzqobz rnab} jrzqhfl}y onqb}nlqohnli ilu oz

:= Zbb [}hzbjrqh} t. @liihn $ @lfl}l) Jlzb Nhz. ZJZI&=;;1&<2&L]5='B/) ZJZI&=;;1&<4& L]5='B/) Abjozohn hn Jgliibneb qh Cr}ozaojqohn3 Ihfï Ljjh}a Lfnbzqy) ´´ 75&7? '<: Fl}. =;;1/'}rione qglq qgb Jhr}q fly rzb oqz aozj}bqohnl}y {hub} qh lqq}omrqb ioqqib h} nh uboegq qh lfnbzqy e}lnqz io`b qgb Lfnbzqy Ljq ugojg l}b jhrnqb} qh qgb ao}bjqohn on ugojg onqb}nlqohnli ilu oz abtbih{&one/. Zbb ebnb}liiy Nlnjy @lyfl} Zqlddh}a) L Fhabi Ul} J}ofbz Jhr}q3 Zob}}l Ibhnb) <; OIZL C. Onq‟i $Jhf{. I. <<5) <:< '=;;:/.

:: Zbb Nbufln) zr{}l nhqb =:) lq :1: 'zqlqone qglq liqghreg drqr}b {}ljqojb hd qgb OJJ fly bthitb) oqz bl}iy abjozohnz fly onabba zbq l cr}oz{}rabnqoli {lqqb}n dh} flny ybl}z/0 zbb lizh Jil}`) zr{}l nhqb =5) lq :?;&?= 'goegioegqone qgb qbnzohn mbqubbn qgb jhndiojqone {r}{hzbz hd qgb ]hfb Jhndb}&bnjb‑zqlqb zhtb}boenqy lna onqb}nlqohnli ljjhrnqlmoioqy/.

:1 Zbb Clfbz L. Ehiazqhn bq li) L J}rjoli Jlzb dh} qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q ) Onq‟i Gb}lia Q}om.) =4 Dbm. =;;1.

:2 Zbb aozjrzzohn ond}l [l}q OO.L 'abzj}omone }bjbnq lfnbzqy e}lnqz on quh {hzq&jhndiojq zhjobqobz)Zhrqg Ld}ojl lna Zob}}l Ibhnb/.

:4 Zbb aozjrzzohn ond}l [l}q OO.M '{}htoaone l mlj`e}hrna hd Relnal‟z lfnbzqy {}he}lf) lna oqzbddbjq hn {bljb lna crzqojb/.

:5 Zbb aozjrzzohn ond}l [l}q OO.J 'zrffl}osone qgb zliobnq {}htozohnz hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrb on qgb

Relnal jlzb‑L}qojib <5 lna L}qojib 2:/.:7 Zbb aozjrzzohn ond}l [l}q OOO 'lnliysone qgb jhndiojq lna qgb {hqbnqoli }bjhnjoiolqohn mbqubbn qgb]hfb Zqlqrqb lna Relnal‟z Lfnbzqy Ljq/.

:? Zbb aozjrzzohn ond}l [l}q OT '{}h{hzone l qg}bb&{}hneba {}hzbjrqh}oli l{{}hljg) rqoiosone qgbOJJ) nlqohnli {}hzbjrqohnz) lna q}laoqohnli }bjhnjoiolqohn {}hjbzz on h}ab} qh {}hzbjrqb qghzb fhzq}bz{hnzomib dh} ul} j}ofbz) ugoib zofriqlnbhrziy ghnh}one nl}}huiy&qloih}ba lfnbzqy e}lnqz qh dr}&qgb} }bjhnjoiolqohn onqb}bzqz lna {}bzb}tb qgb tlirbz hd drqr}b lfnbzqy hddb}z/.

1; Zbb Jhntbnqohn hn qgb [}btbnqohn lna [rnozgfbnq hd qgb J}ofb hd Ebnhjoab) ? Abj. <?17) 57 R.N.Q.Z. =55) l}q. < Pgb}bonldqb} Ebnhjoab JhntbnqohnV'lddo}fone qglq ebnhjoab oz l j}ofb rnab}onqb}nlqohnli ilu ugojg jhnq}ljqone {l}qobz uoii rnab}ql`b qh {rnozg/.

1< Zbb [}hqhjhi Laaoqohnli qh qgb Ebnbtl Jhntbnqohnz hd <= Lrerzq <?1?) lna ]bilqone qh qgb[}hqbjqohn hd Tojqofz hd Nhn&Onqb}nlqohnli L}fba Jhndiojqz '[}hqhjhi OO/) l}q. 4) 7 Crn. <?55) <<=2

R.N.Q.Z. 4;? 'bnjhr}leone lrqgh}oqobz qh e}lnq qgb ’m}hlabzq‖ {hzzomib lfnbzqy on nhn&onqb}nlqohnlil}fba jhndiojqz ugbn jhndiojqz jblzb/0 zbb lizh Nbufln) zr{}l nhqb =:) lq :<: 'hmzb}tone qglq liqghregqgb Onqb}nlqohnli Jhffoqqbb hd qgb ]ba J}hzz glz zrmzb|rbnqiy nl}}huba qgoz jilrzb%z onqb}{}bqlqohn)oqz bnjhr}lebfbnq hd lfnbzqobz }bflonz onqljq/. Mrq zbb Tobnnl Jhntbnqohn) l}q. =5) =: Fly <?4?)<<22 R.N.Q.Z. ::< 'abjil}one qglq -PlV Zqlqb {l}qy qh l q}blqy fly nhq onth`b qgb {}htozohnz hd oqzonqb}nli ilu lz crzqodojlqohn dh} oqz dloir}b qh {b}dh}f qgb q}blqy‖/.



Q]LNZOQOHNLI ZQLQBZ) QGB OJJ) LNA LFNBZQOBZ3

BZQLMIOZGONE LN LATOZH]_ JHFFOZZOHN

]hmb}q Ehfbs# O. ONQ]HARJQOHN

Hnb hd qgb {}ofl}y lz{o}lqohnz hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q '’OJJ‖/ oz qh ’{rqln bna qh of{rnoqy dh} qgb {b}{bq}lqh}z‖ hd ’qgb fhzq zb}ohrz j}ofbz qh qgb onqb}nlqohnlijhffrnoqy.‖< [l}lahwojliiy) jo}jrfzqlnjbz fly l}ozb on ugojg qgb qg}blq hd {}hzbjrqohnfly aozjhr}leb ln liibeba {b}{bq}lqh} d}hf }bion|rozgone {hub}. Od qgb fbfmb}z hd lnlmrzotb }beofb }bflon on {hub}) qgb}b oz l zq}hne {hzzomoioqy hd dr}qgb} q}lnze}bzzohnz hd qgb tb}y zh}q qglq qgb OJJ oz abzoenba qh abqb}. = Qgoz {}hmibf jhria mb lthoaba my }b|ro}&one qgb Jhr}q qh }bz{bjq l q}lnzoqohnli zqlqb‟z abjozohn qh e}lnq lfnbzqy qh fbfmb}z hd qgb{}btohrz }beofb.

