The French Revolution

The Third Estate (the sans-culottes) carrying the Clergy and the Nobility on its back. Cartoon, 1789.

The Salon of Madame Geoffin. Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier, 1755. Paris, Châteaux de Malmaison et Bois-Préeau. 1: Montesquieu (1689-1755), 2: Rousseau (1712-1778), 3: Diderot (1713-1784), 4: Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777), 5: bust of Voltaire (1694-1778).

The Assembly of the Notables at Versailles, 22 Feb 1787. Engraving by Claude Niquet. Paris, National Archives.

Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles in the Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs, 5 May 1789. Engraving by Isidore-Stanislaus Helman (1743-1806) following a sketch by Charles Monnet (1732-1808). Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France.

The Tennis Court Oath, 20 June 1789. Jacques-Louis David, 1791. Paris, Musée Carnavalet.

The Besieging of the Bastille. Claude Cholat, an eye witness, shortly after 1789. Paris, Musee de Carnavalet.

A model of the Bastille made by Pierre-François Palloy from one of the stones of the fortress. 1789-1790. Paris, Musee de Carnavalet.

Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria visits his sister Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI. Painting by Joseph Hauzinger, ca 1776. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.

The Marquis de Lafayette at the balcony with Marie Antoinette, 5-6 Oct 1789. XVIII engraving.

The Salle du Manège. Watercolor by Louis Joseph Masquelier, 1790s. Paris, Musée Carnavalet.

Left: Maximilien de Robespierre (1758-1794). Unkown artist, ca 1790. Paris, Musée Carnavalet.

Right: Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794). Portrait by Constance Marie Charpentier, 1792. Paris, Musée Carnavalet.

Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France. XVIII cartoon.

The participants at the Congress of Vienna. Etching (1819) after Jean Baptiste Isabey’s group portrait, 1815. Clemens Prince von Metternich stands at the left in front of a chair, the Duke of Wellington stands at the far left, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord sits in front of the table to the right. Berlin, Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz.

The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815.

Modern Latin America Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue).