titles of nobility
TRANSCRIPT
Titles of Nobility Amendment
A
Compilation
of
Documents
and
Papers
Relating to
the Ratification
of
The Titles of Nobility Amendment
ARTICLE XIII
to the
Constitution of the United States-of America
by
Brian H. March April 28, 1995
Albuquerque, New- Mexico
Titles of Nobility Amendment
DEDICATION To David M. Dodge (a.k.a. Columbo), a man for whom I have the utmost respect; To Thomas Dunn, without his encouragement and strength, I don't think that I could have continued. I thank them, from the bottom of my heart, for allowing me the privilege of knowing them, learning from them, discovering with them, and having the adventure of my life. To my parents, Arnold H. and Betty J. March; if it were not for them I would not be. I love you Mom and Dad, Thank You for being there for me. To my wife, Victoria B. March, without her loving patience, understanding, grammatical help and sacrifices, this project could not have been started, or completed. To Velma Grigg, without her enthusiasm, I would probably not have started this project in the first place. To Gary Hunt, Outpost of Freedom, who, in the final analysis helped to reorganize and put the final touches on my pride and joy. And, Finally, to the American People who will have the intestinal fortitude to take these truths and use them to restore the Republican form of government that was given us just 219 years ago.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
CONTENTS
Part Description (# of pages) 1. INTRODUCTION (2 page) H. ARTICLE XIII (1 page) 111. AFFIDAVIT of authenticity of recordable documents (2 pages) IV. RECORDABLE DOCUMENTS National Archives Document; Exhibits A- I thru A- 10 (10 pages, sealed) Exhibits XA-2 thru XA- 10 (9 pages) Exhibits B- I thru B-9 (9 pages) Exhibits C- I thru C-51 (51 pages) V. GOVERNMENT CLAIMS & RESPONSES, Regarding various aspects of the ratification of
the Titles of Nobility Amendment (12 pages) VI. DISCUSSION DOCUMENTS 27 documents (64 pages) VII. FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION... (1 page)
Titles of Nobility Amendment
1. INTRODUCTION WITH BRIEF
EXPLANATION OF DOCUMENTS Since 1991, when David and Thomas accepted me into this research project, I have had the honor of working with them on this most intriguing story. My intention, with these writings and documents, is to make a very complex subject more easily understood. Anyone who obtains this information will, hopefully, gain a basic understanding of the subject. The result should be: A) a concrete foundation to work from, B) a good understanding of what to expect from government representatives, and how to respond to their arguments, C) an understanding of the fact that the Amendment was ratified, on or before, March 12, 1819, D) that it was widely accepted as such, and not in error, as some government representatives might suggest, E) a good understanding of the real meaning of this "enforcer" to the Constitution. The reader will understand that over the last four years, 99% of the responses received from representatives of the United States Government have lacked credibility. There is an overwhelming amount of documentary evidence on the ratification procedure, ratification of, acceptance and meaning of this amendment. From the beginning of the letter writing in 1991, to date, the government representatives who insist this amendment was not ratified, have seemed unable to find even one Circular from the President of the United States, the Congress or the Secretary of State, to the Governors of the Several States and/or Territories stating, 'This amendment was published erroneously." They are unable to explain why it was not ratified. Of course, we are speaking of the players of that era, 1813 - 1825. We have checked the journals of the President, Congress and the Secretary of State and have found nothing, not a Circular or letter. If you wanted to change the course of history, contrary to a lawful enactment, what would be the means by which you could accomplish that task? You could wait until the players of the enactment died, or destroy or bum any records of its existence, and pretend that it doesn't exist for a few generations, until it is gone and forgotten. All of these methods were employed to try and erase the ratification of the Titles of Nobility Amendment. We have much more documentation that is not addressed here, which will be addressed in subsequent works. The means by which the "demise of the Titles of Nobility Amendment" was almost accomplished will be addressed in much greater detail, later.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
This project was put together with the purpose of providing a means by which anyone can learn how to assert the Law of the Land. There is no guarantee that courts will honor the law, (which is all that should be honored), but without the evidence being submitted, there is no possibility that they will. The first affidavit, along with the documents identified within the affidavit, provide Prima facie evidence of the foundation upon which the ratification was based. Most states have published the Titles of Nobility Amendment somewhere during the period of 1818 to 1876. Most states, in their "Rules of Evidence", also provide that any publication by state or federal government may be entered into the record. It is suggested that you go to your law library and find the statutes, codes, acts and/or laws from that period (1818 -- 1876) and review them. Generally, the United States Constitution is the first entry in the book. It is followed by the amendments to the Constitution, and here is where you may find the Titles of Nobility Amendment. It may only appear for a year, or two, so you should review all of the years indicated. Use the included list of states/territories (D-25) as a guide. Make copies of the frontispiece of the book, as well as the amendments, which should be added to the documents mentioned above. This package (Affidavit, Exhibits and copy of your states version of the Titles of Nobility Amendment) can be submitted as evidence in court, or recorded in the public records. Certified copies of the public records can then be entered into the court record. You may need to attach them to a motion, petition or judicial notice, depending on the "rules of evidence". I hope that you will understand the significance of what you are reading. If the Law of the Land is asserted in every courtroom in the country, it will not be long before it is again recognized as fundamental to the preservation of our Liberty. Remember, "Just because something is not officially recognized does not mean it doesn't exist.” "Nothing need be said to illustrate the importance of the prohibition of titles of nobility [titles of honor]. This may truly be denominated the cornerstone of republican government; for so long as they are excluded there can never be serious danger that the government will be any other than that of the people.
Alexander Hamilton - FP #84
Titles of Nobility Amendment
II.
ARTICLE XIII
If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatsoever., from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them. (Note.- The 13th article of amendments to the Constitution was proposed at the second session of the eleventh Congress.) (Note: Virginia provided the final ratification which adopted the Titles of Nobility Amendment as the
13th article of amendment to the Constitution, on, or before, March 12, 1819)
AffidavitI, Brian H. March, hereby deposes and states the followingfacts, that:
1. That f have, along with David Dodge and Thomas Dunn,extended many hours of research in the matter of theratification of the Titles of Nobility Amendment to theConstitution of the United States of America;
2. That said Amendment was ratified and recognized as theThirteenth Amendnrent to the Constitution of the United Statesof Ameriea for over 56 years;
3. That conclusive proof of these facts are attached hereto,and identified as follows:
a. Exhibits A-1 thru A-10, which are identified as true andconect copies of documents on file with the National Archivesand Records Administration, an entity of the United Statesgovernment, whieh documents set forth the requirementsrequired to ratifr said fitles of Nobility Amendment, as perArticle V of the Constitution of the United States of Anerica;firrther, said docurnents establish, uneguivocallp that only theratification by Virginia was necessary to complete theratification process and establish said fitles of NobilityAmendment as a part of the Constitution of the United Statesof America and the law of the land;
b. Exhibits XA-z thru XA-10, and identifred as copies ofthose documents eertified as true and correct and identified asExhibits A-1 thru A-10, these copies being of the samedocument* although clearer and more legible;
c. Erhibits B-1 thru B-9, which are identifred as a coverletter and copies frour various law books, as identified in the
:- cover letter, said letter being a certifrcation as to theauthenticity of the subsequent copies, executed by Thomas D.Burney, Rare Law Book Librarian, Law Library' Library ofCongress , with particular emphasis on Exhibit B2' whichconfrrms that ratification, by Virginia, of the Titles of NobilifAmendment:
Affidavit of Brien ilarch Pagn I ofZ Prgct
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d. Exhibit C-l thru C-46, which are identified as anaffidavit confirrning the authenticity of the copies from variouslaw books, as identified in the affidavit, said affidavit being acertification as to the authenticity of the subsequent copies,executed by Deborah M. Kozerski, Law Librarian, University ofNew Mexico, Albuquerqrre, New Mexico;4. That the above docunents provide conclusive proof of theRatifrcation of the Titles of Nobility Arrrendment' on or beforeMarch 12, 1819, and that, as such, said Amendment was, is, andwill continue to be, the Law of the Land;5. That there is no record of repeal of said Titles of NobilityAmendment.6. That the attached documents are prima facie proof ofsame.7. That I am prepared to testifu, in a court of law, to the truthof the statements made herein, should I be ealled to do so.
I, Brian H. March, certifu that the above statements and factsare truqr and correct to the best of my belief and knowledge, onthis / 2 day of /4o,u , the year of our Lord, Nineteenhundred and ninety--' -3-T ,
elo 4845 Los Serranos Court, N.W.Albuquerqlre, New Mexico
Witnesseth:
dated: dated: s l'xl9s
(Valid only if all signatures are in blue ink)
CERTIFIED CORRECT
Affidavit of Brian March Page2 of2 Pages
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'$gport Book, Volume 3, page 15.
the house of reoresentativesi
Pursuant to a resolution of the house of representativesof the 31st of d.ecT last requesting information of thenumber of states vrhich had ratifiect the lbth article ofthe amendments to the constitution of the united. states,r transnit to the bouse a deiailed reoort frour the secre-iary 6f state, shich coniains all the informatlon that hasbeen received. Lrpcn that sr:bject. trTo tiine will be losi incommunicati-ng to ihe Eouse the anssers of the governors oftbe srates of South Carolina arra Virginia, to the enquiriesstated. by the secretary of siaie to have been recentlyaddressed to then, when tney are re.ceived. at ihai d.epartment.
Ilashington february 4. 1818 (.signed)Jane s ltrorlroe
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Report Book, Volume 3, pages 14, 15.
The Presid.ent of the United. States
Maryland., on the ebth of d.ecember, 1g10.Kentucky, on the BIst of january, 1g11.Ohior orl the 31st of january, 1g11.Delaware, on the Znd of febru&rJlr 1g11.Pennsylvaniar. on the 6th of february, 1g11.New Jersey, on the lgth.of february, 1g11.Verngrtfr: on the A4th of bctober, 1g11.Tennessee, on the Zlst of november, 1g11.Georgia, on the lgth of d.ecember, 1g11.Ilorth Carolina, on the ?3d of d.ecember, 1g11.Ma.ssachusetis, on .the Z?th of febnrary, J.LLA.New l{aupshire, otr the 10th of decernber, Ig1e.
That
Department of State 3d february
The secretary of state, to whom was refered a resolu_tion of the house of reoxeseniatives of the glst of d.ecemberlast requesting informatlon of the nr:mber of statel rhlc\have ratifled' the thirteenth article of the amendnents to- theconstitutlon of the united. states, :Droposed. at the second.session of the elevenih congress, has the honor respeetfullyto report to the lSresideni, that it appears, by authenticdocuments, on file in the office of the d.epart:nent oi. staie,that the said. article was ratified -
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That it frrrther appears, by authentic documents, alsoon file, that the sald article sras rejected -
By 13. New Yorkr 9n the L?th-of march, 1814.
L4. Rhode Island, on the Lbth of seotember, 1814.
Tbat 15.
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It was submitted. to the legislature of the stateof .Connecticut at l{ay session, 1811; but that,as late as the 22na of April, l-813, accord.ing toa letter of that date from gover:lor Srnithr Doflnal d.eclsion had taken place tbereon: that lnpursuance of the resolution of the house of repre-sentaiives in conformity to whieh thi.s "eport ismad.e, the secrerary of state addressed a letterto the governor of Conneeticut, and enclosed toh!m, at the same tirne, a copy of the proposed arnend.-ment to the ccnstitution, requesti.ng information asto any fi.rial oeclsion in relation to it, and tha!the answer to saio.lerter, unCer d.ate oi the z}tt'Jul-tirno was acconpanied by a copy oi resolutions ofthe general assembly of that comr0ony.'ea1th, declar-ing that the amendraent was not ratlfied..0n the egth of .november, 1811. a report was madeby a comnii;iee of the senate of South Carolina,recommend.ing the ad.option of the amendatory article,which reoort vas agreed tor and- orCered. to be sentto the house of representatives, irr which hou-se arenort was also mad.e on the subjeet on tbe 7th ofd.ecember, 1813, reconmending the rejection of tbesaid. article, but which rerrort does not appear tohave been d.efinitively acted" upon by that houseiThat the secretary of state add.ressed. to the goves-nor of South Carolina a letter, wi-th a copy of tbeamendment, of a like tenor to that rvhich he add.rees-ed to the governor of Connecticut, to which he hasnot hitherto recelved. any ansrier.A similar letter accompanied. also by a copy of theamend.ment was written by the secretary of state tothe governor of Virginia, from whom, up to thisperiod., ac anrsuer has been r ecei-ved, at the depart-ment of siate, on the subject.
All which is respeeifully submltted.
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Itressages and. Papers of the Presldents, 1?89-L89?r by Janes D.Rlcbardson, Volurne II, pa€fe 29. :
February 27, 1818.
I communicate herewitb to the House of Representatives acopy of a letter from the governor of the State of SouthCarolina to the Secretary of State, together rvlth extractsfrom the journals of proceed.ings ia both branehes of thelegislature of that Cornmoawealth, relatlve to a proposedamend.meut of the Constitution, which letter and. extracts areconnected wlth the subject of rny cornmunlcation to the House
of tbe 6th lnsiani.JAUES MOI'TROE.
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THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESSWASIIINGTON, D.C. 205{0
OFFICE OF THE I"AW LIBRARIANoFFICE (202) 707-5065FAX (202)707-t8?o September 30, 1993
To: Brihn Il. MarchDavid M. DodgeTom Dunn
Dear Sirs:This is to certify that r.-am,the Rare Law Book Librarian,Library of congress, and in that capacity r made for you three(each) true copies of the Llst below:
l. 0utside cover of Acts of Asserobly, 1818-r9 (office Law)Z. Cover page of "Acts Passed at a General Assenbly of the
Commonwealth of Virglnia. . . (Dated lg I9) .3. Page 50 (fron above), starts with, "four freeholders
sub j ect to such J-evy, . . . "4. Page 62 (fron above), starts with, "An act, relatinginto one the severa1...tr5. Page 63 (fron above), starts sith, "ecutive may appointfor Ehat purpose. It. . , "6 . 0utside cover of , ttJustice of the peace r tt "potter r rl
KFN 7920.P69 1929. "7 . Inside page (f rorn no. 6)
By Eenry Potte!,...8. Next page (fron no. 6),
Auerica. ft
9. Inside the book (from no. 6), starts with, "lhe Consti-tutLoa of the UnLted States of Auer'ica.r'
10. Page 4O4 (fron no. 6), starts with, "such majority, thenf rom che persons..tt and euds with, ttthe last artlcle lrasproposed et the second session of Eleventh Congress andwas ratlf led. rr
I hope this ls of help to you all, ln your quesr ro ftnd thetruth, in our past.
, tt... Justice of the Peace,1828. "starts wlth, ttunLted states of
S incerely,ah,-,a2.Thonas D. BurueyRare Law Eook LLbrarianLaw LibraryLl.brary of CongressWashiugtonr DC ZO54O
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5l Ir 'rrnr,. toRTt-TnlRD Yr..rR.o? TnE colfltortzllTtr.- -foor fn"ehnlrlerr sulrjeet lo ruch lovrr to rwrnl t nVonod?ar totlre onlcr of corrrt rvhcreby ruch levy wrr loid.-if. uporr rhc in-lpectiorr of :r copy of ruclr onler. it rhrll lppeir thit the hrrTlrrs been llirl corrtrrry to lnw I attrl, ot the rlnre time. it rlroll bcla.rful ln rrrynrrl a earliorari to caure tlre reconl of :uch hvv tobc crrtilied intu (lre firperior court of taw traving jrrrixlici,unovcr ruch coua{y Wlrrrr ruch rtconl shall be 'ro-cirtified. lharuperiur cuurt shall pruceerl. without tlelr.v; to reyenl? or allirmthe orrler'laying the rerrl levy. ll to ilrcm nrry rcrm right.lVhenever such ntpnselra.r arul crrliocoti rholl be grrntrrl. itshall br latrful for -the corrrt ol' thc countyr sithout rveiting tha6nal rlecirion thereof. ot erry timr, to rescinrl the'orrler lrying theraid levy.'anrl to procerrl lbrthwith rgairr lo:lay the eouirrv'levyeccunliirg tu hw.'rrnrl ?o carrse thc renre to lxi cullected in tht'manner hercin Itefnre provitlerl.-ln like mEnn?ri. if rhc ordbiafirrer:ritl lle rryer'r'rl ljv the superior eourt, lhe couuty courf nrayproccerl, at tn.v tinre ullr,rrnnlr. lo lry the lcvy nc.t,iling to lari. .Ilr all etrlrcr. irr rvhich nor counly lcvv sftall bc lairl after tl1..1un.tultn ul' ruch crrultlv court. the rhcrill'or collector slrull be alllwe{Iie nr,rntlrs, fronr tlrr. tinrr,: uf suclr lev-v, lirr cnllcrlirrg' rrrtl EG.corrrrlirrg tlrcrelirr. ![ nny slrr.ri{l'nr iultr:ctor .hull. ainnv time.cultcct:rnv rnoney levirrl ir rforesrirl, arrl suclr leyt' nhalI be of-trrrcanlg're.eirrrlerl or rcrerr(.rl in llre nialrner albrcrrirl. suchrlrerilf or colleclor shall firrthryillr rcturn thc monr.v. so collecled,to the pcrson or persrrns from whom it rlrall havc irr.en rcceised :and. irr fuilure thereol, lre lnrl lris securitier, hir onrl their crrcu-toru arrrl arlnrinirtratrrrr. slrall he liablc lo ttrc same r?covery rnd'rlumnges, ar ir lrrtrvirlcrl in ctsr: ol' hir failure Io pay uther rnorreyduu I'rotn lrirn a.,r colluclrrr ol' trir cnunly lryie,r.
$ l-;. 'l'lris rct rhall cnrnnrcnre rurl lie in firrce from rntl aftertlrc first rlay of Jnlrrrar.y eiglrtcr:rr ltuttrlrerl attrl lwnnty i ercetrt roluur:llthertirf rs lullruiiz.er tlre jtt,lgr.* ol'the suirr:rioico,rrtt rri le-to.i srrr il sr,t,,,r'r/drns lrrrl "r7li,,rafi tn cnri'nct tn crroueoulcoultl-y l,.v_r. anrl '.rs rclatcs to llre Porfer of tlrc cuuoty courtr;lnrl t[rt: rlutv of tlrc rlrcrill',rr collr:ctrir r'rrnrtcrtnrnt tlrtrcdn. rrhichrhull .,ru,r,i..n"o anrl bc irr l'ul'c fi'rrtn rnd after tlrc pusingtlrr:reol.
)K-+ t:tr'\t''r''tt,l,,l',Y,;l;ilf,'..l.ili;.ilf.:::,i'ii#ii'rlli::i::ii or thc rr*nratirkrorrhr l. Ih il ,rnnelel hq tha Gpntal.{s.rcm6lrr, 'l'lrat tlrere rhrll bebt' b b prt{rnl publirlrcrl arr erlitiorr'ol' the tarrs of tlri,r Cririrrrrunrvealth, in rhiclr
ihall br eontainnrl tlrt f,rllosirr: mlttun. that ir to sot:cai*rire arrhr 'Ftrc constitutiorr of tlrc tliircd Slutcr, lnd thc irnenrlrncntrOd..a rr.r,r. theretoT-
-
I q11-',i.or 'fticloratirrn of riglrts mrdc bv tlre repreicnlativer of tlre goodlrl'l..t 'dl peonte of virginia, rr-serrrblerl irr'fult onij l'rr.q conrention, sirichrJghts rl.o pertuio to them, nnrl thcir porteritv, qr tlre barir rnd 'luilnrlalton of government.
cr-i'rln rr rrh _'Ilre conrtitution or lbrm of government^agreerl.tor and rcrolv.-;$ttr. to r'irs*l ad upon, by the rlrlegrtcr a.nrl.r-prercntativiJof thc reveral cooo.':Lil' ' r ,'...1 'rri.-^-ri^-l
^r Vi-i-il .tttrt onrl corponrtlons ol. vlfBtntt. t
I,Il
(:rtx!a'E"nl.
An rct, rcpectr of the pr:Lhir Commotrrcnteetr lrundrc
An rct, lo rcrrtrin rctr ofLlecembcr tlrctaven.
,{n uct, to plution of thethird, qnc th6r.
An act. for. the Northenr 'Frirfur, Beror.Scrrtland. Pr' .{ n act. forthe boundr ofPrrced in onc'An act. firrrrn Neck, in tenrl eiglrly-6r.
An rct, corFemeil Decctrninetl<ir.
A lc'rolutior:rv into ef,ltctl{eck. Aqrcetceu liunrlrirl .
An rctt lo n
to eonvev to tright nf ilris CI tlre rivet'0hio.teYe?] hunr.lrerl
f,p 16?, CoDito tlrc Unitcd .
drrd and eightAn act,tuth.
rrnite witlr corrunning I linrthir ComrnonrtwentY-rccond
AnLct, frrrtitv of territrrrgri:s arremblcmcnt. Puralrd eighty-nin
An tct. cun,into rn indcPseventecn hunr
An rct, fottsccn tlrir Str:' bv clrtrio comp'u.pour. Prhoodred.' Arr rctt coscd. Pcc4obert
' Atr onlinince, to enrblc tlie prertnt mrgirtnte! rnd ollicrn toit.il .J-olhrelrrr&- ',r_- .L r !. ^ ... t2 , ,. ^ir. ^r .rrl.Jo,h., r'r&- An onlininctr to enrblc tlie-prertnt mrgir_tnte! rnd ollicrn toi;;;Ub..--- - ctxrlinue the rdrninirtration of jurticcl and for rcttling the pnc. i
ral ttrude rrf prnt'cerlincr.in er:ruinrl rorl othcr c!rc& ttill thei6!nre crur be nrote rrrrl:l.y prrrritlerl for. Tlrc rirth tcctiotr oultI'uascrl July tlrirtle s"-.v.r,i.irr hundred end teventy.ri:,
Evh;b;* "o- D" ft.'2"F5 EXHIBIT B-3ty.oaa' ,, ,
... r.-. r L.r€- -'t-
: r!- '.^rr^€5:
r ilj 9t''.1 l:)'.lj'.1:')(jo.:: I -iiiti r)il
trr '-ntrot.- rnon I.r. -/r _._..;-r.t
l-r',-..1.r^.4 -a ,t6-
lr..,rnrrt,' ^ft-. ,:.t ) .-l:s "/ urev-.--i"r.l :3,.'.i.!:oo. itllro a-a6qP'-
' talg rrt rrtJg. L f
iroierc:tbe.i,lie urtitr', in'.,lrici, i!:e -cr?!':ll lii;;.i 311;i1i,l*:aqbii"ired! :il,r" ccie. clr?ruil.I ci:rs:iur ll:r::r acc-oruin? to thlil' rubjec!I 'nli:e:', '.v:ii,c'.:: iB:::".:nc'-: TJ it:e ii::re oI rhci: c:::s*g ;:.5p;.noEe
c.:l:ic..:i::.r'i,,'. l'::q tii:re ci' iire e3::3::on o-[ e:cil pccvi:icu- o€ chei::rv. rtnri tu nralis:ucir itriet xo(,i: cf es:icneLlori .:t::ti reierence,L lte :irail tie:ru Dr,rllr'.': lre :;all.cause'io.be nrade Dc()!te:- mul-
5! .;:::l ::oi3s ,ri :ile cunie:iis ci *:lch .;p.ciiou.':'.nd e i'uil r;:r[ com-;F i,a:': ir':du: lo i:1,: "f i:rric co'.ic: a::ri l:e :iruii C:s:,c lle rroof
i&in..this Staiet-+ne ccDr to ihe iieasiir'?i. siirlitoc. aotl regis- ., .
it"t:aic.-1T'leg'.he:eid copis ii::i[ be rece.iviil, is shii[ bq .i.\e Eccttrc.copia;bril::.::ciary'of .rhe E.ecc-iiuaio'rer:li:r ierrccies :;eieui.; ia.il:ec0!ncil Edistnbu:'tr'
f1.i"'0.', i;. 'i;;:;,;'t'h-" i;i:;;';lupo'i*o't'qi*,.1" Et-..; - - /irrp:li, u:C ic iisrr:buie ihe resic:e. cr.i{r rntn-y thei:eciirs-mio be! da:*sa.cr, in :ae rIta,tne:'. fuiio:nxx ;-E','e cogiesf to.' ihe cler.k of
si:,:e:-. r:tr i:e ':':l'--iuii'; c:i::::i::::i. 'ju';i::: ii::: :'.:i:iir':r:n::. ij: ,:i:::llile liiu.;e.J ;n ":rrliiu-,,. rvir-rr iirr: :r3iri'ub::.:.!irrr rri'i!re i:ec.Jli;e.,.,ira o,' ;r:s:'e cic:'iii'or' :tssi:;,rr,rs. ,r, i.,.1 ;,, ihe iii:tiriir.;,; ,rt *eu":::.s: :;o:'ti:.: : :::;l itu. .'.':ir ll..t ,:liili.; ''li' :..isi.j:..ii:;-. ucresaiu.:i::r[ ,-.: lii'.,rrr:.J.ltv ii:c 1:l:'.::i-.-,:- ^ ,.1;x!{ri.lli.li:.: c;;:lenj;::cn irrciir:L. :?i..':.c!.:. .,, 're p;riri rlrl! r.)i :i:: prr!ii; i:..::rsr::.,,-. L-pr:n :isc:'.'liicl,:: i!:ui '.itc la',v3 ;1i.i,'"iiliti i::';a tee:l c::e;''.:ii; c:::::ti::r:tl.:l;c ihai le :lii: :itern cor.:.rcrll- lr.:i:icrl. :!:1.,, :lr:,rii'le :.:.:::;-ejii gg;.'ie:c: i:l ine ilt!.c rt.i:.'.i:..".' a:i ii:1.: ,rc:.-'i ;,,,1s.
5. -i::ri ivi:::'i:s trlronas nit<J[:igi::::i: 3s,,::ee,l to unrigr::lle r1':esu'jiicl;',lc oi' iilc .iilfEffi, ilr:,::r:,,':s a;;;:.p.rl.i.-:.::d ic d,e-t. ,. ii.sc: ;c ri:e i'-::crrtiva. ii,c :j:,: use oi' tir: Connuc.lri:':it::. -(bsr/tho,asud coFits thcreq(',..ril ci'irrti;i. bnrintl und 'i=iierffiilccesli'.1-:c :::a pr:ce r:r:i:: l:,:ilLl'.; ii;i'e:cir cirrrr'.;;,ife ii.agsir:tlIcnoies.rri1g1.sf i r::.: ':o i)e ci.:iir-:rt,j o:: r)c b,::":t.c :i:e li;-:i gliv ,riDec::r:bet.:::J.''.!ie le:iciue. (ru iJr' ,.rei.uce ii:e i,r'-.i tiilZ,ri.l,ratiurt.ics;. ; /
.' 3e .it ilze.t.jo:z.funltr encclci. Th::t ile isecu:ire :i:lii be Dcty er:i:: i::sur..:. i !
.'-'.:r.sc. il:e.v rre irerail,v rurhod;:d ::,nd ie.iu;iad:io coaii:c!'#.ih ;lre lir'.Xl-**uu"..'jsaid'iiiomasiiic[ie,l.ccthet[eiice:Y..'itFe.seicti3lti:ous;,nd...J..;..cc.pies oi tue ccde athresairi.'r.t iile iirir::s. aot,i'oc ihe prics ai'ore-.:
:tce-irou.re oi :!re Generr.i. -{:sarr,bir. ioc r're useloi tbe saii.locses. resuqc::relT i-'ioc 6se't io eacr oi-ihe judge:.oithe coure ,;-tocs85. reSDqC::"elT i-'iOC Co.Pi io gaCI 0i-ine Ju.U933.ot Lte coultp( 10oe3.ls- Iecera!. couri. rcd juiienoc cc&r'.s ol chai:celT ;-onetSopi rq each- o f ihe j o ciges oi ;n*cou rcg ot' ih e Ulited S r.ates rasirie !, I .
!i: nac :'.tooiaa nr:?0f ;toi? cl::i::J iOr.cris: i.i6
! lreri L'omO?::t"t:O::.
licrv 1;- t"er-: :i=ii!:< :lttur=tttiqci.
.)< t
)ui:;rc0r]
!$i Sor:lr? :lci.i..;vgr :o iig "e:lt-i lerr-erc:r tbr cire'use oe'.hG depa:::ne::!: cee coi:r. io ihe prlsi-.
!.geec andciiiecito oi ihe llieccr lunt!. a:ni lo ll..e occsirle:11ind'dir.eern- oi rhe uoerti t1€ puilic *o"ris.-ie,ca..locijie use ui'.ieic coarg3 iEscec:i"eiv I oce .'.oor to''Lrorniu jelle$onl' james
lSOn- AnU Jame: -\iOfl:Ce. 93Cli :-r1Oa cOav io iiraiunennten- '
rart -. -ior -rrl9g b\
ar li:i oi iires: 33'J Or3se:i:
:::T3 7('lcrn€'j .- in :cii. ' ti rtq r.rtF O.-- ,l gr.t r, r v !, Y
' ' ;. r.'.,
re{riace su, illruiE it- ac
.!)o; i5 ,5i- E| tlre'E*eitivi!t
I I, Bcnjoo.* l4otlmu bieh wetd by ttu dd o! dsmnllggfratidng fot tlw republication of tla La.,e 0J llis Conmuwcalth,n:tcd Jltardt l% 1819, ntpet'ntcnd,td, of tlrc nd publinlion, do
Fay ccrttJy, tlwt the La,ws ynntcl b tnrr frst oohmu, Irlrvc bcat
?rrJully e.zamined, anl, t.rvgi', (v:tlh tlu eaptwn ol tla cnon, udtl, in'Iu tslle of mqtnr) I"frd tlwn concctlg ymilcd.II B. W. LEILE.
Riclmond, I8 t9.
ENBATI-Prge 6*, I S, line 18, for l;lctlmt4rcrd.f*&rd.- 68, t J1 linc 7, bcfore vord 6c, read,ltn rcnudgrbcof,
116, t 69, lirre 9, f_or of tlufea, rerd d aVtttfu.181' I -3' line 10, foq itv,trrilrc 4 rcef-prcaaa-to dc &20q, I 61r-lrrt word, fw uar&ry1 rcl,@g.220, lin9 14, beforc-te vord gfuir tdf,li-'of tb ,225, c.68r I 1, Iine3, rftcr Earrilrnrrr,dd,Vo-sd..272, 1 19, tine g, beforc lc hqp"ct, tailfivly.277, 1 f, line 2, beiore rc$ilrlfirrld4ecrcdold.31*, i - 8, line 43, rftcr " ior rcning n:ttrcbareot on tie bodyr'
63 inet€ad of 53 ceotlq?5-' I 13, lino 8, for net *ightouragr rerd ncd t togl&our:*g.s16, linc 3r for taad Oci, rerd hr& 6c.376, I 3, fi,ne 12, for lu or *u f,ara, rui lu er the dln[ tp.ea378r I 16r lines 5 end 6, for in uurrcdi orlly o*A41q line 1, for eaa, rcrd da.{3q t 67, line 7, omit vord tra,tl ttc end of tlrc Ene.r 166, c. 119, I lr linc 10, bctweln the rordsjnrcnr, gF6b tctd or.179, liqe 8, (from bortom,) for ogorrc4 reed oitcirud.5+8' 9 1, line 8, ifter wukr<haifrrctd rqr'caar.599, line 12, onit ryord anyrtt 6e beginniog of the line.
EXHIBIT B-;
..'1'. j
o' Itt
ot ?tl
OF A PUBUC AND nEnMANEllT NATUEE, Ag AnE NOW IN fORCE 1
WITE A GENEBAL INDEX.
@B[qBRA& ABEtsUIIB&ED
i0 iotca 1r3 riE lltD, .:.TtrD CONSTITUTION OF TIIE UNITF:D. 91,{3,4; r
1'ltB D}:CLA|TATION Or. RtGttTt.;llo
TIIE CONSTITUTION OF VITTGINIA.'...:-.+
put$l,ant to aa act of thc Gatf'.ol Ssembly,a{illeil .. An &tpooi{ilry tor llv rc.puhlicctbl of llu Lz;us of lhit &mwaucdllh"r,?rs$d Jllatdt f9.18f9.
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\; '.: YoLUME I. /6, crF,)'...,.
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(e.gJ\r-i!NICIIJ'IOJVI)
PRrlrrED Bt. TtlolrAg nfrclllE,tltfEr aro tlrt cortottl^Lil.
r8t 9.
EXHIBIT <6- 6
@bl'frsbf$eii @obs
LAWS OF YIRGINIA:lgro
.q COLLBCTIOJV OF ALL SUCE ACTE
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September l, l9g3
AFFADAVIT
r hJec!n-Lt-!1: Kx gItH, -1atl-l-:-Lraerd- - --- --,UnivereJ.ty of Nev !1exrco, AJ.buquerque, Neu llexico,sound mind, do solemrrly svear,/af f irm the f olloving:On August 31, 1993,' I uitneesed Brlan H. llerch make tvo(2) true copieeof the 16 books listed belor, vlth Article 13 es part of the UnltedStates Constitution, in each said book. I personaJ.Iy yent througheach of the 16 aforenentloned bookE and verlfled that each contai.nsArticle r3 of the United States Constitution, vhich reade as follors:
ArtLcl.e XIf I. ( l3)If any cLtlzen of the UnLted Steteg shsll accept, clah, receLve,or retal'n, eny title of nobiltty or honorr or ehall, rithout theconaent of congreetE, accept and reteln any preeent, penelon, office orerolurent of any kind rhstever, fror any erperor, kJ.ng, prl"nce, orforeLgn porer, guch person ehell ceaae to be a cl.tl.zen of the UnLted'\\--- Statea, and ehsll be incepable of holdl.ng any offLce of trueit orprofit under ther, or either of ther.
The llet of booke 1s as follorel 1) Revieed Statutes ofColorado--1868; 2) Revised LavE of Indlana--1831; 3) Revlsed Statutesof Indiana--1838; 4) Lave of fove--lg3g-1g39; S) Stetutee of theTerritory of Kanees--1855; 6) Revlsed Laus of llieeouri--L823i 7lStatutes of l'tlsEouri--1835; g) Lars of Nebraska--1857; 9) Lavs ofNebraska--1859i L@) Laus of ilebraska--1860; ll) Lavs of the Terrltoryof Nebraska--1861, Lzl'BeneraI Stetutes of Nebraske--1873; 13)Statutes of Ohlo--f831; 14) Pennsylvania Di.geet of Lars--1A24;15) PubIic Lavs of the State of Rhode Island--1822; 16) The ConpJ.ledLavs of tlyoming--1876.
at the Lav Library,of legal age and of
***. !-L?Is*/z=ldltnessed:
Witnessed:
DEte:
Dete:
Date:
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EXHIBIT c- \
TEE
REYISED STATIITES
COLORAD O:,I.s PIIiSED TA TEE
SEYENTH SESSION 0F TrrE LEGISITTIYE tSSEltBty,CONYENED ON TI]N SECO){D DAY OF DEC9]fBER, A. D. 1867.
atso, TaD
ACTS OF A PUBLIC NATURE PISSED .IT THE.S.I,ilS SNS.
SIO\ AND TEE PRIOR LIWS STILL IN FORCE.
IOOETUEE FITN
{IEE DECI.^N^TION OT'INDEPENDE.\CE, TEE COXSTITI'TION OF ITEEUNITED sfAfEs, TEE OBGANIC ACT, A^{D TEE
AIIE.\DIIENTS TEEB ETO.
EXHIBIT c- n ,
POBLISEED 8Y AVTEON TY,
. CENTBAL CITY:P8IIITD BI DAYTD C. COIIIB8 TT TEB BSOIETEB OT'ICE.
1868.
TEBRITORY OT' COLORADO, } -^sEcBETABYtg OtrtrICE, 'f o"'
I, Fnlxx ElLt, Secretary of Colorailo Territory, do herebycertify that I heve delivereil to Drvro C. Cor,r,run, PublicPrinter, truo end correct copies of all L.lws, Jorst Brsor,u.TIoNs, and Msilonrar.s, together with tbe Bevised aud Consol.iilatecl S[atutes, now on file in my ofrce, passed at tbe SpysxruSnssrox of the Legislative Aasombly of the Territory of Colo.rado, begun at Golden City on the 2d day of December, A. D.1867, and adjourned to Denver on the 9th day of December,
a. D. 1867.
fn testimony whereof, I have horeunto set my hand and
afrred the great seal of the Territory of Colorado.
[t. s.] Dono at Denver, this 22d clay of Janurry, intho ycar of our Lord, oae thousand eight hun-Cred ard sirty-eight.
FRANK SALL,&naary of Colnrad.o Tenfnry.
EXHIBIT c - 3
TABIE OT' CO}{TENTS.
ln oct to coBDel thc Keencrs of ABctlon gtaDds 8Dd Co
A}TE5D}TT.YTS TO TEE COIiSTITUTION. 27
ABTICLE XII.1. The electors shdl meet in their respective states aud vole
by ballot for presideat aud vice-president, one of whom, atleast, shall not be an ilhabitant of the same state as themselves Ithey shall name in their ballots the person voted for as presi-den't, and in distinc: ballots the persdn voted for as vice-irresi-dent; and they shall make disiinct lists of all persons voted,for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president,and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall signand certifv, s,nd traesnlit sealed to the seat of government "oftho United States. di:ected to the president of the senate I thepresident of the senate shall, ia thi presence of the senate and.house of representariyes, open all the certifi.cates, and the votesrhall theu be counted : the'person having the greatest number\g ,f yotes for presideat shall be the president, if such nuuber bea majority of the whoie number of electors appointed; and if' no person have sucb majority, _then from the persons havingthe highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of thosevoted for as presidert, the house of representatives shall ohooscimmediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the pres-ident, the votes shall be taken by states, the represeniationfrom each state having one vote; a quorum for this purposogball consist of a member or members from two thirds ol thastates, and a majoriqy of all the states shall be necessary to achoice. And if the house of representatives shall not chooge apresident whenever ibe righi qf choice shall devolve upon them,before the fourth da-i of l{arch follorving, then the vice-presiident shall ect as preiideut, as in the caseif the death or otherconstitutional clisabil-it,r of the president.
2. The person heving tbe greatest number of votes as vice-president,-shall be rice-presideut, if such number_be a majorityof the rrhole number of electors aopointed; and if no personhave a majority, thea from the trvo highest numberg in the list,the senate shall ehoose the vice-president; a quorum for theDurpose shall conskt of trvo thirds of the whole number ofi.oitotr,aud a majority of the whole number shall benecessaryto a choice.
3. But ao persor constitutionally ineligible to the ofrce ofpresident, slitt Ue eligible to thit of frce-prerident of thoUnited States.
ANTICLE XIIL1. If any citizen of the United States shall accept, elaim, re-'- ,oive, or retein, auy title of nobility or honor, or shall, wiihout
the consent of congresq sccept and retain aDJr Present, pension,oftce or erqolument of auy kind whatever, from xny €mperor,
EXHIBIT
?8 AIffND}fENlS TO TEE COITSTITUTIO.{.
king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to bo acitizan of the United States, and. shall be incapable of holdingruy ofrcc of trust or pro{it under them, or either of them.
ARTICTE XIY.1. Neither slavery or involuniary servitude. except as a Dun-
irhment for crime rihereof the pari-v shall haie been duly con-vioted, shall erist within the ll;iteil States, or any piaci sub-ject to their jurisdiction.- 2. Congresi shall have power to enforce this article by appro.priate legislation.
[trot!.-TbaUthrrltcboltbctE.ldn Dlrt thccoutlluliorrr.proDo..drlth.locold!.slo!,cf lbo lhlrd €qr.r 3 th. l2tb .rttct.. rl thr iEt !illol o( th. cisbth €olaitct! i std t!. l3ll rr'UtlG rl th! rccoDd l.sllo! ol lha clcvtBtb co!8xcs. l
EXHIBIT (-6
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J'soti
TITE :{,l.;
EXHIBIT C-7
.1..
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EY
1'.; I
d't4+
.F,.a
RAYTSED LAIryS
ESDIEA$TAta9t.
Ilii WHICH A.R,E COMP.RISED ALL SUCH ACTS OF A GM{ERAL I,,: "-; j
NATUIib'iN,S ENP IN FORCE IN SAID STATE;.-.,;.n.-t . AIPTTED AID E$ACTED BY TEE .I
' lt -. 4':
GEINERAL ASSEMBLY :.'la'
't.AT TEEIB FNFTEEITE SESSION...'...1i '.? .
_a
w cEssIoN oF N. W. TERBITORY.
if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi-denf whenerer the right of choice shall devolve upol: them,before the fourth day of tr{arch next following,then-the Yice.Prresident shall act as President, as in the case of the deat!,or other constitutional disabilityr of the President.
2. The person having tJre greatest number of votes asVice-President, shall be the Yice-Presidenf if such numberbe a majority of the wbole number of electors appointed;and if n6 penon have a majority t then from the two highestnombers on the lis! the Senate shall choose the Vice-Pre-sident: a quomm for the purpose shall consist of two-thirdsof the whole number of Senatorc, and a majority of thewholi number shall be neeessary to a choice.
3. But no.person constitutionally ineligible to the officeof Presidenfltratt Ue eligible to that of Yice'President oftbe uaited states"
ARTT.LE 13.
If any citizen of the United States shall accepf claimtreceive, or relain any title of nobility or honour, or shalltwithout the consent of congress, accept antl retain any pre-sent, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever,irom iny emperor, king, prince, or foreigrr powert such per'son shail cea-.e to be a citizen of the United States, andshall be incapable of holdiug any ofrce of trust or pro6tunder tlem, or either of them.
-ACT OF VIRGINIA.
An Act to aotborize tbe Delegates oftbis State in Congressr tgconreyto tbe Uaitcd States in Congress arseobled, all the Rigbt of this Com-moowcalth to tbe TerritorJr-liorth Westwaid of tbe ri-ver Ogro.
[rrssrn DEcEitsER 20] l7B3.Jl. IVnnnras the Congress of the United States did' by
their act of the sixth day of September, in the year onethousand seven hundred and eighty, recommend to the se'veral states in the Union. having claims to waste and unappropriated lands in the lVestern Countr,v, a liberal cessionio the United States, of a portion of their respective claimsfor the cornmon benefit of the LTnion:
2. And whereas this Commonwealth did, on the si:conddav of Jasuan'. il the vear one thousand seven huudred
""h "i"Utt-*"". ii"ta to tire Consress of the United States,for the" bdnefit'o? the said Statesl all right. title, and -c-laim,which the said Commonrvealtlr had to-the territory Norttr-lVest of the river Ohio, subject to the conditions anner'etlto the said act of session:
3. And whereas the tlniteil States in Congress asserFbledn have, by their Act of the thirteenth of September last,
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heamble,
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EXHIBIT &,',;
'${
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TIIE
'^.i
RtrYISE.D STATUT'ESoI. TIl!
STATE oF IrYDrAlrA,"..: :: .
BY TIIE GE.\EA.{L -TSSE}TBtY AT TSEI&,
'.ADOPTED .{.\D EIfI,CTED
T WEN?Y-SEC Oa\D SESSIO:f .
')'. ,i \: .
TO $1IICII .IRE PBETiXED
TEE DECL.{R.{TIOX OF I:SDSPESDENCE, THE COXS.I'ITUTION OF T"IrE U. 3.. TUE. CONSTITIj?Io,\ oF TgE sT:t?E oF I-\-DI.{}-.r,
,.,:{D SUIiDBT OTIIEB DOCE.UENTS CO]iSECTE-D WITII IIIE POLITIC.I.L EIETORT OF TE5:
TERBITORY I.ND STATE OF INDTANA.
. lllltlctDt colllLtD' -^nD IGBLISAAD lt . a
AUTHORITY OF TI{E GENERAL -ASSEMBLY.
- INDIANAPOLIS:,t
DOU6I.l'S! & JOLL, Pll:{lERr,
1838.
EXHIBIT c- q
Af ,
"i' 'CESSION OT'lY. }\T. TERRITORY. l9.it
** gf t!^e Senarei tl'S,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-Presitlent otLhe Senate shall, in preeence.of. - the Senate and House.blRepresentatives; open all'the certifi-
cates,.and rhe votes shbH then be counted: ihe persen havidothe great[rumber of votes lor President, shall bc. thg piesf,'
- dint, if strr number be a majoritv of the rvhole number of... electors appointed; and if .no plr-son haie sucbmaj;t)r, it;
from th? persons having tho highest numb?rs, noi erceedisctbree, on rhe list of those voted for-4s President,,the House oT.Representatlve! shall choose irirrnediately;by ballot, the Pre-' cident. But in'choosing the- President, the iote shall be takeo
^ . bF states, the represeniatio{ from eacF slale hdving cme votei- ..a quoruin lor rliis purpose shall bonsist of a membir br mem:. bers frorn two-thirds'of..the:states, and' a'majority of all the. etatesi ihatt ud necessary.to
" "troi.e. I And if the House of Be-
.'- presentatives shall not c}bose'a Presidint, rvhenever the rightof ehoice shall devolre upon them, beforb the fourth dav-ofMarch next follotving, ilien.the Vicd..President shall aJt as
-a
P:esiilent, as,iri tbe cesb of thp death, oi'other constitutioBatdisability of the President._ Z.
- The person having the groatest number of .uor.. as yice. :
P_resident, shall be the Vibe -President, if such uuinber be a-niajo5ity- of the whole-nur4ber of electors appoinred; and if qo .
. persory have a majority, rhen from ihe two highesd numbers on. .' tle list, the Senate shall choose the Yicd'President: a ouorumfor the purpode shall .eonsist of t,wo.thirds of the wholl !um- ' -berof Sinaiors,'and.i majoriti of thowhole number shall be.' 'lecessarv to a cho!ce.'_ e. - But no person conititutilnaliy ineligi6le to the ofice of!-re.sid-e1!, ;hall be eligible to lhar of .Vide President of Jhe .. ,'Uuited Stgtes.
t' Ir-"ny cifrzes oi *,, li;ir.a.-s,","" strait-alcepi'claim,.'re-f1i'.ceyo.*.' . ":
"ri"", ,ir retain.any tirlc 'rrPnobility or hoabr,.gt ih"ll, rittroot, rclrca'.tc . ' .the consent dcongress, accept-and rofhin aly piesent, peirsion, 'i'tin"*'"t
"t"-"Iume'nt of uoy ti;ita wlratevei, ii6ra ""y "1.[-i, '. ltt ',
Eing,'priuce, or brqign power, sucb person shall ceise ti, Ue.i' ., "t' ..citiieri of the UoitedStites, ancl shall be incapable of holdiue . . 'ny.qffico ctf trust or profit under them, or either of fiem. j' - . 't '.
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EXHIBIT <- / o
'tsll vr yrvlt glrsEl uFlst Vl sllllEl Uf lgCUI.' . r' , t}.l
l'CT'OF'YIRq.I'NIA. 'i.t .rr'i- , - . _' '.rf .ref rorutlrorije ,.liu.r.g"iAr of.iSlasrate'in congreu, io'rI AL-t: p suro9rtze o" ueregare! ot. tt$i -larc 'rn (,ongr€lt, fo Conyty tO tDa
f,'nlrgl Sts!.r in Coogresr anyU94 all trlc rghr of rbrl CoEmolwealrh to O.Tcnirory Dortb vcstsatd of tbc.rlvcr Oftio, ' .
v.:.i 1 {frssro oecrllen 2Q
THE STATUTE LAWS
. o" TTt
TERRITORY OF IOWA,\_
ENACTED AT TTIE FIRST SES.qION OF ,rEE LEGISLATTTE ASSEIIBLYoF SAID TERRITORY, HELD AT BURLIIiGTO:$, A. D. r$E-'39,
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EXHIBIT <* / /
PUELIIEEID Bg IITTEOBITY.
. DU BUQUE:RUssEtL & BEEVES; PRIilTE8,S.
1839.
SCHCOL CF LAIV
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- CENTII'ICATB.
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tectebry o1 d Tcnibry.
EXHIBIT C, /;L ,
/i'
#
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,oRDINANCE OF CONGnESS, r78?,ORGANIC LAW OF IO\YA,ABATEITENT,AMENDMENTS AND JEOFAILS.AP- q:NTICES AND SERVANTS,A[.'. RATORS AND REFEREES,6!\ lls I v ll9 !A'fY^dHMENTS,BAIL, 59BANKING ASSOCIATIONS, . 6IBTLLS OF EXCHANGE, . . O4BLACKS AND ITULATTOES, - 65BOA'TSANDVESSELS, - -r - - 678ONDS. 6tc. 7oBURLINGTON, . . 7ICONSTABLES, - 7IcoNsTRucTroN oF STATUTES, 13COSTS AND FEES, - i6COUN'I'IES AND COUNTY SEATS, 89COUNTY COMIIISSIONERS, - tgtCOURTS, t6ODEPOSITIONS. IMDISTRICT PROSECUTORS, - l?BDIYOBCES, - t79EDUCATION' - : - t80-ELECTIONS. - - lg5EXECUTIONS, - - tytFERRIES, . . 2!ll8FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINE& . 217CAMING, - - t2tHALF EREEDTRACT, - c*HORSES. . c'6INqORPORATIONS,' w;INDTANS, - N1INS NE-PERSONS, - nt.INTERES?, - - n6ruRoRs.. - tfitIUS'fICES OF THE PEACE, - ..- t8i:AWS AND JOURNALS, ' tu ..EGTSLATIVE ASSEMBLY, . i'84..IMITATION OF ACTIONS, - . 385d_E_r \Ics, - - &n'{l[, , - : SbtILitJAltS, - - - l3tfILLS AND lllLLERS, . . 36UNOAS. OBPHANS. AND GUABDIANS, . , - -tgitIE EXDAT AND INJUNCTIONS,. . 3orD*.'ARTITION, - gsai::.'
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943lat4347t952
EXHIBIT c-/\,
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23
presid_ent of the_Senate shall, in the presence of the Senateand louse of Represeotar.ires, open all the certificates,and the votes shall then be counted; the person havinethe greatest number ol rores for president, shall be thEpresident, if such number be a majority of the whoie num-ber of electors- appointeJ: and if no person hare suchmajorit.v, then from the persoos hlving the highest num-bers, not exceeding three. on the list of those o"oted for aspresident, the House of Representatives shall choose im-mediately, by ballot, the-president. But in cboosiug tlropresidentr-the yotes shall be taken by States, the rdpre-,r tion from each State !:aving one i-ote; a quorum forq\- lurpose shall consist of a ilember or members frorntr' --thirds of the Staies. and a majoritv of all the Statesshall be necessarv to a choice. Anrl if the House ofRepresentatives shall not choose a president, wherreverthe rigbt of choice shall. decolve upon them, before theturth-day of illarch nest following, then tbdvice presi-dent shall act as presidenr. as in thl case of the de;th orother constitutional disability of the presidenl
2. The person haring the greatett number of rotes asvice president, shall be the rice presicient, if such numberbe a majority of the whole numtrer of electors appointed;and if no person hare a majority, then from the lrro high-est numbers on the list. the Senate shall choose the vlcepresident: I quorum, for that purpose, shrll consist oftwo-thirds of the whole n_umber of seuators, and a majmityof the whole number shall bc neeessary to a choice.-
3. But no person constitutionall_"- inlligible to the ofrceof president, shall be eligibie to that of iice presideot oftbe Uoited S[ates.
aRTTCLE XIII. .If.any eitizen of the fnited States shall accept, claim, whcu citizcn-
receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall,sbip.rhalttnwithout the conseot of Congress, aCcept and retain any rorfcitcd.
pr6ent, pension, o6ce. or emolument df any Lind what-eve.r, from any.emperor,-kiog, p.rinee, or foreigo power,ru$ pepo.o shall cease to be a ciiizen of the Uniled St.t"s,and shall be incapable or' hoiding any ofrce of trust oi; ' under them, or either of them.
EXHIBIT c- /q
STATUTESoF THE
r
TERBTT0RY 0t KAI{SAS;, i PASSED Ar rE'E tt*;mi13itr"3"Kfh*Stll*1$.rytslt' oNn rHousAND
'ro wSrca ^n! atFu<ll '
TEE DECTARATION OF' I}IDEPE}IDENCE,
AIID TIT !
\-- CONSTITUTION OF' THE U. STATES,. a*o t""
.,ACf, OF CONGRESS ORGNIZING SAID TERRITORY,
AI{D, OTHET
ACTS O:F- CONGR,ESSr EAYINC IIIT(EDIATg RELaTrotr tnERRlO.
THE
PIIINTTD LT PUNSUT"\CB OF THE STATUTE N SIJCE CASE UADE A.TD PBOVIDED.
SIIAWNEE M. L. SCHOOL:JOIIN T.._BRAD_Y, PUBLIC PRTNTER.
1855.
tt
!
:I hereby certis $at'the printiil -acb' contained in this voluus aro. tnrc '
r ies of, ths, oricinal rolls on file in the office of the Secretory of the Ter. *l\
utcy of Ra:rsas, with the exception of eucb correctioa* of clerisal. erott -
rod Eistske! rs'&re ruthorizbd to be maio by the act entitleil ('Au aetccnerning the statalec antl legislative proceeilingFr t anil thaq the sriil lctcare <irneotly publisheil is the book entitled " The Statrrtes of the Tenilory EXHIBIT c-/eof Kasas:P-
Bsavrm Mr,xsrt L^ason Scuool, IOcloberrl9iil. ).
sAD{tIEt.r- LOWE,.Soper{tzlendent.
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2g AIIEr\DltENTs ro rHE coNsTITL:TIoN.r,h,rrcLE vrrr.
Exeessiye bail shall 1* b.- required, nor excessive fnes imposeil, nor cruel anilunusual punishments inflicted, . _
The mumeration in the ."*#;fit.lit right^s, shall nor be consrruedto deny or disparage others retained by rhe pcople.
- ..The- pqlers nor dele.gareu ,"^,11 lI:iH J"*. o, the constiturion, Dor pro-tribiterl by it to these Suates, are reserved to thc States respeetively, or to'thepeople.
ABTICLE XI.-The iudicialpoqer of theUuitcd Stat..s shoil not be coostrued toextend to anv
Suit !n iow or equiry, ccmmenced or prosecuted against one of the United Strteiby citizeru of auother Siate, or bv citizens or iiubjccts of anv foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.- 1. The electon shall rneet in their respecrive Staies onil vote by ballot for hesi-
dent aud Yice President, one o[ vhonr, ai lca;t, shall not be rn"inhabitaot of thesame Strte as them-.clves : rhev shrll nrme in rheir bollots thc nerson voted foras Presid-ent, aorl iu disriucc ballors the person tored for as Yice^President ; anilthcy shail rnake distinct lists of all pdrsons voted for rrs presitlent, and of allPjrsols votcd for as Vice Pre-.itlent. arid o[ the nuruber of votca for each, whicblists thr'y shall sign and certify, rud ransmit scaled to the sear of sovernment ofthe united statcs, directed to the Presitlenr of the Senatc ; thc Pi'esidenr of theScnate shall, in the presence of the Senatc rnd Ironse of Reoi'esentatives. onenallthecertificates.anrl thevotes shall then be counted: the^personhavingihegreatest number o[ votes for Presirient, shall be the Presidc.nt, if such numbir bea majoriqvof thewhole numberot elecrols nppointed; and if no pcrson have suchmajqriq, then from the persons having the irQhest num,bers, uot'erceeding three,on the list of those votid for r-r Prisitlcnt.ihe Elouse of Representrr,ti#s shalichoo-oe-immediately, bv ballot, ihe President. Bul in choosing ?he Presi,Ient, thevoces shalll:e takcn by States. the represcntatiou from ea,ch sriiehaving onevote;& qlrorum for this pnrpose shall eonsist o[ r mcmlrcr or me:nbers from two-thirdsgi lhs states, aud r' majority of rll the states shall be necessary to a choice.And if the House of Represeniatives shall not choosc a President ',r'henever theright of choice shail derblve upon rhem, before rlie fourth dav of Jlmch follow-ing, then the Yice h'esident sda[ ner as Presideai, as in the case of thc ileath orother eonstituiional disabilitv of the Presitlent.
--.2. The person-having the"greatest number of voies as Yice President, shall bevice President, if such number be a mnjoritv of the whole number of elecbors ap-poinbed; and if Do person have a ma.iority. then from ihe iwo highest numbe^rsin the list, the -Senrie shall choose the Vice Presitient : a quoruD fJr thc purposeehall con-cist of two-thirds of the rvhoie number of Senators, anil a maj'ority ofthe whole number shall be necessrrv to a ehoice.'-.-3..- Bat no person constitutionalli ineligible to the offiee of Presirleat, shrll boeligible to ihat of Vice Pre-=idenb oi tbe United S;ates.
:I.RTICLE XTII.ff qny citizen of the United States shall accept, elaim, reeeire or retain any
title. of nobility or honor, or shall, vith,ouu the ionsent of Congiess, "eeept
anl.retain any preseot, pensiou, office or emoluurent of any kinil whitever, froir anyemperor, kiug, prince, or foreign po\rer, such person s[,ell mase to be a cirizeu of
EXHIBIT c-t 7
TREATY OF CESSIOI{. 29
the-United States,- and slall be incapable of holding any ofrce of truet or profitunder them, or eirher of them.
fNorn.-The 11th articieof the amendments to the constiturion was proposed.at the second session of the- third Congress ; the Llth article, at the firsi sdssionof the eighth Congress; andthe 13th irricie. ar thesecondsessiouof thc ehrenthCongress. ]
TREATY OF CASSION.
Treaty between the united states of "iltnerica and the French Eepublic.
The President of the United States of America and the First Consul of theFrench Republic, in the name of the French people, desiring to renove all sourceof misunderstt nding relatire to objeets of disiussion meirioned in the secondanri fitth articles of the convcntion of the Sth Yendemaire, an g, (30 September,1800), relative to the rights clairaed by the L-nitetl States in virtue of the treatv\- concluded at ]Iadrid the 2Tth of Oct-ober. 1i05, betrveen his CathoUc l{aiestvand the said United Str-tes, and willing io strengrhen the union and h'ien&"bip r:hicirat the timc of the said convention ics happlly re-estrblished bctreen the twonado-ns, have respeetir-ely named rheir pienipotentiaries, to rit: the Prr-siclent ofthe Linited States of America, by anil *itU ile advice aorl consenr of the Senateof the said States, Robert R. Livingston. minister plenipotentiary of the UniteilStates, and James llonroe, minisiei plenipotentiary anr.i envo-v dxtrrordinary ofthe sald States, near the government oi the'French Republic; ir,r.l the First ion-sul, in the name of the French pcoplc, the French citiztin Brrrbe JlarLois. minisierof the public treasury, who, aftel liaving respectivelyexchangcd thcir full pone6,haye agl'eecl to the tollolnng arrrcles :
Ant. 1. Whcrcos, by thc a,rticlc the thirrl of the treaty eoncludcd nt St. Ilde-fonso, ihe 9tli Vendemaile. an 9. (1sr October, 1800), bitween the First Cousulof the French Republic rnd hls Caiholic )fujesl-v, it wre rgreed as follows : ., HisCatholic }Iajest,v pronuscs and enguges on his part io rctloceile tb the FrcnchRepublic, six months after the full and entire execution of the couilitions andatipulations herein relative to his ro;;al highnt.:s, thc Duke of Prrma, the eolony.or province of Louisiana, with the sxme estcnt that it now has in rhc han& otSpoin, and that it hrd rrhen Francc possesseri ir ; and such as it shodd be aftertbc Featies subsequently entercd into betncen Spain and ot.her State-..t' t?nd,u:hereas, in pursuance of the tieat,v, and particularly of the thinl artieie, tboFrench Republic has an incontestibl.: title to the domain and the possession of thesaid terrirory; the First Consul of the French Republic dcsiring to give to theUniteil States r strong proof of his friendship, doth hercby cede to the UuitedStates, in the name of the French Republic, forevcr, antl in full sorereigut-r, thosaid territory, rith dl its rights ontl appurteucnces, as fully and in -rhe sanemanner ae they hrve been acquircd bythe French Republic in virtuc of the abovo"mentioned treai;r, eoncluilcd, rvith his Catholic }Iajesty.
Anr. 9- In the eession mcdc by the preccdins rrticle are iocluileil the adir-cent islands belonging to Louisiaua', atl piubtic loti and Equrres, racant lands, indell putlic buildingi, iortificrtions, lao",ins anil other edifices, rhich are notJri;
EXHIBIT C-/ ECGIIE
r . C"f ) L- -J -tl)",i,1roro.
ryWrhr%::i;OI TEA /
REVISED AND DIGESTED
Of tHE
GE lTE AA.! A S SE ITIB I.T.
IN T'TO TOLUMES.
WITH AN APPENDIX.
Putlished accordiog to an act of the Geaeral Ar:enbly, parsid
glst February, lqg5.
ST. LOTJIS:
Printld by E. Cbarless, for the State,
r 8?5.
StCIfc of Wfssoror0s
EXHIBIT c-l o .
.dlea.4 O
r 'IItP,
Iii.i
@owtgoufs"
]LARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\-- fu unntdmatrs d*claration of the Thirte;n.4merica,
ARTICLES OF COr\FEDERATION,-lrticles of corrferleratiut and. pe,etuar unionrbetacen ilu $aes of
;t cu- tlamps h tre, Jllas sat ht s etts Boy, Rhade- k land and, p roti_licles of conferlerat_iut and, perpetual u,tr,ionrbetacen flu slaes ofll'eu-Hamnshirp- Mn<srh,i.ori" n^", pt^i- nt--s ^- ;-;--^--l
rle nte P kmtat i.o ns, Cqn n ecticw t, Niix york, ni(te rtte f Latt ta I aO, ts, VUn tleclt cw t, A'2a:- Yo.k, tr'Ao-JerscU - Pentt!.L"!,lt D.elauarer. tllurylgn'|, Virginia, Abrti drotii,S,iuth Caroli tw, and Geoig'ia,S,iuth Caroli tw, and Geoig'ia,
colfsrrTuTroN oF THE UNITED STATES,6
t49B EXHIBIT c -aolnrcndnvnts to the corctihttion of the Unired, Sto,tes,ev.roo w16atau
TREATY OF CESSIOi\,Treay kaucen the United Statu of Lmcrica and, tlv Frauh
Republic, concludcd on thirtieth of flpr;I, eighreen lwrdrred,ail three,co)iY&\TIOI{,
PAOE.
Unired, Statcs of
31
"4n ad b authoi=e tlw pgople of trIissouri territory ro forn o@Let;tutiotu antl state {menrnunt, and, for tlv'admitrsion ofnrch stak into tlw Union on an eqrnl foiting uith tfu "ii*itstaks- md to nrohibil slaury in iertain territories, o
35ORDINA.\CE, I
An ordia.rnce declaring the assent of the people of Dlissouri,b,v their.representatives io coovention' asfumbled, to-cer]tain cooditions and provisions in the act of coogre.', .r trrt .,si:th.of }I;rrch, onc- ttrousand eight hundred ioa trloty,eatitled. &c. - ,^
ST-{TE CONSTITUTION, ;;. rlmeadrnents to tbe constitution, 65.lqIFSIOi{ INTO THE UI{ION,
Resolution.proridin.g for the ramis.ion of the state of Missouri,. oo- a certain condition, 6l\-
^ solemo public act, deilarins the assent of this state to thelundarnental condition, contained in a resolution passed bytb9 .cong1els- of the United S_tates, providing -fo.r tb;*imission of llissouri into the Union, dn . certiin condition. 6gI proclamation by the president of ttre UniiedT;"tuE***t ;o
TREATY OF CESSIOf. 3I
und if no person have a majorityr then from the trvo highestnumlrers on the list. the senate shall choose the vice-presi-dert: 'aquorum fcr the pul?ose siiall consist of two thirdsoi t:re rvlole number of senators, and a majority of thewirole ntrmber shlll be necessary to a choice.
i. Birt no persr)n constituiionolly ineligible to the officeof pr,:-.iJent. :h.rll be eligible to that of rice-presidert ofthe LTrrited States.
Anrrcr,e 13.If an,v citizen of the UniteLl Strtes shall accept, claim, J;"", 1,
receiuc, or rclrin an"r' title of nobility or ho.ror, or shallr,ioo.oected'-' 'out the consent of congress. acceot and retain anyrvttD lDis
\ rL pension. offce. or em,ilument'of "ny kind rvha[-lr",1l"llll r,cr-er, from an;- emperor, king, prilce, or foreiqn po\verrscc 9,_srrch person shall cease to be a citizen of the United Statest -c.Me"f ,and ihall be incapable of holtling any office of trust o;l'.tt"ctljprrrfit ulider them, or either of them.
f No,re.-The t I th article of the amendments to the constitution,rrai proposed at the sec,;nd scssion of tlre tliitd congress: the lltharti,:i., it the first session ol tJre eighth congress: "id the l$th ar-ticle, at tle second :ession of the eleventh congress.]
+-Eru!$trg oF cEsslonr
Trcaty betweeu the U. States of america and tbe Frelch republi". 30-lprilrl803
Th" o...i3"nt of tlre Urrited Stltes of .{,merica. ona th" Desiru offirsr corisul of the French republic..in the namc oe tnefl',![liirtFrcnch people. desirirrg to rernove all source of mis'rnder-air ro"r." ofstardilg relaiive to obiects of discussiorr me;rtioned irr the mistrnd?t'second ina rilitr arriclci of the convcrtion of the sth Ven- l1i;:i:1#''derni,rirc, an 9 (3 )th Septcmtrer.l S0C) rclative to the riqhts c.airrscriooelairned br the Uniied Stltes. irr virtueol' thc treiitv isn-of rhc.treatycluded "f ]ltlrir.l rhc zTth Octcber. l?95. bctrvce" hi.3[,tltJil,;entlrolic m.r.icst.r and rlte saiJ Uriitetl States, ald wiltir:e to 6,'i-o1"1,'-stre:rgtlrenihe-union and flieridship whicir'at the timi ef li955fo.thc sl.id cooventitn s'as happilv ic-e:,,abli:Led berrr'ecn -ro1 ,othe ts'c narions, har'{ respectiyelv namc,J their plenipe.ii'c'iiu.otentiarit's1 to wit. thi-pr.:sident ol ihe United $1a1s5 qf the.unloo.Americar'b,v and lith the adsicc and consent ol thc-scnate:[$t;lit'"'ol the s.rid st;rtes, Robert il. Lir inqston, minister plenip+ F;;;rt;"*tentiarv of tire Urriieil Statcs, a:rd James illonroe. ministerF cteniiurv and envoy eitraorrlinar;i o-f thc said statcs.\-- -he qolernrrc:)t ot' the Frc:rclr reprrblic; and the firstcomull in t:re name of the French people. tlrtr Frcnclrcitlzen Barbe Jlerbois. nrinistcr of tlrc rrublic tt'casurv, rvho,;rfter hari13 ls.pectir-ci.r' cschargld iireir lullporvcis, lraueagreed io tIc to!l >wiirg articl:s:
EXHIBIT C-2
REVISED STATUTtrS
OF THE
sTATE OF MF$SOURr,
BEYISED AND DICESTED B.r TEE EICBTTI CENERIL ASSE'dBLT DURTNO TIIF:
oNE THOUSAIID ETOHT rrUXOreo altD TIIIRTT-FOUR, .iND O:fE
, Tr{ousaND ErcHT EuNDRED AND TEIRTT-nVE,-
TOCaTlllt
OF }ITSSOURT 08 .IIIU U}.IT?;D STAr: j.
THE-tts. '
EXHIBIT C'27,wltu
A\1)TITE CONSTITUTIONSt'=.'{
I
PET.TTED ASD PUBLISgED UNDERTTIE
PPOI:lTED BT TItE CEIiERAL
DrlEc-T IO N OF TEE SUp.Iar!r T E$D E!rT
fSEUBLT POT- ?EAT PUBPOSE.f
ST. LOUIS.'lratsre't, r? Ttr! it,iu.t -,rf t rt,a.,
,', r . . . . . . . . - .'. .. I . .
I 835.
I
a
-f
;t 'ri
t
Pursuant tdthe sAct concerningthe Ilerised Statutesr" passed on the gl.st, ofIfarcit, 1835, tlre unrlersigned, a comnrittee appointedto superiltead .he poblicd- ..tion cf the Revised statutes, does hereby certify, that'the te.xt of-tbe:Eevised .
Statutesr'contained in this volurre, has been exarlrined and compared by him, v'iththe transcrigl from the original.titls, furnished bv the Secretary if Stare, of the acts
.-.'passed by the eiq[t]r general uirai"lly, and directed to be published is the Revised . . -Statutes; and thaithis volume was printed under the authbrity,confer-ad by.law. .'- '
Oclpber l}th, 1835. b
'i,f
EXHIBIT C,23
EXHIBIT <4
l9 CONSTITUTION. OF THE UNITED STATEIS..
ARTI CLE IX. .
- The enumeration in t}re constitution, of certain rights, sball aot be construcd lcdeny or disparage orhers reraiaed by the p"opi". -?'---'
ARTICLE X.
..,Th.. powers not detegated to the llnited states by the eonstitution, nor pro2olLrrted by lt to these states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people:
ARTICLE XLThe judicial po\rer of the united states shal not be eonstmed to extend to anrsult ln. law or eg:rity, commeaced orrrosecuted against one of the {.Inited Stat,irb)' crtrzens of another state, of by cifiens or subjeEts of any foreigu state.
ARTICLE XII.l. The eiectors shall meet in their respeetive states, and vote by ballot for prc,sident and 'ice-president, one of r*'horn, li r"uti,-.rorl;;; b;-;; I'nlubitunt of thgsame state rtith themselves; they sba.ll name in iheir ballots the Derson voted forar p.r'esident, and in distinct ballbts t}re person voted for as vice-prbsident: and thevshalj make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of uil p"trooi
:l]id {bt as i'ice-president, and ofthe number of vot'es ror "uJn, ori;illJt;'thtil_"11 t'S and certify, and rransmit sea.led to the seat of the g'overnment of th'eL'nrted |jtates. dilecre'd to the president of the senate; the presi-deut of the senatesh^all. in the presence "f th;:;;;;; "oj-rt"r." oir"pi.!.iii"iir'".]oilo .I the cer.l,I_"1::::.".i.the votes shalt then il;;";i;, tt;;il;';;i:iog',t5'gr"utest nur>Dero_I,1 oie-r lur',preside.nt, shar be the president, if such numbEr be"a majority ofIne $llole nunri;er ol'electors.a.ppointed;and if no person have such maionty,ihenlr.^1,1..!:.scns havins. the hi![;;;-;;i;;;;, noi exceeding ,i,r"". o?";lfii.,
"?rnose,vuteL[ lor as-president, the house of rcpresentatives shail choose immediatelv.o.v Dattotr the president. B-ur in choosing thi president, the votes shall be t"["o dilT-'^..:",:' ; l. ]=.31,11en"t1ti
on from e a ch s taie ha i. ing ", ; i-;i; ; ; 6;;;; };rT,jn;ipose shall e unsLst ol-a rnember or members from-rrvo thirds of tlie states, and a majoritv.ol'all llre stures shall be necessary to a choice. a"j'ii'ifr" iiouse of reorosentarives shall not ch<rose a president ivhenever *e rigliiofclrl"-.r,21!";Jl";upon rhem, before the l!:ll{"y of }tarch nert folowi"ng, ih;il;"i;-i;ij;";sirall act as president, as in the iase of the death r. ,rh;;t;;;titl.,or1 disabilityof the prtsident.
. 2. 'I'he. pe'son having the g"eatest number of yotes -as vice-presideat" shall bevice-president.. ii sueh numbeibe a majority of the rvhole- "";d;-;a;i"lt"i, "ipoin.ted: and ir'no person have amajoiityrithen from it*-t*" rriehest numbers onthe list. rhe senrte shall .choose thdui"i-ptetid.;i;;q;";;i;ru;purposeshall
consist ot'rrvo thirds of the q-hole oum[", ;i;;;;;;;;;T"; il"joriry of ttres'hole number shall be necessary to a choice.3. But no Derson constitutionaily ineligible to_the ofrce of prerideat, ehdl b.eligrble to thit or ni"e-prertaeoi;? ,h"'t;i.d-s;;;-- v' vrw'r
. ARTICLE XIII..,^J-f Tl cirizeu o, ,n" United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retrin anyl^'l: gi oobility or l'.onor, or sLail, *ittroui-ihe c{pient oi
"oogr"'rr, accept and.retain anv prese'L pensio-n, o6ce or emolument 6f any tiua *F"ie"er, rrom :rnyemperorr kiog, prinie, or foreig;a power, r*b purroo th"ri *"r" t" bc a citizen
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATE$, rgof the United States, aqjl shall be incapable of holding aay oficc of tnrst ot proftunder thern, cir either of them.
fNorn.-The llth article of the ameudments to the constitution, was proposedat the secoad session of the third congress; the l2tJr article, at the firsi sessionof the eig_hth congress; and the l3thartlcle, atthe second session of the eleventhcongress.J
.EXHIBIT C-25-
3I
[AWS, JOII{T RESOTUTIONS, fu\D ]IEUORI,{[S,
PASSED AT THE
THIRD SESSION OF TIIE IEGISI.,ATIYE ASSEMBTT
ol rlla
Y.BRRITORY OF NEBRASI(A,BEGT;I{ AND HXLD AT O}TAIIA CITY, N. T,
,ranruany sth, a. D. 1g5?.
TOGETHER .WITH
THE COI STITUTIO}T OF' THE UI ITED STATES
AN-D THE ORGAr\IC LA.W.
PRII{T}:D AND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY.
BROWNV ILLE, N. T.IloBEnT lV. FTRNAS, TERRITORITTL PRII{TER.
1357.
EXHIBIT C -26
EXHIBIT C- 27
CERTIFICATES.
OMAHA CITY, N. T., Maaca 30th, 1857.
_ I bereby certify that I have, this day, trausitted to Rosrar 'W. Funnls,Territorial hinter, corect copies of all the Lans passed by the LegislativeAssembly-of Nebraska Terriiory, at its Third Sei.ioa, be'gun and"held atOmaha City, January Sth, t&5?.'
T. B. CUMING,&ndary of .i\f&raska Turilory.
I hereby certify that the following are true and correct copies of the Larvspassed by ihe Legislative Assemblfof Nebraska Territory, it its Third Ses-sion, begun and beld at Omaha Ciiy, January 5th, 1857, and transmitted tome by T. B. Courrc, Seoretary of Nebraski Territory.
ROBERT W. FURNAS,Public Printr for JYebraska Territory.''
EXHIBIT C- 2YGt
.lsfor as President, aud of all persons voted for as Vice-Presidentgand of the number of votes for each, 'rvbich Iists they shall signand certify, and tronsmit sealed to the seat of government-ofthe Unitei States, directed to the Presideut of th-e Senoie; tbePresidentof the Senate shall, iu the presence of the Senate andHouse of Representatires,open all the certificates,and thevote3shall then be counted; the person haring tbe greatest numberof votes for President, shall-be the President, lf such numberbe a majority of the *'hole number of electors appointed; arulif no person have such majority, then from the persons havingthe higbest number, not exceeding three, on tbe list of thosevoted for as President, tbe House of Representatives shallchoose immediltely, by ballot, the President. But, in choosingthe President, the votes shall be taken by States, the represen-tation from each State haring one vote; a qnorum for this pur-pose shall consist of a member or members from trvo-thirds ofthe States, and a majority of all the Srates shall be necessaryto a choice. And if the House of Representatives shail notchoose a President, rvhenever the right of choice shall devolveupon them, before the fourth dav of ]Iarch next follorving, thenthe Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of tbedeath or other constitutional disabilitv of the President.
2. The person haring the qreates; number of rotes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a .rnaioritv of the t'hole nunrber of electors appointed; ard if loperson hare a majoritv, then frorn the nvo hiqhest numbers onihe list, the Serraie shall choose the \-ice-Presidentl a quorum,for that purpose, shallconsist of trvo-thirds of the rvhole nutnl-'erof Senators. and a majority of the rvhole r:umber shall be neces-s.1rv to a choice.
i. But l)o person constitutioually ineliqible to the office ofPresident, shail be eiigible to that of Vice-President of rheUnited States.
ARTICLE IIII.\\'r.c' .:.'msi.,D If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim. re-:r'r''| l'er'tr*id. ceire, oi retain anv title of nobilitv or houor, or ^shall, sithout
rhe consent of Congress, accept aud"retain ar:y present, pensicn, 'office, or emolurnent of any kiud n'hatever, from any etnpeior,kiur, prince, or foreign po$'er, such person shall cease to be acitizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holdinganv office of trust or profit under them. or either of thern,
[auln, Jnint ilerslntionr on] $lrnrurialr
PASSED AT THE FIFTE SESSION
OF fEE
TEGIS.LATIYEOI'TEE
TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA,BEGUN AND EELD AT OMAEA CITY, N. T.,
. TOGETEEB WITE
TBX OC|NSTITUTION OI' THE UNIITD STATES
AND TEE
ORGANIC LAW.
PTIEUSEED BY AI'TEOBITT.
. rra
TEOIIAS MOBTON, of the " Nebrashe City Nows,' rad
, luuoo0ni g. nOgrnTSoN, of the ,,ooaha l{cbnstien,'. PUELIC IBINTBBTI FO8 TE8 ItsBBITOBT.a. re5g. .#
ASSEMBLY
EXHIBIT C- 2 o,
n'
*
EXHIBIT C -3 C
g
f
t!\
Srcttttartr Ortrcr, )onrhr ciir. :\;cbtrslt#il#ff: iI hereby certify th+ I hrve thir ilry delivered to itouer fortor, of
the t'Nebrrstr City Nevr," ald Tbeodore E. Bobertsol, o! tbe 'r OmabrNebnskiaor' Toritorid PrinCen, tme and correct copieo of rll the Ilw'r,Joint Regolutioar aril ldemorialq prsseil by the kgislitive lssembly ofNebrrskr Territory at the sesiol begun aait belil r! Onahr clty, N. T.,Septembor 21, l" D. 1858.
J. STEBJ,ING MOBTON,
Eeirelrry of lfebrrsks Territory.
We hareby certify thet the following ar6 tru€ enil consct copies of &eIowe, Joi.ut Resolutions ald lf,emorialg passeil by tha legislative A.sseo-bly o( Nebraakr Territory, at the gessiou begon end held at Omchr cily,N. T., September 21, A. D. 1358, autl delivered to us by J. Stcrling l[or-too, SecretarT of Nebrasks Territory.
OEsLq N. T., December 20, 1858.
rEoMAS UORTON,
TSEODORE S. B.OBEBTSON,
Tenitorirl Prirten,
\\_
EXI-flBlT c-3 t
\.-
16 corsrrrurror.ARTICLE XII.
lrod.ofcl6cL 1. The electorg shall meet in their reepective states andffi ffi't*,- vote by ballot, for piesident and vice 'p...ia.oi. oo" ofdent or rlr'c *'hom. at least, ehall not be an inhabiiant of tire sameo'ittdstit r. stare with themielves; in"y ,i"ir n"ru iolir"ii'u"liltr'il,u
personE vote-d Jbr as president, aud in distinct ballots Jhepersoo voted for a-s vice presideni; and tbey ehall makedistinct liets of all pe.soos voted for ", p."ila"ni,-"ni ofall pereous voted foi ae vice president, an'd of ilu oo*U",of votee for each,- which lists'they sball rign and ...tify,and transnrit eealed to the seaf of goveinment of tidf,nited States, directed to the presiden["of the Senate: tbepresident of the Senate ehall, in the presence of the Senateand Elouse of Representatives, open all the certificates, andthe vot€s shall then be counted; the person having thegreatest number of votee for president, sball be the nreei-dent, if such nuruber be a major.ity of ihe wbole numder ofelecto-rs appointed;and if no peis,rn have such majority,then frour the persons having ihe highest number, iot ex-c-eetng three, on the lig! of-those voted for os president,the Bouse ol Representatives shall choose immediitely, byballot, the presideut. Bui, in choosrng the presiderri,' th!votes shall be taken by states, the -representation fromeach state having one votel a quorum foi tlris pur.pose sballconsist of a mernber or nrembers frt_rm t*'o-ihirds of thestates, and a nra.iority of all the states shall be necessary io achoice. lnd if tbe Eouse ofRepresentatires shail notcLoosea president, wirenever the rigtrt of choice shall devolve uponthem. before tle fourth day of Jlarch nest following, tlenthe vice president shall act as president, as iu the case of thedeath or other constitutional disability of tbe president.
2. The person having tbe greatest numbei of votes hsvice president, shall be tbe vice president, if such numberbe a. majority of- the whole number of electors appointed;and if no perdon have a mcjority, then fr:om the twb'bighestuumbers on tbe list, tbe Senate ehall cboose the vice iresi-dentl a quorum, for that purpose, shall consist of two-ihirdsof the whole number of senctors, and a majority of the' wbole number shall be necessary to a choice. -
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the offceof president, ghall be eligible to that of vice president oftbe United States.
ARTICLE XIII.wh6n clrtz.n_ If auy citizen of the United States shall accept, claim,:!-,.p-..+Pt bc receive, or retain auy title of nobility or bonor, or shall,rorleit€d' witboui the consent of Congress, aicept and retain any
present. pension, office, oremolumentof any kind whatever,from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such per-soo sball cease to be a citizeu of the United States, andehall be incapable of holding auy office of trust or profitunder thero, or either of tbem. - '
1
QO,oa./41, a >-zr. +r
[aw, joint fimolntionr 0$ $knuriotr
PASSXD AT THE SIXTB SXSSION
OF TEE
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLYOF IHD
TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA,BEGUN AND EELD AT OMAEA CITY, N. T.,
DECEMBEFB 6, A- D. 1a69-
TOGETEEB WITE
THD CONSTITUTION OF THE UT\ITEDt sTlTfs.;AND THE
ORGANIC LAW.
PUBLISEID . BY AUTEOBITY.
THOMl'S }tORTON,oF TEE,'NBEBASEA CITY I{8W9,"
PRINTER.1860.
EXHIBIT C- 3 '\
/
EXHIBIT c-3 j
16 orsrrsnox.
ilStgl,'l*", -^l: To "t"..to., -*'"riHff ,#heepootrva stotes a,
ff,Iffi'".":"bT,:lJilIli;l,,T1lluil':lo,"llff ;g:T'iF"li,""?,',,stoto with tbemeclver; t}ey ehalt lreme in tbcir brllots t' Wreong votcd for ae preeiden! aod in distinct ballots trperEon voted for or vice oregident: and thcv ehcll ma- dietirrct list! of oll pereoni voted for ag preJident, aDdall persona roted foi ag viee preaident,
"'oO of tbe numb'
of votes for each, sbich liets'tbev shail sign arrd certif.. and traogmit seiled to the scat'of qorneinment of tl.Uoited Stateg, directed to tbd president"of tlre Scnate ; tlpresideot of the Scoatc shall, ii thc preseoce of thc Senarand Eouee of Representatives, opeo ill the ccrti6cates, arthe votcs sball then be counted; the pelson having tl,gl'eatest number-of voies for president, shall be the presdent, if auch ouriber be c majority of the whole oumber ,
electors lppointed; and if no person have such majorit;.. then from the persons baving the higbcst number, not e:
ceeding tbree, ou the list of thosc voted for as presidenithe Eouse of Represeutatives shall choose immedictely, b'bollot, the presideul But, in choosing the presideot, th,votcs ehall be taken by states, tbe represenlation fror,each etate baving one vote; a quorum for'this putpose shaiconsist of a member or mcmbers from two-ihirds of th,etates, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary ro :
choice. And if tbe llouseof Representatives shcll not choos,a. president, whencver the right of clroice rrhall devolse rrporthcm before the fourth day of flarch next following, tirertlrc vice president shall act as president, as in the inru otthc death or other constitutionaI disability of the presiclent.
2. The persoD having the greatest number ol votes asvice president, sball be the vlce pr.esident, if such numberbe a majority of the whole num6er of eleclors appointedand if no persotr have a majority, then from the ts,ohighestnumbers on the list, the Senate ehall choose tbe vicd presi-dentl.a quorum, for that purpose, sball consist of two.t'hir.de1rf tbe.wbole number of senators, and a majority of tbewhole numbcr shall be necessary to a choice. . -
' 3. Bui no pgrsqn constitutionally ineligible to ttreofrceo-f ryegidqn!, shall be eligiblc to tbat oivice president oftbe uuited states' ARTI0LE XIII.
Il.i":llr'j. If any citizen of the United Stateg sball accept, claim,li.'[,',ltt" receive,- o_r retaio any title of nobility or honor, 'or shalljwithout the consen_t of Congress, aciept and retain any' present, peosion, otce, or emolument of ioy kind wbetever,
.frem anJ emperor, kiug, prin'ce or foreign power., sucb per-'eon sball cease to be a citizeu of the United States, indehall be incapable of holdiog
"oy on.. of ti"J "t pr"nrunder theo, oi eitber of theol
pnur, Soint $lrolntious nuil $lrmoriulr,.
PASSED AT TIIN EIGETH SESSION
OF TEE
T,EGISLATIYE ASSE}IBLY\*
oF TEE
TERRITORY 0F I{EBRASK{BEGUN AND IIEID AT O}IAHA CITY, N. T.,
MBER 2, A. D., 1861,
TOG TEEE WTTE
TEE CONSTITIITION OF TEE IINTTED STATES,
A.I'D lEE
ORGA}IIC LAW.i.
EXHIBIT < -s1 ,
PUBI.ISmD BY .I.UTEORIIL
OMAEA CITY:IAYLOR & Mo()LURE, PIIfNTERS,
1862.
18 . CONSTITUTION.
ment of the United St*tes, directed to the president ofthe Senate ; the president of the Senate shall. iu the pres-euce of the Senate and Eouse of Rcnresentatives. bpenall the certificates, nnd the votes ehali then \e conutid;ttre persou having the greatest number of vofes for presildeuf, shall be thipr.esident, if guch number be a miiortyof the rvhole nnniber of electorg appoinled; and if n-operson have such maiority, then froin'the oersone havinsthe highest nnrnber,- ooiexceedins three.'on the list oithose voted for as president, tlre Honee of Representa-tires shall choose i'mmediatelv. bv ballot. the Jresident.But, iu clroosing the presidedt, t6" "ot".'rhall^be takenby states, the re"presen'tation from each state having ouevote ; a quorum for this purpose shall ccnsist of a mem-ber or mc'mbers from two'-thiidr of the states, aucl a ma-jority of all the states shall be necesshry to a choice.And if the House of Repr.eseutatives shail not chot'rse apresiCen! whcuever the right of choice shall desolveupon them before the fonrth day of ]Iarch ncxt following,tlien the vice-president shall adt as president. ag in thtcase of the death or ottrer constitutional disability of thepresent..i. The persoD having thc greatest number of votes as
-vice-presideut, sh*ll be the vice-president, if such num-ber be_a majority of thc whole -number of electors ap-pointetl; and if Do person have a majority, then fromihe trvo irighest oon beru on the list, "the'Seoate shallchoose the vice-president; I quorum, for that purposershall corrsist of tivo-thircls'of tfie whofe numb"rbf 3.o*jtors, aud a urajority of the whole number shall be neces.sary to r choiec.
3. But Do person coDstitutionally ineliaible to theofficeof pr_esident, shatl be eligible to that of "vice-president ofthe United States.
ARTICLE XIILIf any citizen of the United States shall accept, ciaim,
receive, or retain an-v title of nobility or honor, or shall-without the coneent
-of Coogres., acdept and retain any
preseDt! pension, office, or emolument -of auykind what-ever. t'rom any crrperor, king, priuce or rbieigu power,such person ehall cease to be-a citizen of thc UniteclStates, aud sh,all be incapable of holding any officeof trust or profit uudcr them, or either of them.
Wben citi!€F-Bhip sball beforfeited-
EXHIBIT C-3 T1I
I
\-
TTIE
GtrI\ERAL STATI]TES
STATE OF I{EBRASKA,
COUPRISING ALL LAWS OF A GENERAL NATURE IN FORCE,SEPTEIIBER 1, t6?3.
covprLED FRov TIIE REVTSED STTTUTES Of 1866, ^{trD TUE YIRrOL.S SESSTOS LAIVSTiINCE EXACTED, I\CLUDI\G TI{E ACTS P.TSSED AT TIIE ]II.iiTE .T:ID
TENIrI sEssloIis oF THE LEGISLATURE oF 18?3.
If
GUY A. BROWI{,CO}T]TISSIONER APPOII{TED FOR THAT PURPOSE.
V]TH IIE.\D \OTES, U.TRGI:.IAL NOTES, ,lND GE:{ER{L INDEX;
INCLCDING .ILSO, A LIST OF ACTS OF A CE.YERAL .VATUNE, PASSED.'NT IBfi},A:TD REFENEYCES TO TNE PACES OF TEIS YOLOYE,
IVHERE THEY {AY IIE FOA){D;
fo wutcB aBE pREFr\8D, TBE DECL.{RATIO]i OF I}TDEPEIIDEXCq TIrE IRTICLE9 OF COICFEDER^-TroN, TilE CO\STTTUTTON OF rBE E:iITED STATEq TEE CO\SlrrUTlOX OP TUE SAr'TE OF
NEER.{SIiA! TSE TREATY I]T RELATIOX TO TEE LOUISIAI'A PERCH.TSET TIIEoRGAIiIC rCT OF TRE TEBRITORT OP :{EBR.TSKA, TlrE Ell.rBLI}tG
ACT, l:{D PBOCL.{VATION OF tltE PLESIDEJT, AI>}IITTI}:G TEBBASIi^
':ITO IIIE UNIO}I.
PUBLISHED BY AUTI{ORITY OF LAW.
LINCOLN:JOURNAL COMPANY, STATE PRINTEIiS.
l8?3.
EXHIBIT c- 3 6
Eatereit, accordiDg to Act of Congrees, i[ the year 18i3' btGTIY A.'BRO$T'
ID trult for the St8te ofNebraEb!, in the ofrce ofthe Librlrial ofCongreEs.
EXillBlT c-it
C ON TE I{T S.
PACEDeclaration of Inclepenclencc. . . .. , 1Articles of Con{ederatiou... .. .. tConstitution of the United States.. 15Treaty of Cession. 32Organic Act... . 3?Enabling Act. . . .. 16Constitution of the Statc of Nebruska 49Proclamation of tire Presiclcnt of the L-niteti States. 68
CEAP.1.o
AonrssroN. ......... ?lAonrcur.runt ?5
County agricultural societies. ?iEnclosure rr,nd partition fences,. 80.Live fences. ?9St*te boarcl 77
Arr-u.rrs 89ArronTroxvpNT..... 91AtroRyevs. .........94Boxos "r-xo O-rtns-Orrrcr.{L. . , .. 99Csxsus .. .. 101Crrrns or rEE Frnsr Cr,^rss. . , .... . . 10E
)[arshal, general porvers and duties of.. ,., 131Xayor ancl eouncil, powers and duties of.. .. .... .. . 11?)Iiscellaneous provisions. ........133Policejudge, jurisdiction oL............t.. ..,..,.. 128Tteasurer,duties of.. .....13O
Crrrts or rrr Secoxo Cr,rss.. ..... 186Council, powersof. ...., 14PIay'or,rlutiesof. ....,.,,.140Uiscellaneous .......... 154Police jutlge, juristliction of. . . .. . .... .. , 152
Covyos Lrw or Excrrsp. ......... 159CoRroRrrross ....1d0
Britlge courpa.niu.......'.'..'.'.'.'..'.'.'..'.'.'.:'.'...1'..... ....... 1?1Cemeteries. ... . 175Chsritable societies. .... . 209Colleges, universities, nornul schools, rcrdeuries, etc...... ......... 166
c.
3.4.5.6.l.8. EXHIBIT L- s s9.
10.11.
\--
T'NITED ST,ITES OF I]IERICI.
tlistinct ballots the person r:otecl for as vice-presitlent I and ther shall rrode or clect-
nrrrke clistiuct lists ot' ail persons totecl for as presitlent. ,ind of all l,l,irnli;111i,.1'"r-
pers(,ns .r'oted. tbr as "ice-plesiclent, ancl of the number of votes tt,r t'";il""d'Jli"..errch. irhich lists thev shall sign and certi{v, and transmit seaied tothe seat of gor-ernment of the L-nited States, rlirected to the presi-cleni of the seuatel the plesiclent ot' the senate'shall, in thepresence ot' the seuate and house of representatires, open all tliecertificates, and the votes shall then be countedl the person har-ingthe greatest number oi'rotes for president. shall be the pr.esiclent, ifsnch nunber be a majority of the whole nunrber of electorsappointed: and if rlo persorr have such a rnajori.t,r, then ti.om thepersons having the highest nnmber. not exceeding three, on thelist of those roted tbr as president, the house of representativessirall ehoose immediately. by ballot, the presiclent. But, in choosingthe presiclent. the vote shal1 be taken bv states, the representationli'(,nr eaclr. state having one rotel a quorum lbr this purpose shallconsist of a mernber or mernbers frorn two-thirds of the states, and\- a majority of all the states shtll be DecessarJ/ to a ciroice. And ifthe honse of lepreserrtatives shall not choose a president, rvheneverthe right of choiee shall devolve upon them, betbre the tburth dayol' llarch next following, then the vice-president shall act as presi-clen\, as in the case of the death or other eonstitutional disability ofthe president.
2. The person having the greatest nurnber of votes as vice-prcsident, shall be the lice-president, if such uunrber be a majorityof the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person havea majority, then'frorn the two highest numbers on the list, thesenate shall choose the rice-president; a quorum, lbr that purpose,shall consist of two-thirds of tbe'vhole nnmber of senators, and.amajority of the rvhole number shali be necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of pre-sidcnt, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the UnitedStates.
ARTICLE XIII.If anv citizen ot' the llnited States shall accept, elaim, receive ol. rraaycitizenor
retain eny title of nobility or honor, or shall, without the consenr |li[;;*r'o"tof congress, aceept and retain an,v present, pension, oflice or emot- litJl. ffiiil!ument, of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king prince, orltf;'8oF*""foreign power, such person shall cease !o be a eitizen of thelJnited
,,_ States, and ehall be incapable of holding any oflice of trust orprofit untler thern, or either of them.
31
EXHIBIT C-3 ?
AC"TS
gItACfBD, BEYISED ANI' qBDEEEIT'1!O.t |r -'^
r OF ?EB
a
SEABE OF OEIO, i -.
EXHIBIT C-.,'.r
'ti rb...
<o. <.,.:
i'i
e+
iir ttre ca$ dt $e.diilh oFotlrer constituHp'rnftai$bilifv o(the Prrsid'enlThe peiSon trid,ncltru ere;rtesr numberdf.votes as VicePt"sltSf,t. rhett bethe Yice. Hf,ttu;'t, if s-uch nu:hber \e a majority ol thir rshole number. of'electony'fipoinled: and- if no person H*.op majoriry, then {rom'tbe twohjA;;tif;;'J;;; o-o u.'" ii't,tt'"'Suoutu itrttcrr6.ri ti,,i vi"l Fidiauot; utuortm for thepurpose.qlall cohsist oltryo thirds gf the whole rnrmbet olfienators;'and a*mlJorityrof the wbole iumber sirall bc necesr4r)- to a
i: , ^"Jmi.* -'d;i;;il;i""
J"".tii"ifnarlylneligil,le to the otfice of Prisidert* t$,'ltb"il be pligible t'o that of Vicelresideni oirhe United States.it'.. 77!. !:. t .#'t]' , ';:,i;, | ,.!.
COhSTITUTION OF
If any ci tiien oiilc uoitra States shill accepl tlaim, reieive'or]etaiaany titli of nobility or honor, or sball. without'the consent of Congaccept and retain'any present, pension, o{ficeg
t tne consent ol Longresstor emolument of ao; kirrdil'il;J;;fi "#;ffi,'tiff ili,*"ii sh gi;;;; ffi 'fl",,oo
'.6hall cease to be a-citizen of tlre Unitcd Statec abd shill be incapable of'-.fuall cease to be icitiz;n of t[e Unitca Sbteq aba shill be iingapible oflrolding any offic'ed Lrust blpiofrt under them, or eitherpf ihed.
[nfote. Tbe llth article of the ameoilments to tle Constituiion, war.'propceil a4ttre ssood o-ession of the tlifrd Congress: the l2th article, et.;the 6rst sessio-n of the;shtn e+s-G;;- d.- iffi-;;i:,;fir'l i-.*i 'gqiil "rii'..r."*tl Ca4re.s,.t,P' ' ',t,t;l3
EXHIBIT C-'] ('ri
.nnj' 4^ iP,
, I't''-,.{. ; '('
,!I ..'ofi t. i t
eS.
fi
*r?
jr-19
. r':":
,'t8..t.l '
*.'1 "i,.;.i4 ,.tl::
DIGESTOF THE
flsus of lpennrplbsni&,FRO]f THE, YEAR
OIiE TTIOUSA}iD SE}'EN HUNDRED,
TO THN,it
TIIIBTIETH DAT OF }IARCII, O}iE THOUSA:fD EIGHT HLI.\.DRED Al{D T\1-Elity-roun. }
WITII SO}TE
REFENSffCES TO RIPORTS OF 'qDIOIA.&
DECISIOIrS,
BY JOH.N PURDON.
EXHIBIT c-17
PHILADELPHIA:
IUBLISHED BY U.CABTY & DAI'IS, No. 171 ITARKET STREET.189-t.
.. lL
EASTERIi DISI'RICT Or pF.\tiSYLVAt{1,{, TO lyIT:BE lT REIIEIIBERED, Ttrt on the fifth dey of }larch, in the fony-ninth yerr
of tie Independence of the UDited Stat6 of .tmiric+ A. D: 1825,}I'CARTY &, DAI'IS,
of tbe said district, have deposited in this ofrce tbe title of a book, the right vbereofthey clainr es proprietorg in the wor& folloving, to wit:A Dieest ofthe L:rrss ofPennsvlvenie. from the vetr one thousanil geven hundred, to
the" thirtieth day of !{rrch, 'one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four. Tl-ith:ome Referencesto Reportr ofJudicial Decisions. By Johu Purdon.
. In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, intitule4 ( An tctfor tire encouragement of lerrning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and bookgiothe euthors and pmplietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned."-And alsototheact"entitled, "-\n.{ctsupplementrryto anact, entitled,'-\DActfor the encouragcment of learning, by securing tlre copies of maps, charts, and books'to the authors eid propdetors ot' suih copiei during'the timeJ t-herein mentioned,'xnd extending the tcnctits theleof to tbe arts of deiigning, engraving, and etc[inghistorical rnd ottrer prints."
D. CALDWBLI-t CIcrh of lhe Ea.tet'r Dittrict of Penwqkulnn,
EXHIBIT c- 1 3
+'
TABLE OF CONTENTS,I
ACT,- f Assembly Page. tter.y
'iure and Domestic ][a-. c,-;rJf,llI€S
ri?os. prentices'r iritration
ArrestArsonAssigneesAttachmentAttorney GeneralAttorniesAuctions
BaoksBarratorsBieamyBills o? ExchanqeBoard ofProoerivBonds and Pi.omissory NotesBread and FlourBurglrry
Constitution of the United StatesConstitution of PennsylvaniaA list of Stafute Worils and phrases
r9 TITLES. TITT.iS.Education PageEjectmentElectionsErrors and AonealsEscheatsEstates tailEvidence ' 'ExecurionsErecutors and Administrators
,fFeesFeme sole tradersFencesFerriesFines and RecognizancesFire. Firing of GunsForcible EntryForgeryFornicatioa and Bastardy
Gaming and LotteriesGaol
Hebeas CorpusHorse racingHorse stealingHuuting
fncestIndictmentInsolventsjIusoranceIntcrestIDtestatesIslauds I
EXHIBIT C-'/1,
r05g)reo8,AI9/1525s2!t5262n6279298300301soq306309
'8lo313
3t5321
w2348352s53
355355360368s6937ts88
IJ
4I
10t46qS9Jd\,/5354to
689loooo94s7
l0cu5
Coogtable ll|Cootempts of Court -td,zCootrac'ts of Ddcedents fe6bCouvicts.(ImporteQ . 128uorporanonE fggC^"nty rates and levies f S-l
\- .s "n6 Mortsases
DefalcationDirorceDogs aad SheeoDoiver r
DrunkardsDuelling
160177179183r88190199
Joint tenancvJurlgments ' 3gg.
**'i90
xvl €on$tirution of tle lilniteb Stateg.
I
(.\mendments.)clecting. and vote by ballot, for President and yice-president ; oneof whouH:It^:rl' tt least shdll not be an inhrbitant of the same state rvit-hthemselvcs;iilj.iL". they. shall.narne in their ballots, thc person voted for as presideot"sident-.-- "nu
rn.drsrrnct bailots' the-person voted for as yice-president ; andtney $a-l-l make distinct lists .f ail persons voted for as president,and of all persons roterl fur as Yice'-president, and of the numbero[votesfor each ; which lists thev sball signand certifv. aud traus-mit sealed,* to the seat of the glvernme-nt of the Uriited States,directed to the president of the Slnate ; the president of the senrteshall, in the prisence of tlre Senate and florise of Representatives,open all the certificates,t and the votes shall then be countetl; thepersgn having the greatest number of votes for president, shail bethe President-, if such number be a maiority of the whole numberofelectors appointed. Lnd if oo pe.t6n hive such maiority, thenfrom the per^sons haring the highest numbers, not exceidini threeon the lisi of those voted for as-President. the House of Reo-resen-tatives shall choose irnmediatel.y, by ballot, the president i but inchoosing the President, the votis s6all be iaken by states, the re-presentation from each state having one vote : a quorum for thispurpose shall consist of a member o'r uremberg frorir trvo thirds otthe states, and a ma.ioritv of all the states shall be necessary to achoice ; and if the Housi of Representatir.es shall not chdose aPresident, rvhenerer the right of'choice shall devolve upon thenr,before the fourth day of farch nert followins. then ih" Vi..-President shall act as President, as in the case oTthe,leath or other'constitutional disabilit-v of the president. fhe person haviug thegreatest number of voies as yice-president, iliall be t[e V-ice-Presirlent, if such number be a maiority of the rvhole oumber ote.lectors appointed ; and if no perjon liave a nraiority, then fromthe trvo higfiest numbers on thi list, the Senate "shall'choose theVice-Presidenr; a quorum tbr the purpose shall consist of trvo-thirds of the rvhole' number ol Senitois. and a maioritv of thervhole number shall be necessary to a choice. B"ut n6 oersonconstitutionally ineligible to the oilice of president, shall brJ eligi-ble to that of Vice-Piesident of the United Staies..lT\ folplcing article rcas proposed by Congress to tlu seterai
statcsfor their aiopliott us part'ofihe conitittttiin, utd has becn ra-l.ijell by tlu state oJ Penuybaiia, und sonrc of the other states, burhad nol, in )Iu'th lS!5, Deerl rutijei by the-nunber of stales re-qtired by the rtJIh article of the coistitution, and is theifore aE vet,rto part oJ'the eonstitution oJ the Liited States.l
Eleventh Congress. Second Session. Novenrber 9ith, lg0g.citizens Ant. xIII. lf an_v citizen of the L*nited States shall accept,not tore' claim, receive or reiain rnv title ofnobility or lronour. or stritt.;,e|tlJli:rvithout the consenr ol Congress, accept ani retain-any present,lrom fo- penslon, omce or ernotutnent ol any l(lnd whatever, lron any em_;;i;;;t". peror, king, prince ur fbreiqn powei', such person shall cease'to beers. a citizen ol'the L nited Strles, and slrall 'be incapable of holding
an_v office of trust or protit under them, or either'ot them. [,SeZ. L'inst. t;. S. "|rt. !. S'. is. E.1.1r Defore the first \Yednesdav in Janurry, by the same Act.f On the second lfe.Jnesd,ef io Februar.v, by t\e same Act.
EXHIBIT S-'t 7,
v
'IH}:
PTTBI,IC LAIYSOF TBE
Sfwte of s,0oUs'ilgU,smU.AND
P ROYIDE i\C E PLAN'I ATION g'
\s REVISED BY A COrlIllIITTEEr Ar\D FINALLY ENACTEDTHE TIOJORABLE GEIYER.{L ASSE}IBLY' AT THEIR
sEssroN rN J-{.NuARY, 1822.
@o blicU sre prefire!
CH.\RTER, DECLAB,\TION OF INDEPENDENCE' ARTICLESCo|iFEDERATION, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
sr.trEst AND pREstDENT lvaslrlticroNts.rDDREss oF sEPTEllBen, l?96.
PLIBLISHED BY AUTHORITY.
Ignorontio lcgit *mincm czauat.rc:foBrNcE oF TBE !.[r,r 13 rO ErCgSE FOA tTg VIOLAfIOS.
' PROVIDENCE:pRr:tTED A:CD iUaLISgEn Bt XlLrSP. ,3 SgtCsans.
EXHIBIT C_ / A
\
I *n,n:: j*:{.I
RHODE-ISLAND DISTRICT, &c.-rr!gr- BE it remembereil, that on the seventh day of l{ay, in the year
ffi* ofour Lord oue tbousand eigbt bundred "ni t*enty-ttto, "od
in{EnE the forty-sirth year of the independence of the United States offfiily America" ilrrr.ea & Horcurrs, of said District, depositeil in this-":" - ofrce', a title of a book,' the rigbt whereof they claim as proprie'brs, in tbe rvords following, to wit :
" The Public Lawc of the State of Rhode-Islaad aril Provitlence Planta-tioos, as rerisetl by a committee, aud finally enacted by tbe honorable Gen-eral Assembly, attheir session in January, 1822. To wh.ich are prefred theCharter, DeClaration of Independence, Articles of Goufederation, Constitu-tion of the United States, and President Washingon's Address of Sep-tember, l?96."
Io conforoity to rn act of Congress of the United States, entitled ":ln acrfor the elcouragement oflearniog, by securiog the copies of maps, charts andbooks to the authors anil proprietors ofsuch copies during the time thereinmentiooed ;" and also to an act, entitled " Ao act for the encouragement oilearning, b;,r securiog the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors andproprietors ofsuch copies during the tirre therein mentioned, and ertendingthe beoeit tbereoftothe art of designing, engraving and etching bistorica!aqal other prints." Witncss'-
BENJA}TIN COIVELL,Cllrk oJ Rhod.e'Islanil Dxtici,
EXHIBIT c* q
-:::1
?
EXHIBIT C-'IKI
{ID PRESIDENT WASHNGTON'S ADDRESS.
ARTICLE 13.
If anv citizen of the Unitetl States shall acceot. claim, re-ceive dr retain, any title of nobility or honor, o.
"holl, without
the consent ofCongress, accept and retain anJr present, pention, office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any em-Deror. kins. prince or foreign Dower. such person shall ceaseio be'a ciiizbn of the Uniledstates, and ih"ll bu incapableof holding any office of trust or profit under them, or eitier ofthem.
[.A'ole.-The eleveoth article of the amendoents to the constitution wasproposed at the secood sessioo ofthe third Congress; the twelfth article, atthe firstsessioo ofthe eigbth Coogress I and the l3th article, at the secondsession ofthe eleventh Congress.]
PRESTDEI{T IYASHII{GTON'S ADDRE-CS
Of Scptemlter,,li96.,TO THD TEOPLE OF THE U.\'ITED STATES.
Friends and Fellow-C it i: ens,
The periorl for a nerr election of a citizen to administerthe exeiutive government of the Unileil States. being not fardistant, and tli'e time actually arrivid rvhen your [houghtsmust be employed in designating the person who is to beelothed with that important trust, it appears to me ProPer.esnecially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression ofthl public voice, that I should norv apprise you of ihe resolu-tion-I have formed. to decline being considereil among thenumber of those out of whom a choide is to be made.
I bes you, at the same time, to do me the .iustice to be as-snred.ihat this resolutionhas not been takeri without a strict,"g"r.1to all the considerations appertaining to the relation*h'ich binds a dutiful citizen to his country ; and that. in rvith-drawinq the tender of service which silence in my situationrnight iiply, I am influenced by-no diminution of zeal for yourfutire inteiests. rto deficiency of grateful respect for your pastkindness ; but am supported by a full conviction that the stepis compatible rvith both.
The acceptance of, add continutnce hitherto in the officeto rvhich your suffraqes have twice c:;iled me, have been anr:qiform sicrifice of i"nclination to the opinion of duty, and t.'
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ORGANIC I-A\A/S.Dcclarntion of Indepcrrdtncclrticles of L-onfederation-onstitution of' thc trrritcd Strrrcs.
'nendruents to the Constitutiou\-- I reatf oI uesslonOrgariic At.t of l)nliot,rOrganic lct of \ornirrtlinion Pacifir: Il. 11. Larrrl ("iruntSioux Treat.r'SLoshotree andI'ublie Lnndsllilitar-r' IJount.r' LuttdsTon-n Sitc Lnr'*Tiurbcr LarlsSurvey of tlrt' I'ublie LuudsllioruinsPenitentilr'.r -
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EXHIBIT C,9O
CoxsrtrrtroN or UxtrsD Srercs. x-\txrwo highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the Yice presi-dent I a quorum for the purpose shall consist of trro-thirds of the wholenumber of senators, and.a majority of the rvhole number shall be necessaryto a choice.
3r- -Bu!. IJ9. person eonstitutionally ineligible to tlre offce of Presitlentshall be eligible to that of Vice President oi- the United Statee.
ARTICLE .\UI.tr lqy citizen -of tbe united states shall accept, claim, reeeive, or retain
any title of nobility or honor, or shall, withoui the consent of consress.accept or retain any preeent, pension, office, or emolument of any kind ivhat-ever, from anJi erDperor,- ki_ngr-pr_in_ce, or foreign power, such person shallcease to be a citizen of the lj-nited States, and ihali be incapabli of holdingany office of trust or prolit under them, or either of them.
ARTICLE ,\[rT"1. Neither slavery nor inv-oluntary- servitude, except as a punishment for
erime whereof the party ehall have'been rluly'convi'ct€d. BhAll exiet withinthe United States, or any place subject to theii jurisdiction., .?. congress shall have power to enforce thiJ articre by appropriate legis-latlon.
\- ARTICLE X\:.1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged b_y -the United States or by any State on account of race. color orprevious-condition of servitude. 2.. . Jhe congress shall have po\rer to enfcrrce thiiarticre by appropriate .
legislation.
EXHIBIT C-;I
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 1 of 12Pages
V. GOVERNMENT CLAIMS& RESPONSES Regarding various aspects of the ratification
of the Titles of Nobility Amendment
Following are claims made by government officials (from January 1991, through February 1995),
with (Historically based) responses to their claims. Regardless of their absurdity, the responses from the government officials are what can be anticipated by those who assert the Titles of Nobility Amendment. If one did not know or really investigate this issue the government representatives have made what might appear to be convincing arguments. Their arguments fall into ten general categories, which will be described below.
The following is a list of people, with their respective titles, who appear to be involved in the continuing cover-up of the ratification of the Titles of Nobility Amendment.
Herman V. Ames, PhD -- in 1897, authored "The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution."
Senator George Mitchell -- Former US Senate Majority Leader.
Milton Gustafson - Chief, Civil Reference Branch, National Archives.
Michael J. Kurtz -- Acting Assistant Archivist, National Archives.
Jack Maskell -- Legislative Attorney, Library of Congress.
Christopher M. Runkel - Acting General Counsel, National Archives.
Carol Shubinski -- Law Fellow for US Senator Paul Simon.
Some other players are:
Russ Christensen - A person that Senator Mitchell wrote to about Article XIII, even though Russ had never inquired about anything to Senator Mitchell, much less Article XIII.
Lamar Smith - Member of Congress, 21st District of Texas, - Initially favorable to the truth.
I. NOT RATIFIED TIMELY
In a letter dated February 13, 1991, from Senator Mitchell to David Dodge (D-13), we find the following allegations regarding why the Titles of Nobility Amendment could not have been ratified;
"Article XIII did not receive the three-fourths vote required from the states within the time limit to be ratified”
There are no provisions in Article V, of the United States Constitution, which establish time limits on amendments, therefore, Congress has no authority to establish-any, unless it is a part of the amendment, as proposed. Time limits for ratifying amendments were first implemented in the early 1900's. There were no limits on the early amendments, which is confirmed by the alleged ratification of the 27th Amendment over two hundred years after it was first introduced.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 2 of 12Pages
This argument is the most meager of all, and appears to be a first effort to discourage continued investigation of the matter. As you will see, stop-gap measures are added as the investigation continues. Interestingly, as you follow this narrative, you might wonder why there was no "written record" from the past that could be easily referred to.
H. AN INSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF STATES RATIFIED THE AMENDMENT
In various letters Senator Mitchell I, Milton Gustafson, Michael Kurtz, Jack Maskell, Christopher M. Runkel and Carol Shubinski, all claimed that not a sufficient number of states had ratified by 1812, and that, since 21 states had joined the union by 1819, it would require 16 states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment on the date it was actually ratified.
In George Mitchell's letter of March 20, 1991 (D-14), he makes the argument that it doesn't matter if Virginia ratified the Amendment.
"However, regardless of whether the State of Virginia did ratify the proposed Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution on March 12, 1819, this approval would not have been sufficient to amend the Constitution. In 1819, there were 21 states in the United States and any amendment would have required approval of'] 6 to amend the Constitution. According to your own research, Virginia would have been only the thirteenth state to approve the proposed Amendment.
Later, in his January 3, 1992 letter (D-15), Mitchell backs off a bit when he alludes to a Supreme Court solution. He is correct in asserting that there is no Court ruling on the matter when he says:
... even if Virginia had agreed to the Amendment in 1819, it is unclear if this would have been sufficient to adopt the Amendment as several States had entered the United States between the years of 1810, when it was introduced in the Senate, and 1819. This would raise Constitutional issues on which I am unaware of any Supreme Court rulings.
In Milton Gustafson's Reference Report (undated) (D-18), we find similar attempts to establish the method of counting ratification votes.
"Thus, in 1812, when there were 18 states, only 12 ratified the proposed Amendment (14 states were needed). In 1818, when there were 21 states, there were only 12 ratifications, but 16 were needed for the A Amendment to become part of the Constitution.
In that same Reference Report (D-18), Gustafson acknowledges that he is not sure of what the circumstances really were. This is indicative of the lack of written record, which leads us to believe that the government’s arguments are merely speculative, and defensive.
"I do not know if those four states [Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, and Illinois] were positively excluded from the process of ratifying the titles of nobility amendment, if they were excluded by inadvertence, or if they were included
In Jack Maskell's report of March 21, 1994, to Steven Schiff (D-21), we hear the same argument presented, again lacking any substantial proof
"However, even if the Commonwealth of Virginia had ratified the proposal in 1819, as claimed by some, such ratification would have made only the thirteenth state to ratify the provision by
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 3 of 12Pages
that year. In 1819, there were 21 States in the Union, and the requisite number of states to ratify the proposal by the required 3/4ths of the States would have been 16 States.
Christopher Runkel, in his letter of May 17, 1994 (D-23), reflects that there were twelve ratifications of the Amendment. Conspicuously, no evidence is offered of the count required.
"Records in the National Archives indicate that, between December, 1810, and December, 1812, 12 states officially notified the executive branch that they had ratified the proposed amendment...
Carol Shubinski, in a letter dated March 7, 1995 (D-24), follows the same logic, even though, in the early 1800's, this principle of counting all states that were members of the Union had never been established.
"By 1812, twelve states had ratified the amendment. However, in order to become part of the Constitution, thirteen states would have had to ratify it because 18 states had joined the Union by 1812. No state has ratified the amendment sine 1812.
This Amendment was sent out for ratification in 1810. At that time, there were 17 states that were a part of the Union, which means 13 states were needed for ratification. In addition, at that time, there were also territories. In 1810, as today, these territories had representation in the US House and Senate, but they were not allowed to vote on anything, As indicated in the Exhibits (A-1 – A-10) there is absolutely no doubt that only the original 17 states were involved in the entire ratification process of the Titles of Nobility Amendment. In those Exhibits, the additional states which joined the Union from 1812 to 1819 were totally ignored (Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, and Illinois). At no time did the President of the United States, the Secretary of State, or the Congress, invite the four new states to join in the process of ratification, nor did they include these additional states on the inquiry list. There is no record of any of the four new states governors or legislators complaining, or objecting, nor did their representatives in the US House or Senate. Silence is acquiescence!
After the comprehensive list (D-5) of February 4, 1818 was given to the House of Representatives, it was clear that if South Carolina or Virginia ratified, this Amendment would have been adopted. The letter from President Monroe to the House of Representatives (D-6), on February 27, 1818, makes it clear that South Carolina had voted not to ratify. As a result of this letter, Virginia clearly knew, at this point, that she was the last to vote on the ratification of this Amendment If representatives of Virginia voted against, it would fail. If they voted to ratify, this Amendment would become part of the United States Constitution. Virginia acted, by means of common law (Virginia's acknowledgment by publication affirmed their position on the matter). The Virginia Legislature had the "Titles of Nobility Amendment" published as a ratified amendment in the Codes of Virginia. Virginia's Legislature had copies sent to President Monroe, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson, and gave instructions that 4,000 more copies be printed for use in schools, courts, &c. (See Exhibits B-1 – B-9)
Research into whether or not the states that entered the Union subsequent to 1812 and prior to 1919, indicates that their respective state houses NEVER received any inquiry asking whether they had ratified, or not, There is no record that Congress, any Secretary of State, or President, from 1812 thru 1819, ever attempted to inform, inquire or otherwise submit to any
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 4 of 12Pages
of the new states any pretense of their involvement in the ratification process. Further, there is no record of ever having the matter before the legislatures themselves, though each one of them did "publish" the Titles of Nobility Amendment as a ratified amendment to the Constitution, after Virginia did.
There is no "written record" of the method for determining which states would be included in the ratification process, "three fourths of the several States" (Article V, Constitution), when an amendment is proposed or "three fourths of the several States" when an amendment is ratified? The answer is best illustrated by the fact that those familiar with the original Constitution chose only to inform and query those states which were members of the Union at the time the Titles of Nobility Amendment was submitted for ratification (1810, 17 states).
III. PREVIOUS PRINTINGS OF TITLES OF NOBILITY AMENDMENT
WERE PRINTED IN ERROR
In communications from Mitchell and Kurtz, the arguments were that all of the copies of the United States Constitution by the States and/or Territories which included Amendment Thirteen were printed in error. They allege that only a few were published. They also claim that there was some confusion over South Carolina.
George Mitchell, in his letter of February 13, 1991 (D-13), attempts to excuse the "errors" of the past.
"All editions of the Maine Constitution printed after 1820 exclude the proposed amendment; only the originals contain this error.
He refers to "mistakes" in that same letter:
"When the Thirteenth Amendment was originally printed in 1820, the year Maine and Massachusetts separated, the Maine legislature mistakenly printed the proposed Amendment in the Maine Constitution as having been adopted
To date, we cannot find the 1820 Maine publication showing Article XIII as a ratified Amendment! We have found Maine legislative publications showing Article XIII as a ratified Amendment in 1825 and 183 1. So much for exclusion after 1820! (See D-25)
Later, in Mitchell's letter of January 3, 1992 (D-15), he suggests "confusion" over the matter.
"Some editions of the Constitution were printed as though the Amendment had been ratified because there was apparently some confusion over which states had agreed to this Amendment. An official inquiry into the matter showed that although the South Carolina Senate had passed the Amendment, the South Carolina House had not-concurred with the Senate.
Michael Kurtz, in his letter (D-20) of March 3, 1994, explains away the past as "error".
"The inclusion of this proposed Amendment in some publications issued by some states apparently was done in error.
In Maskell's report of March 21, 1994 (D-22), we also see how casually the competence of those former statesmen is denigrated.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 5 of 12Pages
"The printing of various copies or editions of the United States Constitution in the early 1800's with the proposed 'Thirteenth Amendment' included in the publications was a common error in that era.
Some editions? Twenty-five States and/or Territories, with 77 different official publications of this amendment, as ratified, is some? (See D-25) Also, there are no documents to support the idea that there was confusion over South Carolina. Quite the contrary. As you can see from Exhibits A-1 – A-10, there was absolutely no confusion!
Going back to Mitchell's letter of January 3, 1992 (D-15), we find him excusing Virginia (who should, more than anybody, know what they were doing), assuring us that they had made a "mistake".
"There is no definitive evidence that Virginia ever ratified this Amendment. Although the Virginia Howe Journal includes a copy of the Constitution with the Proposed 13th Amendment printed as though it had been adopted, this was a Common mistake at the time arising from the confusion over the number of states which had ratified the Amendment.
In 1812, Virginia passed the Titles of Nobility Amendment in the House of Delegates. It was then sent to the Senate, read twice, and tabled. After an inquiry from James Monroe, a Virginian, and Secretary of State, the Virginia Senate held a special session in 1813/1814. Virginia's House and Senate records have been located, with the exception of the Journal for 1799 and the Special Session of 1813/1814. Virginia did not publish the amendment in their House Journal, however they did publish this as a ratified amendment in their republication of the Codes of Virginia in 1819. (D-9) As for it being a "common mistake", at the time, only one state, Pennsylvania, published it before 1819! (See D-25)
IV. HISTORICAL PROOF?
Senator Mitchell and Jack Maskell both rely upon the "Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of its History", by Herman V. Ames, a man who was alleged to "give a concise history of the issue."
Mitchell, in his letter of January 3, 1992 (D-15), finds an ally from the past, Herman Ames.
"I have enclosed several pages from The Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of its History by Herman Ames which were provided by the Congressional Research Service and give a concise history of the issue.
Maskell, in his report (D-22) confirms this proof from the past by reference to a "comprehensive study" performed by Ames.
"As explained by historian Herman V. Ames in his comprehensive -study of proposed amendments, this confusion 'led to a resolution of inquiry, as a result of which it was discovered that the House of Representatives of South Carolina had not confirmed the action of the Senate, and so the amendment had not been adopted'
Maskell (D-22) continues to use this "historian" to substantiate the government’s feeble arguments.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 6 of 12Pages
"Ames explained that some of the general public, however, 'continued to think that this amendment had been adopted, and this misconception was perpetuated for over a third of a century in editions of the Constitution and school histories. I Herman V. Ames had the task of explaining 1370 proposed Amendments to the United States
Constitution, one of which was the "Titles of Nobility" Amendment. Ames spent all of five short paragraphs on the "concise history" of this Amendment. Why is it that in this "concise history" he mentions confusion over South Carolina, when there obviously was not any? He neglects to mention that 25 States and/or Territories had officially published this amendment as a ratified amendment some 77 times over a period of 57 years (that we have located to date). And, finally, Ames says that there was no information regarding Virginia. As is clear, there was quite a bit known about Virginia's actions, for example, as the House vote, in 1812, read twice in the Senate, then tabled. After it was known, with precision, that Virginia was the deciding vote (February 27, 1818, D-6), the legislators of Virginia convened (December 17, 1818, D-8) and agreed to do an omnibus bill which would include the re-publication of Virginia's Codes, including the United States Constitution and the amendments thereto, including Article XIII, the Titles of Nobility Amendment. Are Ames' efforts credible considering these significant omissions? Ironically, Ames agrees, in part, with our position, and states in his report, after 1812, "[t]he Amendment lacked only the vote of one state of being adopted." Curiously, these government representatives don't talk about that part of the report. (D-12)
V. LACK OF INFORMATION
Milton Gustafson alleges that there is a lack of files relating to the Titles of Nobility Amendment.
Gustafson's undated Reference Report (D-18) demonstrates the problem with substantiating the ratification of the Amendment, or, more precisely, the inability to prove that it was not ratified.
"I can only report what we find in the files relating to that amendment, and the records in those files do not address the question.
Gustafson (as do the others) seems to have a hard time looking at the documentation contained in the National Archives where he works. The "unratified amendment" box for Article XIII, in the National Archives, and the microfilms of the domestic correspondence of the Secretary of State, are kept in separate locations. The "written record" clearly supports the ratification, as opposed to non-ratification, of the Titles of Nobility Amendment. When put together, they paint a complete picture, yet the National Archives chooses to ignore this information. (See Exhibits A-1 – A-10)
VI. "EQUAL FOOTING DOCTRINE"
Jack Maskell argues that the "equal footing doctrine" (full and equal privileges) was recognized, as currently perceived by the government, since the founding of our Nation. He concludes that each state entering the Union would be included in the ratification process.
In Maskell's report of March 21, 1994 (D-22), he lays the foundation for this insupportable claim.
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 7 of 12Pages
"As each State is entered into the Union, it is admitted on an 'equal footing' with all other States. The 'equal footing doctrine' is one which has been known and recognized in government and constitutional practice theory since the founding of our Nation. As suck each *ate is entered in the Union with full and equal privileges concerning the laws of the United States, which would include full consideration and participation in the ratification process.
If one looked into the history of "Equal Footing" doctrine, one would find that, from the very beginning it was not applied equally. The "Equal Footing" doctrine came from the Northwest Ordinance, adopted in July, 1787, and the United States Constitution, adopted in September, 1787. There were several requirements that the territories had to satisfy prior to "admission" as a state. Among those were: 1) a certain population figure had to be achieved, 2) the territory had to convene a constitutional convention; 3) the people of the territory had to adopt a constitution that guaranteed a republican form of government; 4) the United States Congress had to approve the proposed state's constitution; 5) the territory had to accept the United States Constitution, including amendments, at the time of admission. After these requirements were met, the territory was accepted, on an "Equal Footing", along with the rest of the States. There were, however, obvious exceptions. Of the 13 original colonies, two, Connecticut and Rhode Island, continued under British Charters until 1818 (Connecticut) and 1842 (Rhode Island). At the same time, both of these colonies had full voting rights in the US Congress, and were invited, from the beginning, to vote on all amendments to the United States Constitution, etc.
After adopting a Constitution and satisfying all other conditions of the Northwest Ordinance, Connecticut, in 1821, published their first Laws, Codes, and Statutes. This publication included Connecticut's new Constitution and the United States Constitution, which, lo and behold, contained Article XIII as a ratified Amendment. The four territories that became states between 1812 and 1819 also published Article XIII as a ratified Amendment, several times, after Virginia ratified this Amendment. As you can see, it was a farce to come up with "Equal Footing" to include new states in the ratification process, when it had begun before they became states. Common sense would dictate that once the process was begun in the United States Senate, and a territory had no voting rights, for or against a proposed amendment, they could be manipulated into voting the way the majority of Congress wanted. A territory's entrance into the Union as a state could be made contingent upon the way they voted.
VII. EX POST FACTO
Jack Maskell and Christopher M. Runkel both attempt to further the validity of the "equal footing" doctrine by citing another amendment, concerning pay raises for Congress, as an example.
Maskell, in his March 21, 1994 report (D-22) establishes his claim as follows:
"The most recent practical application and example of this doctrine in the area of constitutional amendments has been the recent ratification of the so-called 'Madison Amendment' concerning congressional pay, the 27th Amendment. That Amendment was proposed by the Congress and sent to the States on September 25, 1789. Six of the then 14 States
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 8 of 12Pages
had approved the amendment by 1791. The 27th Amendment was not formally ratified and accepted, however, until the 38th State (Michigan, on May 7, 1992) approved the amendment. Since the number of States had increased to 50 before the requisite approval of 3/4thss of the existing States had been received, the required number of States approving became 38.
Chris Runkel, in his letter dated May 17, 1994 (D-23) attempts to supplant the Supreme Court's authority for interpretation of the Constitution, and replace it with that of the OLC (Office of Legal Counsel), a Department of Justice function.
"Additional support for this conclusion is provided by a 1992 opinion of the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC). The OLC expressly concluded that 38 states would have to ratify what was popularly known as the 'Congressional Pay Amendment' before it became a part of the Constitution 16 Op. O.L.C. 100, 101 (1992) (preliminary print). The OLC also concluded that, once the Archivist received 'formal instruments of ratification' from 38 States, the Archivist would be required to certify that the Congressional Pay Amendment had 'become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution.' Id at 101.
Runkel (D-23) now explains how OLC received this authority.
"The OLC's opinion is significant because the OLC is authorized by Congress to resolve questions of law that affect executive branch operations. See 28 U.S.C. 511 (1988). The OLC's 1992 opinion is directly on point with the question of how many states would have to ratify the Titles of Nobility amendment before the Acting Archivist could certify under I U.S. C S 106b that the amendment had become valid to all Intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution.
Runkel (D-23) now tells us that what OLC has determined to be true constitutes rules that should have been abided with by those who wrote the Constitution.
"Only 11 States had adopted the Constitution when Congress submitted the Congressional Pay Amendment to the States in 1789 for ratification. Therefore, like the Titles of Nobility amendment, the Congressional Pay Amendment was submitted by Congress for ratification at a time when the 'several States' numbered fewer than 50. The OLC did not conclude, however, that the Archivist should have certified that the Congressional Pay Amendment had become part of the Constitution once NARA [National Archives and Records Administration] had received official notice of ratification from 9 of those 11 States. Rather, the OLC concluded that the Archivist's authority to certify the Congressional Pay Amendment depended upon NARA's receipt of official notice of ratification from 38 States.
The 27th Amendment was proposed in 1787 and was allegedly adopted in 1992; the Titles of Nobility Amendment was proposed in 1810, and adopted in 1819. There is no concise history detailing what happened with the 27th, as there is with the Titles of Nobility. The Titles of Nobility Amendment was recognized as an actual amendment to the United States Constitution for a period of over 56 years, with a massive circulation of official publications indicating that it was ratified.
The Constitution, Article 1, Section 9, clause 3, prohibits "ex post facto Law". How, then, can an agency established in 1988, possibly mandate what the law was in 1819?
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 9 of 12Pages
VIII. TRIVIALITY OF THE AMENDMENT
In statements from Jack Maskell and Carol Shubinski, the argument regarding the intent of the Titles of Nobility Amendment was in question. Or, is this an attempt to reduce the significance of the Amendment, since their contentions of non-ratification are so weak?
Maskell tells us, in his report of March 21, 1994 (D-22), that:
"Finally, the belief that the language of the proposed 'Titles of Nobility' Amendment would in some way prohibit, bar or eliminate attorneys, judges, corporations, or chartered national or state banks, and would rectify injustice concerning 'political prisoners' in our penal system, appears to require an interpretation of constitutional language which is unprecedented and unsupported in case law or direct legislative history.
Carol Shubinski, in a letter dated March 7, 1995 (D-24) assures us of our intelligence, and then tells us what she wants us to believe the Titles of Nobility Amendment is all about.
"As you know, the amendment would revoke the citizenship of anyone who accepted a title of nobility or a gift from a foreign state, or who married a person of royal blood without the consent of Congress.”
Although Maskell and Shubinski take opposite approaches to the argument of what is meant by the Titles of Nobility Amendment, they are both mistaken We do know that the Founders felt so strongly on the matter that they prohibited the Congress and the States from granting any Titles of Nobility in both the Articles of Confederation and the subsequent Constitution of the United States of America.
There appears to be much more than just a concern over whom one married, or whether George Bush would be knighted by the Queen, when this Amendment was ratified. In 1819 we were just recently out of the War of 1812. Thousands had lost their lives, and a degree of confusion, and relief reigned after the war. The stimuli for the war may have been the same stimuli for the Amendment, itself. We can understand the concern of Madison, and the House of Representatives when they finally declared war against Great Britain. Frost's Pictorial History of the United States of America (D-1) gives us a far better understanding of the concerns of our Founders than Jack Maskell or Carol Shubinski ever could. The fifth reason for declaration of war accuses Great Britain of "Employing secret agents within the United States, with a view to subvert our government, and dismember our union.
Considering that "secret agents" would not enter the United States wearing "titles" such as "prince", or "duke", it might be significant to understand that by 1812, there was grave concern over the threat of subversive destruction of the concepts of the Founders. So much so, that a Declaration of War was necessary to attempt to prevent this incursion.
Is it possible that the evils of federalism had begun to fester as a sore in the side of the "Great Experiment" that early in our history? Is it possible that those "agents" were not all purged during, and after the War of 1812? Is it possible that those agents waited two generations, until after 1849, to work their evils and "erase" the very Amendment that was ratified to remove them from this country, and their threat thereto? Is it possible that the cancer still exists in this country, today, and that some of those named above are guilty of violation of the very amendment they now attempt to keep in that grave long ago created for it? Is it possible
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 10 of 12Pages
that if we were to resurrect the Titles of Nobility Amendment, we would have begun the process of eradication of a cancer that has eaten at the very heart and soul of this country for two hundred years, and restore us to the prosperity that was originally intended by the Founding Fathers?
IX AUTHORITY FOR RATIFICATION
Christopher Runkel argues, in his letter of May 17, 1994 (D-23),
"The 'provisions of the Constitution' to which S 106b refers are those found In Article V, which states that:
'The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses In the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage In the Senate.'
"...when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the thereof [several States]...." It does not say three fourths when an amendment was proposed or three fourths when ratified. (See Exhibits A-1 – A-10)
Runkel (D-23) continues:
"At most, 13 States have officially notified NARA of their ratification of the Titles of Nobility amendment.”
After 5 1/2 months of work, the opinion from the National Archives, and the Acting National Archivist reviewing this opinion, said, "At most, 13 states have officially notified NARA of their ratification of the Titles of Nobility Amendment"? From the very beginning of this issue, all of the government agencies contacted, including the National Archives, would state, "12 states", only. We are submitting an F.O.I.A. request to the National Archives to obtain a copy of all 13 ratifications.
While we observe the desperate acts of the current government attorneys in their attempt to argue that "mistakes" were made by those that lived during the period of ratification of the Tides of Nobility Amendment, and that the attorneys of today know what really happened, even though they have been unable to provide any proof of their claims. We should recognize two other factors as significant, in terms of what was intended then, and whether these people (the attorneys) have any say in the matter.
Prior to the War of Independence, there were bar attorneys (graduates of the "Inner Temple") practicing law in some of the colonies. Some colonies had already removed this threat by outlawing attorneys who were bar members. The bar was unable to reestablish itself until
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 11 of 12Pages
AFTER the Civil War, as the ABA. At which time they continued the cover up of the Titles of Nobility Amendment.
In Runkel's letter (D-23) of May 17, 1994, he cites Dillon v. Gloss (256 U.S. 368, 376-77), where the Supreme Court tells us what authority the Secretary of State and the National Archives have in the matter. The case states that "the...amendment became effective when the necessary number of States had ratified it, not when the Secretary of State issued a certificate... we conclude that the extent of the Acting Archivist’s authority with respect to amendments ... is 'ministerial' in nature." If this is true, then the States, and only the States, can acknowledge ratification of the Titles of Nobility Amendment. As is clearly demonstrated by the evidence included with this information, the States had no doubt in their minds when they published the Titles of Nobility Amendment as ratified and a part of the Constitution of the United States of America.
X. COVER-UP
What happened, then, to the Titles of Nobility Amendment? With the voluminous amounts of written evidence of ratification and acceptance of the Amendment in the period from 1819, to beyond the middle of that century, it is difficult to understand how the Amendment could just be disposed of. Surely, if there were error in the acceptance thereof, there would be a record of the "order" confirming the errors. Even an "order" of this nature would probably have been sufficient to provide a neat "paper trail" for the extinction of the Amendment, considering the apparent attitude of many who did not like the idea of the Titles of Nobility Amendment. Conspicuously, there was no one then willing to stand and take responsibility for generating such an order. It is far easier, if deceit is an objective, to allude to a document prepared many years before, and whose author can no longer defend, or deny, the veracity of what is said. The only reference that we are able to find was not provided by the government representatives, as they have produced nothing to prove their allegations.
We, however, have sought to be as thorough and fair as possible, in our investigation. The only documents that we were able to find which could be used to "explain away" the Titles of Nobility Amendment were notations in law books, which offer a rather flimsy explanation. Though there are many, we are including only one, from Illinois. Further, our investigation has been unable to find any correspondence, letter, order, enactment or Circular directing the inclusion of this notation. In the published "Revised Statutes of Illinois", the Titles of Nobility Amendment shown as ARTICLE XIII in 1823, 1827, 1833 and 1839. Then, in the same publication, in 1845, we find the Amendment missing, and a note included, which reads:
[Note--In former editions of the laws of Illinois, there is an amendment printed as article thirteen, prohibiting citizens from accepting titles of nobility, &c., from foreign governments. But by a message of the President of the United States of February 4, 1818, in answer to a resolution of the House of Representatives, it appears that this amendment had been ratified by only twelve States, and therefore had not been adopted See vol. 4, of the printed papers of the first session of the 15th Congress, No. 76. 1 (D-11)
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Page 12 of 12Pages
Interestingly, the letter (D-5) referred to is the letter that prompted Virginia to act on the matter. The period between the beginning of the War of 1812 and the letter (D-5) of February 4, 1818 was surely one of confusion. The Congressional building had been burned by the British during the war, and important records were lost. When Virginia's Representatives and Senators were notified by the February 4, 1818 letter (D-5), she responded by acknowledging ratification of the amendment.
All publications of the Titles of Nobility Amendment were subsequent to the letter, which makes this argument rather weak, and conspicuous. Further, we have been unable to locate any documents sent to any state which requests, removal of, or denies existence of, the Titles of Nobility Amendment. The wording, however, of all of the notations we have found is too similar to be coincidental. The government has also been unable to provide any document that would justify what appears to be a covert action by various individuals in state government to "annul" the Titles of Nobility Amendment. It took nearly two generations for this "error" to be brought forward. During that time, most of those with knowledge of the problem had passed on. Could it be that this action could never have been taken in their presence?
Titles of Nobility Amendment VI. Identification of Discussion Documents, attached as D-# 1* Pictorial History of the United States of America, John Frost (1844) War of 1812
2 James Monroe, Secretary of State Circular to the Governors Mar 23, 1813
3 House of Representatives President Dec 31, 1817
4* J. Q. Adams, Secretary of State Virginia, S. Carolina & Conn. Jan 7, 1818
5 * Pres. James Monroe House of Representatives Feb 4, 1818
6* Pres. James Monroe House of Representatives Feb 27, 1818
7 J. Q. Adams, See. of State Charles Buck Mar 21, 1818
8* Virginia General Assembly 1818
9* The Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia 1819
10 Justice Of The Peace, Henry Potter, 1828
11* Revised Statutes Of The Laws of the State of Illinois 1845
12* Herman V. Ames, PhD The Proposed Amendments To The Constitution Of The United States During The First Century Of Its History 1897
13* George Mitchell David Dodge Feb 13, 1991
14* George Mitchell David Dodge Mar 20, 1991
15* George Mitchell Russ Christensen Jan 3, 1992
16 George Mitchell David Dodge Feb 14, 1992
17 David Dodge George Mitchell Mar 3, 1992
18* Milton 0. Gustafson Reference Report undated
19 Lamar Smith Dr. Trudy Peterson Feb. 16, 1994
20* Michael 1. Kurtz Lamar Smith Mar 3, 1994
21 Steven Schiff Brian Much Apr 6, 1994
22* lack Maskell report to Steven Schiff Mar. 21, 1994
23* Christopher Runkel Opinion on Titles of Nobility May 17,1994
24* Carol Shubinski Brian March Mar 7, 1995
25* List of states/territories and record of acceptance Mar. 15, 1995
26 Definitions
27 Affidavit by Brian H. Much April 29, 1995
* indicates documents referenced in the "Government Claims & Responses" portion.