Rndh}qrnlqbiy) qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb oz zoibnq hn qgb ozzrb hd lfnbzqobz. Qgb Zqlqrqb l{&{bl}z qh {}htoab qgb [}hzbjrqh} uoqg jhnzoab}lmib dibwomoioqy lna aozj}bqohn. Uoqg qgb bw&jb{qohn hd jb}qlon zqlqrqh}y iofoqlqohnz) qgb [}hzbjrqh} oz lrqgh}osba qh ql`b uglqbtb} lj&qohnz gb abbfz l{{}h{}olqb. Od qgb [}hzbjrqh} dloiz qh fl`b goz onqbnqohnz jibl}) h} od oqzbbfz io`biy qglq qgb [}hzbjrqh} uoii lqqbf{q qh {}hzbjrqb ln onaotoarli ugh glz mbbne}lnqba lfnbzqy) {b}{bq}lqh}z uoii gltb nh onjbnqotb qh }bion|rozg qgbo} {hub} h} lrqgh}&oqy. On laaoqohn qh {}btbnqone l q}lnzoqohn) qgoz uhria io`biy }bzriq on fh}b grfln }oegqz

tohilqohnz. Dr}qgb}fh}b) dloir}b qh jhnzoab} dh}behone j}ofonli jgl}ebz fly aozjhr}leb qgbdrii aozjihzr}b hd dljqz jhnjb}none ln liibeba j}ofb. Fh}bhtb}) ldqb} ln lfnbzqy oz e}lnqba){}hzbjrqohn }oz`z q}lf{ione hn qgb }bz{bjq qglq l zhtb}boen zqlqb oz bnqoqiba. Donliiy) uoqgnh ao}bjq eroalnjb d}hf qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb) bljg [}hzbjrqh} uoii laa}bzz lfnbzqobz aoddb}&bnqiy. Qgoz j}blqbz l zb}ohrz qg}blq hd onjhnzozqbnq {}hzbjrqh}oli {}ljqojb lna {}htoabz nh

eroalnjb dh} zqlqbz qglq l}b jhnzoab}one e}lnqone lfnbzqobz. Ljjh}aoneiy) qgb}b fly mbhjjlzohnz ugbn qgb [}hzbjrqh} zghria nhq {}hzbjrqb onaotoarliz ugh l}b ljjrzba hd jhf&foqqone j}ofbz uoqgon qgb OJJ‟z cr}ozaojqohn.

Qgoz {}hmibf glz }bjbotba zjlnq lqqbnqohn d}hf qgb ljlabfoj lna onqb}nlqohnli jhf&frnoqy) lna jr}}bnqiy) qgb}b l}b nh zhioa {}h{hzliz dh} }bfbayone qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb‟zzgh}qjhfone. Eotbn qgb nrfmb} hd zqlqbz on qgb Lzzbfmiy hd Zqlqbz [l}qobz zrzjb{qomib qhonqb}nli zq}odb): qgoz oz jlrzb dh} jhnjb}n. On ioegq hd qgbzb dljqz) qgoz l}qojib l}erbz qglq qgbOJJ zghria j}blqb ln latozh}y jhffozzohn qglq {}htoabz qgb [}hzbjrqh} uoqg ln lrqgh}oql&qotb }bjhffbnalqohn }bel}aone ghu qgb OJJ zghria laa}bzz l nlqohnli e}lnq hd lfnbzqy.

Qh ljjhf{iozg oqz qlz`z) qgb jhffozzohn zghria abtbih{ lna {rmiozg eroabionbz dh} jhnzoa&b}one qgb nbjbzzoqy) ibeoqofljy) ibelioqy) lna bddojljy hd lfnbzqy {}he}lfz.

# ]hmb}q Ehfbs oz l CA jlnaoalqb lq _lib Ilu Zjghhi) e}larlqone on =;;5. Gb }bjbotba goz ML d}hf qgb Rnotb}zoqy hd Jliodh}nol&Ihz Lnebibz) e}larlqone zrffl jrf ilrab on =;;1.

< ]hfb Zqlqrqb hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) [}blfmib) < Criy =;;= Pgb}bonldqb} ]hfbZqlqrqbV.

= Hn qgoz {honq) Uliqb} D. Fr}{gy hmzb}tbz) ’od qgb eghriz ugh ahfonlqba qgb hia }beofb mbiobtbzr}}bnab}one {hub} uoii ibla qgbf zq}loegq qh qgb eommbq) qgby uoii gltb l greb onjbnqotb qh doegq uoqglii qgbo} }bzhr}jbz.‖ Uliqb} D. Fr}{gy) Q}lnzoqohnz qh Jhnzq oqrqohnli Abfhj}ljy lna qgb Dlqb hd Ab{hzba Abz{hqz ) 7< Abnt. R. I. ]bt. 1<2) 1=4 '=;;:/. Hn l zofoil} nhqb) ]hnlia J. Ziyb zqlqbz) ’od lfnbzqy oznhq e}lnqba) qgb }beofb qglq glz {b}{bq}lqba e}hzz tohilqohnz hd grfln }oegqz uoii }bflon on {hub}

lna bneleb on dr}qgb} tohilqohnz.‖ ]hnlia J. Ziyb) Qgb Ibeoqofljy hd Lfnbzqobz Rnab} Onqb}nlqohnli Ilulna Ebnb}li [}onjo{ibz hd Lneih&Lfb}ojln Ilu3 Oz l Ibeoqoflqb Lfnbzqy [hzzomib8 ) 1: Tl. C. Onq‟i I. <5:)<?7 '=;;=/.

: Jr}}bnqiy) <;; zqlqbz l}b Zqlqbz [l}qobz qh qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb. Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q3gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(lz{(zqlqbz{l}qobz.gqfi 'ljjbzzba 7 Fl}. =;;4/. Flny hd qghzb zqlqbz gltb bw{b}o&bnjba h} l}b zrzjb{qomib qh onqb}nli zq}odb.



