the hazardous materials transportation
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THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION BY SEA AND THE RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE: Deficiencies - Deadlocks of the Existing Framework In Ensuring Coastal States and Freedom of Navigation. Ass. Professor Georgios Samiotis Mr. Dimitrios Grekos. Overview of Presentation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION BY SEA AND THE RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE:
Deficiencies - Deadlocks of the Existing Framework In Ensuring Coastal States and Freedom of Navigation
Ass. Professor Georgios SamiotisMr. Dimitrios Grekos
Overview of Presentation
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• The Conflict between Coastal and Maritime States on Hazardous Materials Transportation by Sea
• Hazardous Materials (Hazmats)• Regulatory Framework for Hazmats Transportation
by Ships• Maritime States and The Right of Innocent Passage• Coastal States and the Right of Innocent Passage • Coastal States and the Right of Prior Notification• Marine Environment Protection• Recommendations
Coastal States argue: - Environmental Impact of Hazmats Transportation through their Territorial Sea in Case of Accident- Sovereignty within their Territorial Sea
Maritime States argue:- Uninterrupted Sea Transportation of Hazmats according to the Right of Innocent Passage- Freedom of Navigation
Differing Opinions lie in the Provisions of International Law concerning the Rights and Obligations of States but also the Protection of Marine Environment
Conflict between Coastal and Maritime States on Hazmats Transportation by Sea
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A hazardous material (Hazmat) is “any item or agent (biological, chemical, physical) which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors” (Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, 2013)
In particular, hazmats transported by ships may become dangerous goods and are classified in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code or in any other IMO Regulation referred to “as dangerous for carriage by sea”
Hazardous Materials (Hazmats)
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Regulatory Framework for Hazmats Transportation by Ships
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UNCLOS 1982 Art.21,22,23 SOLAS 1974 Chapter VII Part A-DIMDG Code Class 1-9INF Code Class INF1-2-3MARPOL 73/78 Annex IIIBASEL 1989 Annexes I-IXHNS, 1996 International Convention on Liability and
Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 1996
Paris Convention, 1960 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy
IAEA Code of PracticeNuclear, 1971 Convention relating to Civil Liability in
the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material
Vienna, 1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
Regional Conventions Bamako – Barcelona – Tehran – Kuwait
Maritime States and The Right of Innocent Passage
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The right of innocent passage, through the territorial sea of the coastal State, is in favour of freedom of navigation. Ships under foreign flag may pass through the territorial sea of the coastal State under the provisions of article 19 (Meaning of Innocent Passage) UNCLOS 1982.
The right of innocent passage is not limited by the flag, cargo or ship type. All ships indiscriminately are allowed to travel through the territorial sea of all states. The hazmats transportation by ships through the territorial sea of a coastal State is not shown in article 19. Therefore, this passage should be allowed.
Coastal States and The Right of Innocent Passage
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Coastal State has legislative and executive jurisdiction within its territorial sea and may adopt legislative framework in line with Article 21 (Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage) UNCLOS 1982.
Article 220 (2) (Enforcement by coastal States) UNCLOS 1982 is a special rule where coastal State may detain a ship responsible for pollution in its territorial sea. Under this article the coastal State may take measures in case ships carry hazmats even when the ships exercise the right of innocent passage.
Coastal States and The Right of Prior Notification
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Source: (Hakapää and Molenaar, 1999)
Marine Environment Protection
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Coastal States indicate that ships carrying hazmats are a threat to the safety of the seas and the coastal environment because of the extremely dangerous nature of such loads, and therefore these ships should not deserve the right of innocent passage. Coastal States have the obligation to protect the marine environment under Article 94 (Duties of the flag State) UNCLOS 1982 under which they should take all necessary measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment.
Recommendations
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Regional Agreements to set standards for the transport of hazmats by ships
Sea lanes determination could help to resolve the conflict between the States and the obligation to protect the marine environment
INF Code Amendments
Self – Regulation- The Pigovian Taxes - Coasian bargains
Recommendations (cont.)
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Application of the appropriate economic, social and environmental policies based on shipping business practices and provisions of UNCLOS 1982.
To encourage sustainable development of coastal areas and ensure the environmental public goods.
Shipping Stakeholders opinion matters…
Communication between Coastal and Maritime States at international level out of UNCLOS forum can benefit the problem solving.