THE
PICTORIAL HISTORY
THE UNIToF AlVIERICA,
PROM THE
DISCOVERY BY T}IN NORTH}IEN
IN TI{E
TENTH CENTURYTO
THE PRESENT TIME.BY JOHN FROST,LL.D.
PBoFEssdR oF aELrEs LETaBES tx TEE CEI{TBAL rrcE scgool. of lslt..tDgl.tgta.
E
(78 MADISoN'S wan MEssacE.all hope of reparation was cut off, and the President sent amessage to Congress, in which he set forth a series of actsof Great Britain, hostile to the United States, as an inde-pendent and neutral nation. After enumerating many ag-gressions on the part of that nation, he proceeded : .. Ourmoderation and conciliation have had no other effect than toencourage perseverance, and to enlarge pretensions. Webehold our sea-faring citizens still the daily victims of larvlessviolence, committed on the great common and highway ofnations, even within sight o[ the country which owes themprotection. We behold our vessels, freighted with the pro-ducts of our soil and industry, or returning with the honestproceeds of them, wrested from their larvful destinations, con-fiscated by prize-courts, no longer the organs of public lalv,but the instruments of arbitrary edicts ; and their unfortunatecrews dispersed and lost, or forced or inveigled, in Britishports, into British fleets: whilst arguments are enrployed insupport of these aggressions, rvhich have no foundation but ina principle supporting equally a claim to regulate our externalconmerce in all cases whatsoever.
" We behold, in fine, on the side of Great Britain, a stateof rvar against the United States; and on the side of theUnited States, a state of peace towards Great Britain.
6'Whether the United States shall continue passive underthese progressive usurpations, and these accunrulating rvrongs;or, opposing lorce to force, in defence of their natural rights,sball comrnit a just cause into the hands of the Almighty Dis-poser of events, avoiding all connections rvhich nright entangleit in tbe contests or views of other powers, and preserving aconstant readiness to concur in an honourable re-establish-ment of peace and friendship, is a solemn guestion, rvhich theconstitution wisely confides to the legislative departrnent ofthe governntent. fn recornmending it to their early delibera-tions, I am happy in the assurance that the decision will bervorthy the enlightened and patriotic councils of a virtuous, afree, and a porverful nation.t'
This message rvas relerred in the House of Representatives,_t
(:--
EXHIBIT N - I
,/,
DECLANATION OF WAR. 79to the comnrittee on foreign relatioos. After a serious con-sideration of its contents, they reported a bill declaring warbetrveen the United I(ingdorns of Great Britain and lreland,and their dependencies, and the United States of America, andtheir territories, accompanied by a rcport, setting forth thecauses that impelled to war, of lvhich the following is a sum-mary. For,
Firstly. Impressing Anrerican citizens, while sailing on theseas, the highway of nations, dragging thern on board theirships of war, and forcing tlrern to serve against nations inamity with the United States; and even to participate inaggressions on the rights of their fellorv-citizens rvhen met onthe high seas.
Secondly. Violating the rights and peace of our coasts andharbours, harassing our departing comrnerce, and wantonlyspilling American blood, within our territorial jurisdiction.
Thirdly. Plundering our commerce on every sea; underpretended blockades, not ofharbours, ports, or places investedby adequate force; but of e.xtended coasts, without the appli-cation of fleets to render thenr legal: and enforcing thenr fromthe date of their proclarnation, thereby giving thenr virtuallyretrospective effect.
Fourthly. Comnritting numberless spoliations on our shipsand commerce, under her orders in council, of various dates.
Fifthly. Ernploying secret agents within the United States,with a vierv to subvert our government, and dismember ourunion.
Sixthly. Encouraging the Indian tribes to make war on tJre
people of the United States.The bill reported by the comntittee of foreign relations,
passed the House of Representatives, on the 4th of June, bya majority of thirty, in one hundred and twenty-eight votes,and rvas transmitted to the Senate for its concurrence. Inthe Senate it was passed by a majority of six, in thirty-twovotes. On the lSth of June, it received the approbation ofthe President, and on the next day rvas publicly announced.
t\
By tlris act the President rvas authorized to " aPPly the rvhole
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Report Book, Volume 3, page 15.
lo the house of recresentatives
Pursuant to a resolution of the house of represeatativesof the 31st of d.ecT Last requesting information of thenunber of states which had ratifled. the 13th article ofthe amenoments to the consti-tuiion of ihe United States,I iransnit to the house a detailed reycort from the secre-iar:.r oi' staie, whlch coniains all the infornation tnai hasbeen received upon that sr;bject. !'Tc iiine will be losi incomrrunicatrng to the house the aussers of '',he governors ofthe states of South Carolina ancL Virginia, to the errquiriessiaied. by the secretary of state to have been recentlyad.dressed to the:n, when they are recelved. at ihat d.eparirnent.
ITashington february 4. 1818 (si.gned)
Ja.rnes Moiroe
EXHIBIT 2-r,,
Report Book, Volunre 3, pages 14, 15.
fhe Presideni; of the United. StatesDepartment of State 3d february
ltre secretary of state, to whon was referred. a resolu-tlon of the house of reoreseniatives of the 31st of d.ecember
last requesting lnforraation of the nr.:mber of stateb whichhave ratified the thirteenth article of the arnenCrnents to theconstitui;ion of the United. States, proposed at the second.
session of the eleventh congress, has the honor res.oectfullyto report to the oresldent, that it apcears, by authentiedocuments, on file in the oifice of the departraent ot'staie,ihat the said article vas ratified -
Bv 1.2.3.A-
6.7.g.o
10.11.te.
Maryland., oD the 25tb of d.ecember, 1810.
Kentucky, on the 31st of january, L811.
Ohior or the 31st of january, 1811.
Delaware, on the Znd of febru&ryr 1811.
Pennsylvaniar. on the 6tb of february, 1811.
New Jersey, on the 13th.of february, 1811.Verrnsllrl on the 24th of :oetober, 1811.
Tennessee, on the 21st of novenber, 1811.
Georgiar oD the 13tb of d.ecember, 1811.
North Carollnar or the 23d of d.ecember, 1811.Massachusettsr orr tine 27th of f ebruary, J.8l,'2.
New llanpshire, oD the L0th of decenber, L812.
EXHIBIT D-5That
2-
That it ftrrther aDpeaxs, by authentic d.ocuments, alsoon flLe, that the said. article was rejected. -
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Taat 15.
Tbat 16.
And ihat L7.
I{ew Yorkr orr the 12th of narch, 1814.
Rhod.e Is1and., on the 15th of september, 1814.
ft was submitted to the legislature of the stateof Connecticut at lday session, 1811; but that,as late as the 22no of April, 1Bl-9, accord.ing toa letter of that d.ate r'rbn governoi Srnithr Dofinal d.ecision had taken .place th.ereon: thai; inpuxsuance of the resolutibn of the house of repre-sentaiives in conformlty to which thls reoori ismade, the secrerary of state ad.dressed. a lertorto the governor of Connecticut, and enclosed. tohirn, at the sane time, a copy of the _croposed amenC-ment to the ccnstitution, requesting informaticn asto any final d.ecision in relation to it, ano tha_tthe ansser to saia,lerter, unCer date oi the e?{rtu]timo was acconrpanieC by a copy oi resclutions ofihe general assenbly of that conrdonrrealth, declar-ing that the amend.ment was not ratified..On the egth of .november, 1811. a report was madeby a commirree of the senate of South Carolina,recommending the adoption of the amendatory article,whlch recort ras agreed to, and ordered to be sentto the house of xepreseniatives, in whleh hou-se areport was also nab.e on the subject on the ?th ofd.ecernber, 1813, reeommend.ing the rejection of thesald artlcle, but which reeort d.oes not appear tohave been d.efinitively acted" upon by tbai; house:That the secretary of state addressed to the govet-nor of South Carollna a letter, wiib a copy of theamend.ment, of a like tenor to thai which he address-ed to the governor of Connecticut, to which he hasnot hltherto received. any ansrer.A simllar letter accompanled also by a copy of tbeamend.ment was wri.tten 6y the secretiry of Ltate tothe governor of VlrglnLa, fron vrhom, up to thlsgeriod., nc alrsvrer has been r eceived., at the d.epart-ment of state, on the subject. .
AL1 whlch ls respecifully submiited
EXHIBIT O-'
It.'I
.,W l{es,_sages and._-Papers of the Presld.ents, L?89-189?, by Jannes D.lW d Rlchardso n, Voh:ne II , pagie ?9.
February 27, L81g.
To the House of Representatives of the unlted. states:I communicate herewitb to the House of Representatives a
copy of a letter from the governor of the state of soutbCarollna to the Secretary of State, together rith extractsfrom the journals of proceed-lngs in both branches of theleglslature of that conmonwealth, reLatrve to a proposed.a-ncendment of the constitution, which letter and. extracts arecoanected. witb the subject of ny corununlcatlon to the l{ouseof the 6th lnsrant.
JAUES MOI'IROE.
EXHIBIT .o-b ,
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5l rr rnp. toRTt-TtttRn rt.rf,.o? Tnt coyllorrE.lLTtr.- -foor frnehnlrlerr sulrjeet to such lovv, to rwrnl t tuperncdefi lotlre onler of c.ourt rvhereLrv such lcvy wrs loid.-if. irporr rhc in.rpection rrf u copv of ruclr orrler. it chall lpperr thit the leoylrrs been lairl corrtrury to lnw I arrrl, ot the ranre time. it rholl bcflwful tn r*nrrl t eerliwari to caure tlre recorrl of ruch lrvv tobe certilierl into (lre frrperior court of taw lraving irrri,.rlici,onover ruch corra{y Wherr "uch recorrl shall bc 'ro-cirtrfied. lharuperior cuun shall proceerl. witlrout tlelr.v; to revene or rllirmlhc orrlcr'laying the rerrl levy. al to tftem nrry tetm right.Whenever suclr nrpersatlrds arrrl crrlirrrari rholl be grented. itrhall be lawful for tlre crrrrrt ol' the courrtv, without rvriting tha6nal rlecirion therco[. !t rnv time, to resciurl the'orrler le-viug theraid levv.'anrl to llypqerrl tbrtlrwitlr egnirr lo:lry the couhty"levyrccunlirrg to lrw. ;rnrl to carrse tht: rcnre to li collecterl 'in thl 'manner hercin ltelnre providerl.-ln like manrrrr . if the ordbiaftrrcs:rirJ he rever.r,rl bv tlre superior court, thc coulrty courl nraypruceerl, ilt trt-v tinre ulle,rvurrlr. lo lay ttre lrvy n..,,i,ling to lari. .lrr all etrlrc.. irr n'hiclr n0.r counly levv shall be lairl efier the Junetertn rtl' ruclr cnutrtv cuut't. the slrrrill'or cnllector slrull be rllnwed6Ji nr,,rrths, frrrnr ihp tirrrr: uf suclr lev-v. lirr cullr:rlirrg' arrrl f,c.corrrrlirrg tlrerelirr. l[;rrrV slrr.rifl'or Cullcctor rhull. rt-nnv limc.cultectarrv rnonci' levierl ir afirresairl, arrl suclr tcvy nhalf be cf-terrranl3're.eilr,ierl or r(lert(.rl in llre rrianner al'orcrlirl. suclrtherilf or collr:cior shall firrtlrwillr rcturn tlrc monov. so collecled,trr tlrc pnrson or pers(rns frotn whorn it clrall havc [r.en received:rrrrJ. irr failure thereol, lre lnrl lrir seturitier., hi.r onrl their erteu.toru alrrl arlnriniitralom. shrll be linble lo lhc stme r€covery and'rlumnger, on ir l,rovirlerl in case ol' hir lailure Jo pay othcr tnoncyduu l'rrnn hirn an collcctor ol' lris crtuntv h'cier.
$ l.i. 't'his cct rhall cornnrcnce arrrl lic in lirrce from and:rftcrtlre first rlrv of Jrtrrrar.v eiglrler:rr ltttltrlrprl url twnrrty i ctccltl ttttrrur:llthercnf nr autlr,riizer tlre jtrrlgr" r,l'tlte suPrrrioicourtr oi lerrto i sur n *ilttnr.rriltns atrrl reTlinrati lo coli'ect tn €rron€outcttuttly t,.v-v. 'anrl ts reletcs trt ltte Pos'cr of tlrc cunnry courtqanrl l[r: rluty uf tlru rlu:rill',rr coltr:cttir r'rrtutcrtrrerrt llrrrson. n'hichtlr:rll .,r,rrr,,',.n.o nnrl bc i11 lfun.r: frrrrn rnd tfter tl,e parringtlrr:reol.
.)K-+ (:ll.\l'.fnll \:iX1'.- \n :rer prrrti,lir.g firr rlre re.Prrhlicerirm- of thc trtrof thir llomrnol'rc:rltlr.-1 |tegrcrl lllrth l2tlr, lr;19 l
m ' tirr nnd cdrporationi of Virginii. 'it.b.Jo,r-r brr&- Arr onlinince, to.?rrEblc tlic present mrgistntet rnd ollicrn to jr.b.Jo,,-r b*&- An onlinincer to crrablc tlie pruent mrgistnter rnd olliccn toi;;;Ub'.--'- corrlinue the rrfinirrirtration of jurticc; and for rcttling tha grnc. I
ral tnrrtle nf prnteerlincs.in ennrinel rorl othcr cttci, tlill tht:i
l-erirrrrarrh: l. Ilt il ,rlnele:l hq lltc GottoralJs.rcn6lt, 'l'lrlt there rhrll bc !lrr D b prlsrnl. publirlurl arr erlirinrr-nl' lhe tarss of tlri,r Crirrrrrrunrueattlr, in rhich {ihall be containnrl thr. f,rlkrs'irrg matttrr. that ir to roy: Ic..rrrh.ratrt 'fhc clggf3gtirqrr of tlrc l-lnitul Stltcrl lnd tlrc irncnrlrncn[ ]
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c'rirrrioo or rrtr 'flrc conrtituiion or lbrm of government-agreerl.to, lnd rerolv- ,
H" r'b*rrrrl !.d upo,lr by tlre rlelegatcs.and.r-presenlativir of the rcveral cooo. i- tirr nnrt corporations of Virginii. .i
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6rnre cilu tr€ nrore nrrrl:l.v prnritled fon Thc rirth rcctioo oply. iI'u'"ctJ July tlrirrl; reveut€rn lrunrlretl snd tcvcltt.dt-
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r.rr:ic:.:i_srii,_,.1 ,i::: ,:1,
.]r: :"-=:::"n oi' c:cir prov;-:icu oF ihe11rv. ii,llfl lo nla[c iuc:] r)r"et n0(:: ci es:i:n:lc!orr e::d reierencg,ls lie =i:ail de:rrr pnrper': lre :;all.cguse'io.be nracie !co{:e:- mli--':'-"- i'"i'-':ir ::ll xoi3s ,li :;lc cunce;lis cl *::cl iec;ior:.'anti a i'uil a;rl com-
3 -:,al:: i;':d'r: lo lrg ',ri:rric co..i,.: : l::ri i:c si:uil c:sug ii,e rrooi:ia:.: :nL:'J: iu .1..: il''lir!tc coi:g : :,::ll, l:c gi:u:t ::gJg ti,g troots::'.:e:s ';tr 'ue ':::l':i..tiii' g."-x1;1il::'i.'ir::'i::; ii:s :'.:i:iil':tin::. ije .ii::ltl. ;r -- | : ' -. '
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, 3, .;-i t:ze.ejorz rltnh* encct;i- ?ir::i ilre Eseculira sir:rii ,be Dc;y cr :t; i::ca: \'. l.;c, il:o-.v xre ir_ere.5" rurhorl:sd :nd ie.iu:ia-tijo cnaii:cl'wii:r ;lre ilSl,.-odu" ,'- ll.c:,.iie.v lrsir_erc5" rurhor.:sd:nd re.iu:iati;jo crraii:cl'wii:r;lre ff$!,.-o"u^
'.'- said 'iiiornas i,iicnic, i'oc rhe ileiiver'.' ,,i ife.saii to::r rirous:aci.":---- '..,.. ccries o_! 1ue :cda alirresliri. 'r.l ii:a iirrr;:s. as'd ibr ihe prics ai'ore-j.',,-Eaii.-lT'reg $e;giri cooies :i'r:ll be recaiv;i!, il siriii be .t!re F:tF.;",:.-lalg.-\'rhex $e.;eid cooies :i't:iI be recaivir!, il sltiii be .t!re gclrlrc.coeia ;belt
;;-::dlrr ol-tue E"ec'iiite.-io'rer;ri:r ier tcpies:::eieoij i".,i;;;t"il bcdissF'buirr'
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.:tc:: irouse oi :ire L:eneral. -{::a:r,bin. ioc the use oi rhe seii,t'.tlcrcges. resiqc::"elT :-i:oe coe'.' ;o eei:r o[-:he iudse=-'oithe coureres. i'escqc::zely :-i:oe co.pi io eai:r o[.:he ju.dge:-oithe coure ,ooeal3. Z?canl cour:. trcU juDe-oc co[r-;s 0l ciance!? i-trl€i''-r-
s09y iq sacs 0iinejoo,g?so( ir.l+crrsrc3.oi i:le tJ:r!e"J Sr.a,cesresrqe!,8.' ifr_in.ihis Sir'ie;-ri'e ccor ro iire iieasurai. ciiriitor, and regis- ., .ynlor:lr? lci.i.; .*.-eace ibc rbe'use of. hG'riepa:'..leni. .nj .o"r'. . ..i;;;;ari-
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:!cpF io. egc:i j.u s i c+of ilre pe:ci. n,i rh in-llr is C onqaonselli h-.,:1 t;.{'-l*.'F* surn reiesrll .for t\i. cur.chase abiesaii.'striil-re i:,d.. r; ,i.B;i'F. 6q,tl enr,mooer iu.'li,ie r-:esut1$soc ur{rer.fisr-.1ppropieied;,jil;j-ii i;"l.rij.ie.draig.;i9i'.ugrig;[e orddi- of tlte-E:ei,ifu.it iof.', .'ieriiaie suoe!'j i':*ii.i the.'saitl ie-cies ;haf I have',4en. ci e
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LAWS OF YIRGII{IA:lltio
,q COI.LBCTIOJIf OF ALL SUCE ACTS
@tsNtsRAIb AggtsMuB&EeOF A PU0UC AND ITERMANEIIT ITATUBA, AS AnE llOW IN FO8CE t
WITE A GENEBAL INDEX.+
!o rlltcn ^t! rtt'tttD,TITD CONSTITUTION OF TIIE UNITT:D
1'il8 DECLAITATION Ot' RIG||TS 1
lf,D
TIIE CONSTITUTION OF VIITGINIA.
islrrd pursucat to an act of thc Gcnrr'al J.eccnlly, crdil|rll ,, 8n utprooklitry tm thc n.p&licatba of llu Lau oI thie &mtoawcallh.,lpassed .lfarclr 19, I 8f9.
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YOLUME I.
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EXHIBIT ou-l
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l, t, Bcnjamin Wothuu hish W&td e ilu ad t dsranllglt$oidng for tlw re-pubtiuti"on oJ tlu rante 0/ liilr Conrwwenllh,strcd ttarch 12, 1819r aryerwhtdcd o! thc sgd pubticatto\ do
Y*y ccrttfy, tlwt the Laws ynntcl L trir /,rst rolumc, harr bcat
?rrlully esandnrd, and tlui', (wtJh ths ar;u;ptim ol thc srrors wtail in'lu tollle of mclt r) I.frrrd tlwm conccllg Vrlnlircd,
B. Y. LEIGE,Eiclmond, t 8 19.
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272, 1 19, line- 2, before lo tnqpccr, talftaly.n7, t s, line 2, beforercgnrr/L rerde4oocrcdoid-!ii; 6 s; ti;; ls, iftoi "iot tc"tingn*techareot on 15e bo4yr"
63 inst€ad of 53 ceqt*325, 9 13, lina g, for nat *igll,o!tritg'tterl ncd c nagl&o:4g::zrtg.Sl6t linc 3r for lgrrrd&t,rerd,lad 6c.376; $ 3, liuc 12, for lu ot iulovrrudf, or Jrc ,lrcll ho?a378r I 16' lines 5 end 6, for ia otu, rcrii sry 6z+lq linc 1, for eurrcrd tie.{3& t 67, line 7, ornit ssrd fra.tl ttc 9nd of thc line-, i66, c. ti9, I l, liie lQ betwjen tbe rordrliocnr, grlcrrtt, tetd or.179, line 8, (from bo6om,) l9t o*daa\teul obtaizul5+8, 9 1, line 8, ifter zllula<hcrif, red rqicaar.599; - ' line 12, ourit rrord ann it &e beginniog of the line.
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REVISED STATUTES;'
TEEof
OFS TATE IL,LIITOIS".{DOPTED BY
THE GENERAL .{SSE}TBLY OF SAID STATE, .{'I ITS REGTLARSESSION, HELD IN THE YEARS, A. D., 1844-'5.
iz'
TOGITIIER \VIT}I
AN.IPPENDIX,coN?-{t:{rNG
-{cTs p}ssED AT THE SA-\IE A-\D PREVIOUS SESSIOIiS, :iOT IIiCORPOnl,Tt:l)n{ THE REVISED ST-ITUTES, BUT IVHICH
RE}IAIN I1i FORCE.
REVISED AND PREPARED FOR PUBLICATIOI{, WITH NOTES,INDEX, &c. BY lt,I. BRAYIIAN.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF TIIF: GE\ERAL ISSE}IBLY.
SPRINGFIELD:Wrlr.rer 99[rrns. pBt:crEr, ron lV-rltrns & \Yeren, PrBLtc PRTNT!n.]-.
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EXHIBIT D- / (
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TABTI OF CONTENTS.
t
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,aRTICLES OF CONFEDERATION,oRDTNANCE OF (7g7,
CONSTITUTION OF THE T'NITED STATES,ORDIr\ANCE OF TEE ILLINOIS CONYENTION, l8t8,CONSTTTUTION OF ILLII{OIS,RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS DECLARING THE ADMISSION
oF TLLINOIS INTO TEE UNION, DECEMBER 3, lEt8,acT FoR REYISING TEE LAWS OF ILLINOIS,
Pecr I .
4'u'l6
N
42(t
SE!. Ttrrrs oF ctslr'arr$ Pacr.