27 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3< [l}q OO {}htoabz l m}obd htb}tobu hd qgb OJJ lna oqz cr}ozaojqohn. [l}q OOO aozjrzzbz qgb

abdonoqohn hd lfnbzqy) gozqh}ojli rzbz) }bjbnq q}bnaz) aoddb}bnq dh}fz) qgbo} ibelioqy rnab}onqb}nlqohnli zhr}jbz hd ilu) lna qgbo} {hqbnqoli mbnbdoqz. [l}q OT bwlfonbz {b}qonbnq {}h&

tozohnz hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb. [l}q T bw{ilonz qgb nlqr}b hd qgb {}hmibf. Donliiy) [l}q TOilyz hrq l abqloiba l}erfbnq dh} qgb j}blqohn hd ln latozh}y jhffozzohn lna aozjrzzbz flq&

qb}z }bilqba qh oqz jhf{hzoqohn) arqobz) lna mbnbdoqz.

OO. QGB ]HFB ZQLQRQB HD QGB OJJ1

Qgb htb}l}jgone hmcbjqotb hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb oz qh bzqlmiozg ln ’onab{bnabnq {b}&flnbnq Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q‖ qglq uoii ’erl}lnqbb ilzqone }bz{bjq dh} lna qgb bn&dh}jbfbnq hd onqb}nlqohnli crzqojb.‖2 Qh qglq bna) qgb Jhr}q‟z cr}ozaojqohn bwqbnaz qhj}ofbz hd ebnhjoab) j}ofbz lelonzq grflnoqy) ul} j}ofbz) lna j}ofbz hd lee}bzzohn. 4 QgbJhr}q bwb}jozbz jhf{ibfbnql}y cr}ozaojqohn my abdb}}one qh nlqohnli {}hzbjrqohn od l ’jlzboz mbone ontbzqoelqba h} {}hzbjrqba my l Zqlqb ugojg glz cr}ozaojqohn htb} oq) rnibzz qgbZqlqb oz rnuoiione h} ebnronbiy rnlmib qh jl}}y hrq qgb ontbzqoelqohn h} {}hzbjrqohn.‖5

Qgb}b l}b qg}bb jo}jrfzqlnjbz ugbn qgb Jhr}q fly bwb}jozb oqz cr}ozaojqohn. Do}zq) od lZqlqb [l}qy mbiobtbz qglq hnb h} fh}b hd qgb j}ofbz uoqgon qgb Jhr}q‟z cr}ozaojqohn gltbmbbn jhffoqqba) oq fly }bdb} qgb flqqb} qh qgb [}hzbjrqh}.7 Zbjhna) od qgb Rnoqba NlqohnzZbjr}oqy Jhrnjoi mbiobtbz hnb h} fh}b hd qgb j}ofbz uoqgon qgb Jhr}q‟z cr}ozaojqohn gltbmbbn jhffoqqba) oq fly }bdb} qgb flqqb} qh qgb [}hzbjrqh}. ? Donliiy) qgb [}hzbjrqh} ’fly onoqolqb ontbzqoelqohnz {}h{}oh fhqr hn qgb mlzoz hd ondh}flqohn hn j}ofbz uoqgon qgb

cr}ozaojqohn hd qgb Jhr}q.‖<; Rnab} lii qg}bb zjbnl}ohz) qgb [}hzbjrqh} oz bnq}rzqba ’qh ontbzqoelqb qgb zoqrlqohn dh}

qgb {r}{hzb hd abqb}fonone ugbqgb} hnb h} fh}b z{bjodoj {b}zhnz zghria mb jgl}eba uoqgqgb jhffozzohn hd zrjg j}ofbz.‖<< Od qgb [}hzbjrqh} abqb}fonbz ’qglq qgb}b oz l }blzhnlmibmlzoz qh {}hjbba uoqg ln ontbzqoelqohn) gb h} zgb zglii zrmfoq qh qgb [}b&Q}oli Jglfmb} l}b|rbzq dh} lrqgh}oslqohn hd ln ontbzqoelqohn.‖<= Od r{hn bwlfonlqohn hd qgb [}hzbjrqh}‟z}b|rbzq) qgb [}b&Q}oli Jglfmb} oz zlqozdoba qglq ’qgb}b oz l }blzhnlmib mlzoz qh {}hjbba

uoqg ln ontbzqoelqohn‖ lna ’qgb jlzb l{{bl}z qh dlii uoqgon qgb cr}ozaojqohn hd qgb Jhr}q) oqzglii lrqgh}osb qgb jhffbnjbfbnq hd qgb ontbzqoelqohn.‖<:

1

Qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb bnqb}ba onqh dh}jb hn < Criy =;;=. Oa lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(lmhrq.gqfi 'ljjbzzba ? Fl}. =;;4/.2 ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb <) lq [}blfmib.4 Qgb Zqlqrqb ahbz nhq abdonb h} {}htoab ln bw{ilnlqohn jhnjb}none qgb {l}qojril} bibfbnqz nbj&

bzzl}y dh} ln ljq qh jhnzqoqrqb l j}ofb hd lee}bzzohn. Qgb Zqlqrqb ao}bjqz qgb Lzzbfmiy hd Zqlqbz [l}qobzqh abdonb qgb j}ofb lna qh zbq ’hrq qgb jhnaoqohnz rnab} ugojg qgb Jhr}q zglii bwb}jozb cr}ozaojqohn uoqg }bz{bjq‖ qh qgb j}ofb. Oa lq l}q. 2'=/. Zbb l}q. 2) 4) 5) lna 7 dh} l zrmzb|rbnq bw{ilnlqohn }bel}aoneqgb nlqr}b hd qgb j}ofbz uoqgon qgb OJJ‟z cr}ozaojq ohn.

5 Oa lq l}q. <5'</'l/.7 Oa lq l}q. <:'l/.? Oa lq l}q. <:'m/.<; Oa lq l}q. <2'</.<<

Oa lq l}q. <1'</.<= Oa lq l}q. <2':/.<: Oa lq l}q. <2'1/.



QHUL]AZ BNDH]JBFBNQ ON QGB

ONQB]NLQOHNLI J]OFONLI JHR]Q Bioslmbqg ]hmmonz#

O. ONQ]HARJQOHN

Zonjb qgb jotoi ul} mbeln on Relnal on <?75) qgb Ih}a‟z ]bzozqlnjb L}fy glz lm&arjqba lq iblzq =;);;; jgoia}bn on qgbo} lqqbf{q qh }bj}roq l {l}lfoioql}y dh}jb jl{lmib hd

uonnone l erb}oiil ul} lelonzq qgb Relnaln ehtb}nfbnq.< Ldqb} lifhzq =; ybl}z hd of{r&noqy dh} qgbzb j}ofbz) qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q 'OJJ/ glz zghriab}ba qgb }bz{hn&zomoioqy dh} ontbzqoelqone lna {}hzbjrqone qgbzb j}ofbz.= Rndh}qrnlqbiy) flny ihjli lna }b&eohnli iblab}z on Relnal h{{hzb qgb OJJ‟z onthitbfbnq on qgb zoqrlqohn. : Od qgb iblaonedoer}bz onzoab qgb jhrnq}y jghhzb nhq qh jhh{b}lqb uoqg qgb Jhr}q‟z ontbzqoelqohn) onjira&one oqz l}}bzq ul}}lnqz) qgb OJJ jln ah nhqgone. On qgoz uly) qgb OJJ jhria mbjhfb {l}l&

iysba on bwbjrqone oqz mlzoj drnjqohn hd onqb}nlqohnli j}ofonli {}hzbjrqohn) dh} qgb Jhr}qahbz nhq gltb qgb lmoioqy qh {}hzbjrqb qgb j}ofb uoqghrq qgb {}bzbnjb hd qgb zrz{bjq lnabtoabnjb lelonzq gof.1 Qgoz oz l {}ljqojli lna tb}y {ilrzomib bwlf{ib hd uglq oz uoabiy `nhun qh mb qgb ubl`bzq jhf{hnbnq hd qgb OJJ3 bndh}jbfbnq.2

Qgb OJJ oz qhqliiy ab{bnabnq hn zqlqb jhh{b}lqohn on h}ab} qh drnjqohn.4 Rnio`b fhzqnlqohnli crzqojb zyzqbfz) qgb OJJ ahbz nhq {hzzbzz l {hiojb dh}jb h} zb{l}lqb bndh}jbfbnql}f. Onzqbla) qgb bndh}jbfbnq fbjglnozf hd qgb OJJ ulz fhabiba ldqb} qgb dloiba bn&dh}jbfbnq zq}lqbeobz hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Q}omrnliz dh} qgb Dh}fb} _rehziltol'OJQ_/ lna ]ulnal 'OJQ]/. Mhqg lizh rzba l zyzqbf hd thirnql}y zqlqb jhf{iolnjb) riqo&flqbiy ln onbddbjqotb zq}lqbey.5 Qgb OJJ lizh glz nh onab{bnabnq zrm{hbnl {hub}0 oqjlnnhq ao}bjqiy jlii hn uoqnbzzbz h} }b|rbzq qgb {}harjqohn hd ahjrfbnqz. Oq jlnnhq onab&

{bnabnqiy l}}bzq l zrz{bjq h} d}bbsb goz h} gb} lzzbqz. Lii bndh}jbfbnq oz jl}}oba hrq

# Bioslmbqg ]hmmonz oz l CA jlnaoalqb lq [b{{b}aonb Rnotb}zoqy Zjghhi hd Ilu) e}larlqone on=;;5. Zgb jr}}bnqiy zb}tbz lz qgb Flnleone Baoqh} hd qgb [b{{. Aoz{. ]bzhi. I.C. lna Tojb [}bzoabnq hd [b{{b}aonb‟z Onqb}nlqohnli Ilu Zhjobqy.

<Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) Mlj`e}hrna Ondh}flqohn hn qgb Zoqrlqohn on Relnal '=? Cln.=;;1/) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(jlzbz(jr}}bnqXzoqrlqohnz(Relnal.gqfi. L{{}hwoflqbiy qg}bb&dhr}qgz hd qgb {h{rilqohnz on qgb Relnaln Erir) [lab} lna @oqerf aozq}ojqz gltb mbbn aoz{iljba my qgb Ih}a‟z ]bzozqlnjb L}fy 'I]L/ zonjb qgb foa&<??;z lna ln bzqoflqba 72" hd qgb I]L‟z dh}jbz l}blmarjqba jgoia}bn. Qgb I]L lizh }beril}iy bnelebz on zb}ohrz grfln }oegqz lmrzbz) zrjg lz zrffl}y bwbjrqohnz) qh}qr}b) frqoilqohn) jgoia zbwrli lmrzb) }l{b) ihhqone) lna abzq}rjqohn hd jotoioln {}h{b}qy.

= Oa . Qgb {}hzbjrqh} h{bnba ontbzqoelqohnz on Relnal hn =5 Criy =;;1) lna qgb do}zq l}}bzq ul}&}lnq ulz ozzrba dh} qgb I]L‟z iblab}) Chzb{g @hny) hn 7 Criy =;;2.

: Zbb) b.e.) Fojgbib B}nzqone) Relnaln Jgobdz Latozb Glerb Jhr}q Lelonzq L}}bzq Ul}}lnqz ) ]laohNbqgb}ilnaz) =< Fl}. =;;2) lq gqq{3((uuu=.}nu.ni(}nu(bn(jr}}bnqlddlo}z(}beohn(ld}ojl(rel;2;:=<.

1 ]hfb Zqlqrqb hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) l}qojib 4:) <5 Criy <??7) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(iom}l}y(lmhrq(hddojolichr}nli(]hfbXZqlqrqbX<=;5;1&BN.{ad Pgb}bonldqb}]hfb ZqlqrqbV.

2 Iboil Nlayl Zlalq $ Z. ]ojgl}a Jl}abn) Qgb Nbu Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q3 Ln Rnblzy ]bth&irqohn. 77 Ebh. I.C. :7<) 1<2&<4 '=;;;/ 'jilofone qglq ’qgb Jhr}q‟z bndh}jbfbnq cr}ozaojqohn oz zhdbbmib qglq oq glz qgb {hqbnqoli qh jhf{ibqbiy rnab}fonb qgb bddojljy hd qgb jhr}q․‖/. Zbb lizh M}rjbM}hhfglii) Onqb}nlqohnli Crzqojb lna qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q3 Mbqubbn Zhtb}&boenqy lna qgb ]rib hd Ilu <22 '=;;:/0 Altoa L. Noii) Jhffbnq3 M}bl`one qgb Zhtb}boenqy Ml}}ob}3qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz lna Qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q ) 1< Zlnql Jil}l I. ]bt. <<=: '=;;</.

4 ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb 1) l}qz. 25&5;.5 ]ljgbi @b}}) Qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Q}omrnli dh} qgb Dh}fb} _rehziltol ) <<2

'=;;1/0 zbb ebnb}liiy Chgn ].U.A. Chnbz) Qgb [}ljqojb hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Q}omrnlizdh} qgb Dh}fb} _rehziltol lna ]ulnal '=na ba. =;;;/.



74 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3<

qg}hreg }b|rbzqz qh zqlqbz.7 L}qojib 74 hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb }b|ro}bz qglq lii Zqlqbz [l}qobzjhh{b}lqb jhf{ibqbiy uoqg qgb Jhr}q on oqz ontbzqoelqohn lna {}hzbjrqohn. ? Ghubtb}) hrq hd }bz{bjq dh} zqlqb zhtb}boenqy) qgb onaotoarli zqlqbz l}b lmib qh abqb}fonb qgb uly on ugojgqgby onqb}{}bq lna jl}}y hrq qghzb h}ab}z.<; Qgb}b l}b lizh qg}bb bwjb{qohnz qh qgb Zqlqbz[l}qobz‟ hmioelqohn qh jhf{iy uoqg }b|rbzqz my qgb Jhr}q3 '</ l zqlqb jln }bdrzb qh jhh{b}lqb

uoqg qgb Jhr}q‟z }b|rbzq od oqz lzzozqlnjb uhria tohilqb ln ’bwozqone drnalfbnqli ibeli {}on&jo{ib hd ebnb}li l{{iojlqohn)‖ lna ldqb} jhnzriqone uoqg qgb Jhr}q) qgb flqqb} jlnnhq mb}bzhitba0<< '=/ l zqlqb jln abny l }b|rbzq dh} lzzozqlnjb od oq uhria {}harjb ahjrfbnqz h}aozjihzb btoabnjb }bilqone qh oqz nlqohnli zbjr}oqy onqb}bzqz0<= donliiy) ':/ l zqlqb‟z lzzozqlnjboz i ofoqba qh qglq ’ugojg oz nhq {}hgomoqba my qgb ilu hd qgb }b|rbzqba zqlqb.‖<:

Laaoqohnliiy) qgb Jhr}q jlnnhq jhf{bi ln onaotoarli zqlqb‟z jhf{iolnjb. Ugoib L}qojib74 }b|ro}bz bljg zqlqb qh jhh{b}lqb)<1 od l zqlqb }bdrzbz qh ah zh) qgb OJJ oz iofoqba on oqzjhr}zbz hd }bljqohn. Qgb Jhr}q jln fl`b l donaone hd nhnjhf{iolnjb lna }bdb} qgb flqqb}qh qgb Lzzbfmiy hd Zqlqbz [l}qobz h} qgb Rnoqba Nlqohnz Zbjr}oqy Jhrnjoi 'RNZJ/) od qgbRNZJ }bdb}}ba qgb zoqrlqohn qh qgb OJJ on qgb do}zq {iljb.<2 On }bz{hnzb) L}qojib <<='d/{}htoabz qglq qgb hniy arqy qgb Lzzbfmiy glz }bel}aone zrjg nhnjhf{iolnjb oz qh ’jhn&

zoab}‖ oq.<4

Qgb Zqlqrqb oz nhqojblmiy zoibnq hn uglq fblzr}bz qgb Lzzbfmiy fly ql`blelonzq l zqlqb on m}bljg hd oqz jhh{b}lqohn hmioelqohn) abz{oqb bw{iojoqiy {}htoaone dh} }bfb&aoli fblzr}bz bizbugb}b on qgb zlfb ahjrfbnq.<5 Qgb Lzzbfmiy glz nh }bli jhr}zb hd lj&qohn dh} zqrmmh}n h} aoddojriq zqlqbz0 oq foegq mb lmib qh jhnzoab} ’qgb l{{}h{}olqbnbzz‖ hd bjhnhfoj zlnjqohnz) mrq oq fly nbtb} rzb dh}jb qh jhf{bi abdolnq jhrnq}obz qh jhh{b}lqb. <7

Qgb qb}fonlqohn hd qgb q}blqy uoqg qgb nhn&jhh{b}lqone zqlqb oz nhq btbn ln h{qohn)’eotbn Pqgb q}blqy‟zV onqbe}li nlqr}b lna oqz htb}lii grflnoql}oln ehli.‖<? Ugoib qgb RNZJ

7 On z{blòne hd qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Q}omrnli dh} qgb Dh}fb} _rehziltol 'OJQ_/) CraebJlzzbzzb) [}bzoabnq hd qgb OJQ_) nhqba qglq qgb Q}omrnli oz ’io`b l eolnq ugh glz nh l}fz lna nh ibez. Qh uli` lna uh}`) gb nbbaz l}qodojol i iofmz. Qgbzb l}qod ojoli iofmz l}b qgb zqlqb lrqgh}oq obz0 uoqghrq

qgbo} gbi{ qgb Q}omrnli jlnnhq h{b}lqb.‖ @b}}) zr{}l nhqb 5) lq <<2. Ugoib Craeb Jlzzbzzb ulz }bdb}&}one qh qgb OJQ_) gb foegq lz ubii gltb mbbn qliòne lmhrq qgb OJJ onzqbla. Qgb OJJ oz l eolnq hd lnh}elnoslqohn) qlòne hn hniy qgb il}ebzq lna fhzq gbonhrz j}ofbz) mrq oq glz nh lmoioqy qh drnjqohn uoqghrq qgb zqlqbz‟ jhh{b}lq ohn on hmqlonone btoabnjb) onqb}tobuone hd uoqnbzzbz) bwbjrqone l}}bzq ul}&}lnqz) bqj.

? ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb 1) L}q. 74. Qgb qbwq zqlqbz) ’Zqlqbz [l}qobz zglii) on ljjh}alnjb uoqg qgb{}htozohnz hd qgoz Zqlqrqb) jhh{b}lqb driiy uoqg qgb Jhr}q on oqz ontbzqoelqohn lna {}hzbjrqohn hd j}ofbz uoqgon qgb cr}ozaojqohn hd qgb jhr}q.‖ Oa .

<; L}qojib 5;'=/ hd qgb ]hfb Zqlqrqb zqlqbz) ’Qgb jhnaoqohnz dh} { }htoaone onqb}nlqohnli jhh{b}l&qohn qh qgb Jhr}q uoqg }bz{bjq qh oqz {}hjbbaonez rnab} qgoz l}qojib zglii mb ehtb}nba my qgb ahfbzqojiluz hd qgb }b|rbzqba Zqlqb.‖ Oa l}q. 5;'=/. Zbb lizh L}qojib <;?'</) zqlqone ’Zqlqbz [l}qobz zglii e otb bddbjqqh donbz h} dh}dboqr}bz․ on ljjh}alnjb uoqg qgb {}hjbar}b hd qgbo} nlqohnli ilu.‖ Oa l}q. <;?'</.

<<

Oa l}q. ?:':/.<= Oa l}qz. 5: $ ?:'1/.<: Oa l}q. ?:'i/.<1 Oa l}q. 74.<2 Oa l}q. 75'5/.<4 Oa l}q. <<='d/. On hrqionone qgb arqobz hd qgb Lzzbfmiy hd Zqlqbz [l}qobz) L}qojib <<= zqlqbz qglq

’Qgb Lzzbfmiy Zglii3 'd/ Jhnzoab} {r}zrlnq qh L}qojib 75) {l}le}l{gz 2 lna 5) lny |rbzqohn }bilqoneqh nhn&jhh{b}lqohn․‖ Oa .

<5 Zbb oa l}q. <<='7/) ugojg {}htoabz3 ’L Zqlqb {l}qy ugojg oz on l}}bl}z on qgb {lyfbnq hd oqz donln&joli jhnq}omrqohnz qhul}az qgb jhzqz hd qgb Jhr}q zglii gltb nh thqb on qgb Lzzbfmiy lna on qgb Mr}blrod qgb lfhrnq hd oqz l}}bl}z b|rliz h} bwjbbaz qgb lfhrnq hd qgb jhnq}omrq ohnz arb d}hf oq dh} qgb {}b&jbaone quh drii ybl}z.‖ Zbb lizh A}. Eh}ln Ziroqb}) Qgb Zr}}bnab} hd Ul} J}ofonliz qh qgb Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q ) =2 Ihy. I.L. Onq‟i $ Jhf{. I. ]bt. 4;2) 4<1 '=;;:/ 'nhqone qglq qgb Zqlqrqb‟z zoibnjbhn qgoz flqqb} oz ’zr}{}ozone‖ lna ’jliiz onqh |rbzqohn qgb bddbjqotbnbzz hd qgb Lzzbfmiy‟z }bz{hnzbz qh tohilqohnz hd qgb arqy qh jhh{b}lqb.‖ Oa .

<7 M}hhfglii) zr{}l nhqb 2) lq <24) n. <? lna jh}}bz{hnaone qbwq.<? Oa .



=;;4V Qhul}az Bndh}jbfbnq on qgb OJJ 75 {hzzbzzbz qgb {hub} qh dh}jomiy hmioeb l zqlqb qh jhf{iy lna glz lrqgh}osba rzb hd dh}jb ongrflnoql}oln onqb}tbnqohn on qgb {lzq) }bjbnqiy qgb Jhrnjoi glz mbjhfb {l}liysba my {hio&qojz.=; Dr}qgb}fh}b) qh alqb) qgb RNZJ glz hniy }bdb}}ba l zoneib jlzb qh qgb OJJ. =<

Qgb ilzq of{baofbnq qh bndh}jbfbnq oz qgb dljq qglq qgb Jhr}q glz nh onab{bnabnqontbzqoelqotb {hub}. Qgb [}hzbjrqh} frzq uh}` qg}hreg qgb lrqgh}oqobz on bljg zqlqb lna

oz zrmcbjq qh qglq zqlqb‟z ahfbzqoj ilu. Qgb}b l}b qg}bb of{h}qlnq bwjb{qohnz qh qgoz ebnb}li}rib) ghubtb}. Do}zq) l fbfmb} hd qgb Q}oli aotozohn fly mb flab ltloilmib qh ’hmzb}tblna fl`b }bjhffbnalqohnz h} h}ab}z }bel}aone qgb jhiibjqohn lna {}bzb}tlqohn hd bto&abnjb lna qgb |rbzqohnone hd {b}zhnz.‖== Zbjhna) qgb [}b&Q}oli Jglfmb} fly lrqgh}osbqgb [}hzbjrqh} qh ql`b ’z{bjodoj ontbzqoelqotb zqb{z‖ uoqgon qgb zqlqb‟z qb}}oqh}y uoqghrq jh&h{b}lqohn hd qgb zqlqb od oq glz mbbn abqb}fonba qglq qgb zqlqb oz rnlmib qh jhh{b}lqb mb&jlrzb oqz lrqgh}oqy h} craojoli zyzqbf glz jhiil{zba.=: Donliiy) on zhfb iofoqba jo}jrf&zqlnjbz) qgb [}hzbjrqh} fly bwbjrqb jb}qlon }b|rbzqz ao}bjqiy hn qgb qb}}oqh}y hd l zqlqb od oqoz lmzhirqbiy nbjbzzl}y.=1

Qgoz m}obd }btobu hd qgb Jhr}q‟z iofoqba bndh}jbfbnq jl{lmoioqobz zghuz qgb ongb}bnq ubl`nbzzbz mroiq ao}bjqiy onqh qgb zyzqbf. Qgoz {l{b} lzzbzzbz qgb bw{b}obnjb hd {lzq

j}ofonli q}oliz on h}ab} qh {}bzbnq fh}b bddbjqotb liqb}nlqotbz qh qgb jr}}bnq OJJ bndh}jb&fbnq aoibffl. Qgb dhjrz oz hn qgb OJQ_ mbjlrzb qgb Q}omrnli oz mhqg }bjbnq lna hneh&one. Ugoib qgb OJQ_ glz mbbn {ilerba uoqg {}hmibfz on oqz bndh}jbfbnq {}hjbar}b) oql{{bl}z qh gltb mbbn zqoii fh}b bddbjqotb qgln qgb OJQ].=2 Qgoz {l{b} {}h{hzbz qg}bb

ulyz qh }bjqody qghzb ubl`nbzzbz on h}ab} qh j}blqb l zq}hneb} lna fh}b bddbjqotb OJJ) ugoib zqoii flonqlonone onaotoarli zqlqbz‟ zhtb}boenqy. [l}q OO a}luz d}hf jr}}bnq ahfbzqojilu bndh}jbfbnq) lz ubii lz {lzq onqb}nlqohnli ilu bndh}jbfbnq) qh {}h{hzb qglq qgb OJJ

=; Zbb) b.e. Cribz Ihmbi) Lfb}ojln Gbebfhny lna Onqb}nlqohnli Ilu3 Mbnoen Gbebfhny8 @hzhth lna L}qojib =' 1 / hd qgb R.N. Jgl}qb} ) < Jgo. C. Onq‟i I. <?) =2&=4 '=;;;/ 'nhqone qgb RNZJ‟z lrqgh}oslqohn

qh rzb dh}jb dh} grflnoql}oln onqb}tbnqohn on qgb bl}iy <??;z) mrq |roj`iy mbjhfone {hil}osba hn qgbzrmcbjq hd rzb hd dh}jb qh bndh}jb RNZJ }bzhirqohnz fh}b }bjbnqiy/.=< Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q) Zoqrlqohnz lna Jlzbz lq gqq{3((uuu.ojj&j{o.onq(jlzbz.gqfi 'lj&

jbzzba 4 Abj. =;;2/. Qgb RNZJ }bdb}}ba qgb zoqrlqohn on Zraln qh qgb Hddojb hd qgb [}hzbjrqh}. Qg}bb Zqlqbz [l}q obz gltb }bdb}}ba zoqrlqohnz 'Relnal) Jhneh) lna qgb Jbnq}li Ld }ojln ]b{rmioj/) lnaqgb Hddojb hd Qgb [}hzbjrqh} 'HQ[/ glz abjoaba hn oqz hun qh h{bn ontbzqoelqohnz onqh qg}bb zoqrl&qohnz 'Jhneh) Relnal) lna Zraln/.

== ]hfb Zqlqrqb) zr{}l nhqb 1) l}q. 24'=/'b/.=: Oa l}q. 25':/'a/.=1 Oa l}q. ??'1/. Qgbzb }b|rbzqz frzq mb hd qgb qy{b qglq jln mb bwbjrqba uoqghrq lny jhf{rizh}y

fblzr}bz. Qgb l}qojib z{bjodojliiy fbnqohnba onqb}tobuone uoqnbzzbz lna jhiibjqone btoabnjb qglq oz thirnql}y eotbn. Qgb [}hzbjrqh} jln hniy bwbjrqb zrjg }b|rbzqz od qgb Zqlqb [l}qy }b|rbzqba oz l ’Zqlqb

hn qgb qb}}oqh}y hd ugojg qgb j}ofb oz liibeba qh gltb mbbn jhffoqqba)‖ lna qgb}b glz li}blay mbbn labqb}fonlqohn hd lafozzomoioqy) h} ugb}b qgb [}hzbjrqh} glz jhnzriqba uoqg qgb Zqlqb [l}qy) lna ozzrmcbjq qh lny ‗}blzhnlmib jhnaoqohnz h} jhnjb}nz }lozba my qglq Zqlqb [l}qy.‖ L}qojib ??'1/'l/$'m/.

=2 Ugo ib hqgb} jhr}qz) zrjg qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Jhr}q hd Crzqojb 'OJC/) Br}h{bln Jhr}q hd Grfln]oegqz 'BJG]/) lna qgb Onqb}&Lfb}ojln Jhr}q hd Grfln ]oegqz 'OLJG]/ {}htoab ln onqb}bzqoneihh` lq ghu tohilqohnz hd grfln }oegqz ilu l}b abliq uoqg lq qgb ’jotoi‖ 'on qgb Lfb}ojln zbnzb hd qgb uh}a/ ibtbi) qgby l}b nhq j}ofonli jhr}qz lna ah nhq gltb j}ofonli cr}ozaojqohn htb} oqz abdbnalnqz) ugh l}b rzrliiy Zqlqbz. Qgbzb jhr}qz dhjrz hn }b{l}lqohnz qh qgb tojqof) onzqbla hd {rnozgfbnq dh} qgb{b}{bq}lqh}) lna l}b nhq lnlihehrz qh jlzbz qglq qgb OJJ uoii mb ablione uoqg. Zbb Onqb}nlqohnli Jhr}qhd Crzqojb) Ebnb}li Ondh}flqohn) L Eroab qh qgb Gozqh}y) Jhf{hzoqohn) Cr}o zaoj qohn) [}hjbar}b lna Abjo& zohnz hd qgb Jhr}q ) ltloilmib lq gqq{3((uuu.ojc&joc.h}e(ojcuuu(oebnb}liondh}flqohn(ommhh`(Mmhh` d}lfb{leb.gqf 'ljjbzzba 4 Abj. =;;2/ ugojg {}htoabz ondh}flqohn hn qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Jhr}q hd Crz&

qojb0 Br}h{bln Jhr}q hd Grfln ]oegqz) Ghu qgb Bwbjrqohn hd Craefbnq uh}`z ) lq gqq{3((uuu.bjg}.jhb.onq(BJG](BN(Gblab}(Qgb+Jhr}q(Bwbjrqohn(Ghu+qgb+bwbjrqohn+hd+craefbnqz+uh}`z( 'lj&jbzzba 4 Abj. =;;2/) ugojg {}htoabz ondh}flqohn hn bndh}jbfbnq lq qgb BJG]0 lna Qgb Onqb}& Lfb}ojln Jhr}q hd Grfln ]oegqz) Ebnb}li Ondh}flqohn) lq gqq{3((uuu.jh}qboag.h}.j}(ebnb}li Xone(onabw.gqfi 'ljjbzzba 4 Abj. =;;2/) ugojg {}htoabz ondh}flqohn hn qgb OLJG] lna ghu oq drnj&qohnz.



77 Bybz Hn Qgb OJJ PThi. :3<

rzb l zflii {hiojb dh}jb) zrjg lz l aotozohn hd Onqb}{hi) qh bndh}jb qgb ao}bjq h}ab}z hd qgbJhr}q. Od bnljqba) qgoz uoii e}lnq zqlqbz qgb jglnjb boqgb} qh hmcbjq h} ql`b zqb{z qhul}azqgb bndh}jbfbnq hd qgb abjozohn thirnql}oiy.=4 [l}q OOO dhjrzbz hn qgb bndh}jbfbnq {}hm&ibfz abliq uoqg lq qgb OJQ_) on ugojg jlzb qgb Q}omrnli ulz lmib qh a}lu hn mhqg qgb{hioqojli ondirbnjb hd qgb RNZJ lna NLQH q}hh{z qh eotb qgb oq fh}b j}baomoioqy lna bn&

dh}jbfbnq {hub}.=5

[l}q OT lizh a}luz hn qgb bw{b}obnjb hd qgb OJQ_ on rqoiosone qgb }b&zhr}jbz hd qgb Rnoqba Zqlqbz) mhqg {hioqojliiy lna donlnjoliiy) qh bndh}jb oqz abjozohn. Ugoiboq oz jibl} qglq qgb RZ oz nhq) lna oz nhq {ilnnone hn mbjhfone) l Zqlqb [l}qy qh qgb ]hfb

Q}blqy) [l}q OT aozjrzzbz qgb {hzzomoioqy hd rzone qgb RZ hn ln la ghj mlzoz dh} bndh}jb&fbnq.=7 Bljg {l}q bwlfonbz qgb {}h{hzliz lz {}ljqojliiy l{{ioba qh qgb fhzq latlnjba jlzbhn qgb OJJ‟z ahj`bq) Relnal.

OO. [HIOJB DH]JB

Onq}onzoj qh btb}y nlqohnli crzqojb zyzqbf oz zhfb qy{b hd bndh}jbfbnq l}f qglq oz rqoi&osba qh jl}}y hrq qgb abflnaz hd crzqojb‑l}}bzqone zrz{bjqz) jhiibjqone btoabnjb) lna on&

qb}tobuone uoqnbzzbz. Oq oz nbjbzzl}y qh gltb ln lebnjy qglq oz uoiione lna lmib qh rzb{gyzojli dh}jb qh ljjhf{iozg qghzb ehliz) mbjlrzb hd qgb zof{ib dljq qglq j}ofonliz ah nhqqbna qh qr}n qgbfzbitbz on dh} {}hzbjrqohn thirnql}oiy.

Qgb uh}ia }bjhenosba qgoz lz {l}q hd onqb}nlqohnli ilu on qgb ldqb}flqg hd Uh}ia Ul}OO ar}one qgb quon foioql}y q}omrnliz) qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Foioql}y Q}omrnli lq Nr}bfmr}elna qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Foioql}y Q}omrnli hd qgb Dl} Blzq.=? Mhqg q}oliz mbeln uoqg qgb rn&jhnaoqohnli zr}}bnab} lna hjjr{lqohn hd Eb}flny lna Cl{ln) qgrz fl`one qgb jl{qr}b hd zrz{bjqz fh}b zq}loegqdh}ul}a 'liqghreg my nh fblnz zof{ib/ qgln on nhn&hjjr{lqohnlil}}bzqz. Qgb OJQ_ {}htoabz lnhqgb} ehha bwlf{ib hd qgb nbba dh} ln bndh}jbfbnq l}f onqgb onqb}nlqohnli jhnqbwq. Qgb Zqlqrqb hd qgb Q}omrnli {}htoabz qglq ’zqlqbz zglii jhf{iy

uoqghrq rnarb abily uoqg lny }b|rbzq dh} lzzozqlnjb h} ln h}ab} ozzrba my l Q}oli Jglf&

mb}.‖

:;

Ghubtb}) jhh{b}lqohn uoqg qgb Q}omrnli ulz zh abdojobnq qglq qgb bddbjqotbnbzz hd qgb Q}omrnli ulz |rbzqohnba }beril}iy.:< Btbnqrliiy) qgb OJQ_ mbeln }biyone gbltoiy hn

=4 Zbb ond}l nhqbz =?&15 lna jh}}bz{hnaone qbwq.=5 Zbb ond}l nhqbz 17&5< lna jh}}bz{hnaone qbwq.=7 Zbb ond}l nhqbz 5=&71 lna jh}}bz{hnaone qbwq.=? Fl}y Fl}el}bq [bn}hzb) Nh Mlaebz) Nh Ml}z3 L Jhnz{ojrhrz Htb}zoegq on qgb Abtbih{fbnq hd ln

Onqb}nlqohnli J}ofonli Jhr}q :7 Qbw. Onq‟i I.C. 4=<) 4=5 '=;;:/.:; L}qojib =? hd qgb Zqlqrqb hd qgb Q}omrnli) bnqoqiba ’Jh&h{b}lqohn lna craojoli lzzozqlnjb‖) {}h&

toabz3

<. Zqlqbz zglii jh&h{b}lqb uoqg qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Q}omrnli on qgb ontbzqoelqohn lna

{}hzbjrqohn hd {b}zhnz ljjrzba hd jhffoqqone zb}ohrz tohilqohnz hd onqb}nlqohnligrflnoql}oln ilu.

=. Zqlqbz zglii jhf{iy uoqghrq rnarb abily uoqg lny }b|rbzq dh} lzzozqlnjb h} ln h}ab }ozzrba my l Q}oli Jglfmb}) onjiraone) mrq nhq iofoqba qh3l. qgb oabnqodojlqohn lna ihjlqohn hd {b}zhnz0m. qgb ql`one hd qbzqofhny lna qgb {}harjqohn hd btoabnjb0j. qgb zb}tojb hd ahjrfbnqz0a. qgb l}}bzq h} abqbnqohn hd {b}zhnz0b. qgb zr}}bnab} h} qgb q}lnzdb} hd qgb ljjrzba qh qgb Onqb}nlqohnli Q}omrnli.

Zbb lizh L}qojib =1 hd qgb RN Jgl}qb} zqlqone qglq lii fbfmb} lna nhn&fbfmb} zqlqbz l}b ibeliiy mhrna qh jl}}y hrq abjozohnz hd qgb RNZJ rnab} Jgl{qb} TOO. Zonjb qgb OJQ_ ulz l fbjglnozf hd qgb RNZJ) oq dhiihuz qglq lii zqlqbz l}b }b|ro}ba qh jhh{b}lqb uoqg qgb Q}omrnli lz ubii.

:< M}hhfglii) zr{}l nhqb 2 lq <2:. J}hlqol) Mhznoln Zb}mz) lna Mhznoln J}hlqz ub}b lii bwq}lh}&aonl}oiy rnjhh{b}lqotb) mrq nhq lz rnjhh{b}lqotb lz qgb Dbab}li ]b{rmioj hd _rehziltol 'D]_/. Oa . Zbblizh @b}}) zr{}l nhqb 5 lq <=?&:;. Nhq hniy aoa qgb D]_ }bdrzb qh l}}bzq Foihzbtoj ugbn oq gla qgbh{{h}qrnoqy) qgb Zqlqb lizh jhf{ibqbiy mihj`ba ontbzqoelqohnz on @hzhth) lna qgb Crzqojb Fonozqb} btbnjliiba {}hzbjrqh} Abi [hnqb l ’{}hzqoqrqb dh} qgb RZ.‖ Oa lq <1;&1=. @b}} ehbz hn qh aozjrzz hqgb}

the incoherent internationaljurisprudence of rape p23

Documents