: '.r l. Abatementr 43r '.: 2. Aecount, 45
, i .{., 3. Advertijements, '47' 'l; 4. Aliens, 47: 5. Amendments and Jeofails, .ltl' : 6. -tpprentices, 5l
7. Arbitratioos and A\rards, 5i6& Atrachmenb before Justices, 589. Attachoents in Circuit Court, 62.;. 10. Athchments of Boats and-'' Vessels- 7L-
f,,' '' ll. Aaorneys and Counsellors'.. .., -. at law, 72,, ' 12. Atloroer Generaland0ircuit;.i rl- ' . Auorrieys, 75I r .:13. Auditor and Treasuror, 77. 'i,l{. Bail, 80
l5- &nlr notes, U16.'Bsstardv. 86l?. Itirtlr a'+d Deatls,. 8?18. &atorBeans, " 88' 19. Cenrur' 8920. Chattellfortgager, 9l21. Ctancery,i '! " g2t: 29. (hsritablo Urer, 99
! 2il. Congress' l0l
C!r,r. Trtl,Dt orCErrtrst.24.' Conveyances,25. Corporationr,26. CosL,'ZL C,ounties and County Coia-
missionerst Courts,28. CountyTreasuries and Coun-. ty Funds,29, Courts,3O. Crininal Jurisprudeuce, .31. Cumberlaud Riad,32. Detinue,&3. Dvorcer,34. Dower,' 35. Drovers,36. Ejectmenl37. Electionr,38. Escheats,'39. Estrays,,10. Evidence and Depositionrr41. Fees aod Selaricr-,42. Ferrier aod Toll Briils"j. '' 43. 'Forcible Entry andl)&incr,44. Frauds aad Pirjuircr, '{5. {ugitiver from iurticc,4:i. Ga;ins,47. Guardiln aud Wrrd, '.
EX}IIBIT D- tl
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'',i;:i:129 ...tt{Il4lt5l1941951961982Gl.M.,2I:!'z%t,urn2WIzltl2ffiw26126:tw
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EXHIBIT
t+t.'TLs
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UMTED STATES.
ARTICLE VM.Ercesgive bail shall not be required, aor.ercessive fines impored, uor cnrel and
tmurual punishments inflicted.. ARTICLE IX.
The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be constnred lodeny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.
Ttre powers not delegated to the United stat6 by the constitution, nor orohibitedby it to the States, are reserved to ttre States respeitively,.or to the'peopie.
ARTICLE,YI.The judicial power of the united States shall not be construed to ertend to anvsuit io law or equitv, com-enced or prosecuted against oue of the United Statci
by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subSfuts of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.l. fie electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote bv ballot for
President and Vice President, one of rvhom at least, shali not be an i'nhabitant ofthe same state rvith themselves; they--shall name in their ballots the personvoted for as_ President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice'presi-dentl and they shall make distinct lists.of all persons voted fbr as presideuf andof. all persons voted for as vice President, and of the number of r-otes fbr each,which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of thegovernment of the LTniied-_sgtes, directed to the president of the senate; thepresid.ent of the s-enate shall in the presence of the senate and House of Repre-sentatives, open all the certificates, and the vote's shall then be counted: the personhaving the greatest nurnber of votes for President, shall be the president, ii' suchnumber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no personhave slch.majoritl',. then tiom. the pers,ons having ilie highest numbers, notexceeding ttrrggr 9n the list of thoie voted tbr as.Pre-sident, tfr'e House of Repre-sentativei shall choose immediately,.by ballol,'the President. But in .tt*!ingtle President, the votes shall be lakeg by States, the representation from eacfistate having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall c'onsist of a member ormembers from trvo-thirds of the -States, and a-majority of all the States shall ben_ect:ary to
_ a choice. And if the House of Repiesentatives shrll not choose aItesident rvhenever the right of choice shall devolve upon tJrem, before the tburth
{ay of March uext following, then the vice President shall act as p}esiden! as inthe case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.. 2._Jhe_person having f}e greatest number of votls as Vice Presiden! shell bethe vice kesident, if such n[mber be a majority of the rvhole number of electors
appointcd; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numberson the !11, th9 senate shall choose the vice Presid-ent: a quorui for the pur-pose shall eonsiet of two;thirds o{'the whole number of senators, and a majorit} ofthe whole n.-ber shall be necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineliqible to the ofrce of presidenij sball beeligible to that of Vice President df the Urritcd States.
i.
.-qT,:l-,.,h-_9"*r editionr of thc laws of lllinois' tber€ is an anendment printed ac artictc thirteen, pro-tubitDq cite€ns frcm acceptiDg titl,es of nobilityt &c- fmm forcign govemmcnts. But by a ruessage of Urc ireaidcntof theuDiiad scatrsof FebrEry4tlSl6rin answertoa resolutionof the Hor;seof nepiesentativegi!appeaB thzt this amatuot hr-d Fl mtid{ by oDIy twelee shtes, ed thereforc bao n6t b€e! adod;tSee vol t, of the priatel'papen of ttre frs,t session-of Uie rsth Congresj, Xo.:s.1-_, --- --. *-
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(
G€ORGE J. MITCHELLuattf
Enclosure
fA"'fL^zzegr
Hnted FEt$ FemrsWASH|NGTON, OC 205 rO-l 902
Febnrary 13, 1991
Mr. David M. Dodge
Dear l{r. Dodge:
Thank you. for writing to ehare with me the results of yourresearch on the proposed Thirteenth Anendnent to theconstitution. r appreciate your taking the tine to do so.when the Thirteenth Amendment was originalty printed in
1829,-the year Maine and ltassachusgettg separatidl tfre lr{aineLegislature mistakenly printed the proposed anendnent in theMaine constitution as having been aaoplea. As you know, thisr'ras a mistake, as it was not ratified.Article xrrr did not receive the three-foulths voterequired from the states within the tirne tirnig to beratified. AlL editione of the Maine constitution printedafter 1820 exclude the proposed amendment; only thi originalscontain this error.r arso noted your connents on the war in the persian Gulf.r arn enclosing a copy of a recent statement on the cituationto share with you my thoughts in greater detail.Again, thank you for writing.
EXHIBIT D; 1?, ,
GEORGE J. MITCHELLu^tit
lf,nitsd Ftetss FcnstcWASHTNGTON. DC 205 tO-1902
March 20, 1991
Mr. David M. Dodge
Dear Mr. Dodge:
or .f;l"ll"#:"5';rHi::l3noi*"li"l:'ll'In:"ffi1:rll.ili . issue
You have obviously done a great deal of research on t,histopic and f appreciate knowing of your continued interest inthis matter. However, regardless of whether the state ofVirginia did ratify the proposed thirteenth Amendnent to theConstitution on March L2, 1819, this approval would not havebeen sufficient to anend the Constitution. In 1819, therewere 2L states in clie United States and any amendment would\* have required approval of 16 states to amend theConst,itution. According to your own research, Virginia wouldhave only been the thirteenth lrtate to approve the proposedamendrnent.
Again, thank you for writing.With best regards,
EXHIBIT C - IT
vcJngC! MIIIFCLLullt
EXHIBIT D- IT,
Hnitsd Ftsteg FsnileWASHTNGTON. OC 205 lO-1 902
January 3, L992
!1r. Russ Christensen
Dear Mr. ChristensensThank you for contacting me about the proposed 13th
Amendrnent to the Constitution which would have prohibitedAmerican citizens from accepting titJ.es of nobility fron foreigngovernments. I appreciate hearing from you and regret the delayin my response.
Mr. Dunn and Mr. Dodge have apprised me of their findings.Upon receipt of their research, f requested rrryr staff to contactthe Congressional Research Se:rrice for addit,ional information onthis proposed Anendnent. Some editions of the Constj,tution srereprinted as though the Amendnent had been ratified because therehras apparently sorne confusion over which states had agreed tothis Arnendment. An official inquiry into the matter showed thatalthough the South Carolina Senate had passed th9 Amendment, theSouth Carolina House had not concurred with the Senate.
There is no definitive evidence thaa Virginia ever rat,ifiedthis Amendment. Although the Virginia House Journal includes acopy of t,he Constitution with the proposed 13th Amendment printedas though it had been adopted, this was a common mistake at thetime arising from the L:onfusion over the number of states whichhad rat,ified the Amendment.
In aclditinnr even i-f Virginia had agreed to the Amendment, in18f9, it is unclear if this woul.d have been sufficient to adoptthe Amendrnent as several states had entered the United Statesbetween the years of 1810, when it was introduced in the Senate'and 1819. This would raise Constitutional issues on which I amunalrare of any Supreme Court nrlings. I have enclosed severaLpages from The Prooosed Amendrnents to the Constitution. of thPUnited States burinq the First Century of fts History by Herbert.lmes which were provided by the Congressional Research Senriceand give a concise history of this issue.
Again, thank you for writing.With best wishes,
Sincerely,
Enclosure
GEORG€ J MITCHELLXAIN€
Hnirsd Freteg FgnileWASH|NGTON. DC 205 ro_r 902
February L4, L992
Mr. David M. Dodge
Dear Mr. Dodge:?le have ?!orr cortesporrded for some time on the basis ofyour premise that there is a "hidden'. thirteenth Amendment.r do not accept your premise. fhe factors of thetwentieth century worrd which you find alarming, such as thegrowth of insurance companies, the number of liwyers, theshortcomings of the penil system and other elem"it", are notamenabre to control by conslitutional Amendment. yourcont,ention that mernbers of the Senate each receive g2 rnillionPayments to preserve a century old conspiracy is unfounded.With best regard,s,
Sincerely,
frry, rh^:*l"rlV Y George J. !{itchell
\-
EXHIBIT _[)- tG,
March 3,1992
George J. Mitchell175 Russell Senate Oflice Bldg.Washington, D.C. 2051G1902
Re: Your letter of 2ll4l92
Dear George:
Thank you for a most interesting response to my letter of January 17.Howevern I must admit to being somewhat perplexed over the statement:
Your contention that members of the Senate receive $2 millionpayments to preserve a century old conspiracy is unfounded.
since, I never made any such contention. I wrote you about the lEl9 amendmentthat prohibited titles of nobility; and, not about the secret 13th amendment thatwas introduced to the Committee of the Whole [Senatel on April E, 1E64, andResolved, as S.R 16., on the same date [Source: Congressional Globe, 38thCongress, lst Session p. fa$-901. This is the amendment that "guts" the Bill ofRights and makes everybody subsenient to the will of the judges: "The militaryshall always be subordinate to the eristing judicial authority over citizens." [Sec.3.lAs the country was then in the midst of civil war, the "existing judicial authority"was martial law. It was necessary to "disappear" the original l3th in order tochange the purpose of the government from servents, to the people, into Mastersover them.
While initially rejected by the Eouse, on June lsth, it was finally adopted onJanuary 31, 1t65, without ever being read into the record, as S.No. 16. The Housevote is recorded on p. 531 of the Congrasional Globe,3tth Congress, 2nd Session.On the 2nd of FebruerT, 1E65, Lincoln signed S.R 16. Thus, evoking a jointresolution, of a critical nature, protesting this presidential meddling' even thoughLincoln was apparently one of the drafien [National Archives, ratified amendmentsfrlel.
It would appear from the events surrounding these dates, as well as the toneof the debates in Congress, that there were ertenuating circumstances, the mostcrucial of which was the limited borrowing capacity of the United States. With outassurences that collection of the debt could be enforced against the surwivors, itwould not have been possible to continue the war or finance the reconstructionthat followed. Because such an encumbrance would be a taking without justcompensation within the prohibitions of the frfth amendment [and similarv
EXHIBIT D- t7
provisions in all State constitutionsl, it w&s necessary to grant broad new powers tothe central governm€nt to achieve these ends. Section t0 of this secret amendmentgranted authority to the Supreme Court of the United States to declare void arnystate law that obstructed recovery. 'Tis no coincidence that two end a half monthslater, Lincoln was assassinated...April lSth...the day taxes are due. Most ironicalwas the Sec. l2 provision: "...the descendants of Africans shall not be citizens."
On Februar! 12,1992, the lfall Street Journal reported the finding of about5,200 factual errors in the top l0 history textbooks. Do you suppose this will lead toa variety of corrcct answers? They say that Lincoln presened the union. Does thismeen, thet like fruit, he brought it to a boil - end then canned it?
Tom tells me you've agreed to a public dialog on some of the issues we'vebeen corresponding about. It would be nice if we could include some discussion onthe secret treaty making rights under the rules of the Senete. As I am sure youknow, the treaty provision of Article Y[, cl. 2, permits the Lew of the Land to besupplanted by treaties which are eutomatically secret under the Slanding Rales ofthe Senate, Rule XXX, unless declassified under 30.1b. The Ninth Amendment is anestoppel rgainst the use of this right to deny or disparage rights retained by thepeople.
It is always a pleasure to hear from you and I look ahead, hopefully, to atime when the art ofliciality is more sublime.
EXHIBIT p,-l 7
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l{atiortnl,
REF'ERE}JCE RgFONf,
I).JQLIIRY: Proposed Arerdrent on Titles of NobilityREFORT: In the hrd Session of tbe llth Congress, wtrich rret froo Noveober 2?,1809 to l{ay 1, 1810, the Senate ard }louse of Repnesentatives approved, by tr.othirds vote il each Hor:se, a resolution proposing an ArenduEnt to theConstitution. Although there is no date on the resolution, records show t.!ra,tit r+as approved by the Senat€ on April 2?, 1810, erd by ttre Hor.rse ofRepresentatives on l'lay I , 1810.
The text, of the resolution reads: "If any citizen of the tnited States shaltaccept, clai:a, receive or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall,wittrout ttre consent of Congress, aeept ard retain any presient, pension,office or mlurent of any ki.nd uhatever, froo any esperor, king, prince orforeign pogter, srrch person shall cea.se to be a citizen of the tldted Sta,tes,ard shall be incapble of holding any office of tnrst or profit urder ttrem, oreittrer of then. "
Accord.ir€ to the r.ecords relating to ttris pr"p"j"a ArrrtDent in the NationalArchives (Record Group 11), it rras ratified W 12 Stat^es in ttre period frooDecerober 10' 1810, to Decenber 9, 1812.
In response to a resolution fru ttre Hq.rse of Representstives dated Decenber21, 1817, ttre Secretary of Stat€ reported on Febnrar? 4, 1818, that 12 St^ateshad ratified the Arerrioent, that l,terr York ard Rbode Islard had re.iect€d it,that Connecticut had taken no action, ard t.}rst there eptre no replies ftuSoutlt Carolina or Virginia. A -py of this report is in Report Books (Vol. 3p. 15) arcng ttre records of ttre Departsrt of State (Record Group 591. Ttreorigina-l of the report is arcng the records of the llouse of Representatives(Rec€rd Group 233).
T?u.ts, in 1812, nlren ttrere rere 18 States, orly 12 had ratified ttre proposedArer&ent (14 Stat€ rere needed). In 1818, riren tiere r+ene 21 States, ttrerewere still only 12 ratifications, h.rt 16 nere reeded for tie Anertrent tobeccm prE of ttre Constitution.A list of St^ates rittr ratification dates, is attacbed.
n',fr.,-0, &r,A7^!{rl,ItrN O. G[.EirAF-StX{'Clrief' Civil Referencre Branch
EXHIBIT ?- I{
rcbiuesVinsbington, DC 20406
Ii
\-. i
Y d t, o, ut I .i raj' n'es ct il d Records Ad mi n ist ta t i o n
Sta'te
ltBr:rlard
KenttEky
Ohio
Delal*are
Pennsylvania
lbn Jersey
Verrcnt
Tennessee
Georgia
North Car,olinapt3g,saehrr<rett5
New Harpshire
}br York
hode IslardConnecticrrt
Soutn Carolina
Virgi-nia 'Louisiana
Irdiana
ltississippiIUirpis
Dat^e of Ratification
Deceober 25, 1810
January 29' 1811
JanrJar:r 31' l8f1
Febnrar? 2r 1811
Febnrarz 6, 1811
Febn:ary 13, 1811
&tober 24, 1811
Noveober 21, lSllDeceober 13, 1811
Ileceober 23, 1811
Febnra,rr 27, 1812
Deceober 9, l8l2Rejected on llarch 12, 1812
Rejected cr Septcober 15, 1814
Itb actionNo reply; no reord in fileNo neply; rp r.ord in fileErt€red tlrio in 1812, rp reconl. in fileht€red Urrio in 1816, no record in fileErtered thion in 1817, m record in fileErt€red ltriqr in 1818, m record in file
EXHIBIT D - /{
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COMMITTEE ON THE BUOG€T
COMMITTE€ O}I 'HE
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frouse of BepressrtntibegFebruary 15, i994
Dr. Trudy PctergonActinE NaElonal Archiviee8eh and Pennsylvanl-a Ave. , NWWaehingcon, D,C. 20408
Dear Dr. Pet,erson,
Ag a result. of a frlend'E interest, I an inquirlng abcut the'tlitles of Nobillcyn amendrrreng enurileraEed as Ariicle XIiI in rheConetitution. The earLler pubticat,lon and then dieappearance ofEhis anendmenB raises Eome int€resE,lng quescions.
IE, has been brought E,o my aEienEion that a new reporE, from cheCivil Ref,crence Branch claims Ehe amendment wagn'E ratified becauseof Ehe ex post faeto addiC,ion of four new states, even chough allfour of thege staEes publlshed this amendment a6 a par! of iheConetieueion ln c,helr official pr:blicaelons at F.he t,ime, IF- appearst,hat t,hie amendment wae rat,lfied and wiciely accepted.
It, is my underEtanding t,hat, Gary L. Brooks, Chief of Ehe ieEalservices sEaff, has been aeaigned E,he responeibility for overseeingEhia nat,Car f or E,he National ArchiveE. I would appreciaEe knowlngehe NaEional Archlves' pogitlon on Ehe ratification of t,hieamendment,.
Thank you for your time and agslstance.
Member of Congress
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EXHIBIT p-te
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Sincerely,
rcbiuesf{arional,&fusbington, DC 20408
MAR - 3 isg4
lbc Ewronablg Tqrmr' fuitbhlee of ReprerentstiveshsblrUton, E 20515
Dear Ur. Shith:
Ttrlg ie in reepcrsc to your Febrn:ary 161 1994, letter a,bout the "Titlee ofl,lobility Asrfu€(rt."ttre lrchl'ctet of the lxrited St^ates is gorrcrtred tty 1 U.S.C. 106b:
Whenever official notiae is received at tbe Ngtiona.l Arc*tives andR€€rdr Adairuistratisr t,lrat any anemfut protpoeca to theConstitutlon of tll.e ttrited gtates ha.s be€n adogtedl according tothe prwlsicrns of ttre Constitution, tlre Archivist of tbe thit€dSt^etes Bh^all forthrittr cauae the arendsrt to be g$Iisbed, rritbhie certifioate, speciffinS the Stgtes br v.hich the sane uy haveb€sr adopt€d, arxl tJrat the gere lras becre va-lid, trr a'11 int€rft'sand prrposes, B.e a parb of the Constitution of f}e tJnitcd Statee.
Awrg the records in the Nationel Arthives relatilg to the prroposed 13thAr{icle of Amrfunts to t}e Constituticr, on titles of nobility (Record Group11, Gcneral Rmds of the U.S. Gsvenmt), ttrcre are official notices ofretificetion frw 1.2 St^stes. Befon: Jg50 the Secreta.lr of Stgte ras tjreofflcial r.rlro sei'red tbe official notices ard pblished Arcrfutts eft*r t-heynere ratifl.ed' rn 1818 the seoreta'r':r of stat'e reported to congress tttat 12Strrtec had ratified the nroposed Amrdment. ftese is no official noticn frcoany etst.e datcd after 1818 that it had retified the propos€d An€rfrent. Thepropored Alnerrdmcnt r.ra.s never inchded in any official rretgicrt of thebcnstttutLcr printed by thc Ibpartrent of Statc. ttre inclusion of t}isp1ypoe€d amrgnent in e@ prblications issu€d by src stat€e aEfarently t€sdone ln errror.
f rademtaill tbst the LSal Senrioeg Staff of tf,re NBtima.l Archives ardR€c€ds Afuinistraticn ig prryrinf a rergndr.u on t*ris srlbi€ctr ard I trilleerd you a cogf as Boon as it is ccryletcd.
I{e horpe this inforuticn is of e.saist€rrce, If t}rere are any fi:rtbergerticrs, t5e gtaff of cnr Cilril Rcfererrce Brarph trould be plea.ged to help.fo,, -y oqntaot tleo by rrriting to tlre Civil Reference Branctr (NNrc) r Nationa.lAr.ohirree and, Records Arrrrilietration, l{a.shington, E 20408' the teleryhcrrenu&er ir (202) 501-5395.
Sincerely,
f\,u,r!-"JJ@ EXHIBIT _D- Ao,MICHAEI, J. NISIZActlng .lgsistant ArchlvLst.for thc Naticnal Architiee
National 'ttvhiues and Recot* Mminbtmtion
STEVEN SCHIFFFtRsy OtsrntcT, NErv MExtco
COMMITTEES:
SclEtrcE, Spac€, AilD T€cHiloLocyJUDIcIARY
Slrroenos oF OFFtctAL CoNcucrGoVERNMENT OpEnATtoNs
SuBcoMurrfE€ o1l Hurall REsouects AxDlilrcaGovERrlrr€tltal RELAfl olrs
Rattxtt{c MExBETREPUBLIc^il RESEAncH CbMMITIEE
Tas( FoRc€ on CFTMECHxiuar
@ongre sn of $e 6nite! $tateshouga of Seprcgcntstibed
odag'ington, D€ 20515-3101April 6, 1994
PLEASE REPLY TO:YYASHIXGTON OFHCE
n loog LoilcwonrH BuTLDTNGW^sHrilcroil, DC 2O5 1 5-31O1
(2O2) 225-6316
olsTRlct oFFlcE:
E 625.srwEF AvEiluE, swSunE 14O
Stlen SourneAlBuouEiou€, NM 87102
(sos) 766-2538
Brian MarchPO Box 26512Albuquerque, NM 87L25
Dear Brian:
Enclosed you will find a copy of the Congressional Research Service (CRS) response!g my- inqqtry on your behalf regarding Article 13, the proposed Amendment on Title-s ofNobility, Gifts and Emoluments from foreign governments.
The CRS contends that although this Article was widely reported in journals of thetime as an official Amendment to the Constitution, it was never legally ratified by theStates. So, at tttis time it is not a recognized Amendment to the Constitution, since it hasnever been ratified by the requisite 3/4ths of the States in the Union.
_ Keep !n mind that as each State is entered into the Union, it is admitted on an "equalfooqingl'_ with qll the other States, entitling it to full and equal privileges concerning the lawsof the United States, including full participation in the ratification process. A recentexample of the application of the "equal footing doctrine" is Article 27, the recentlyapproved Constitutional Amendment regarding congressional pay. This Article wasproposed in 1789 when the Union consisted of 13 States. Since there are now 50 States inthe Union, 3/4ths of the States, or 38 were required to approve Article 27 as an Amendmentto the Constitution, which was finally ratified on May 7, 1992, when Michigan approved it.
I hope that the Congressional Research Service analysis of the situation surroundingArticle 13 is interesting to you and that the inforrration they have provided is of use to youin your continuing research.
Sincerely,
Sr* g.-afrSteven Schiff
SS:mdEnclosures: As stated
EXHIBIT *D^'a' l'
THIS STATIONERY PRIIffEO OI{ PAPER MADE OF RECYCLED FI8Ef,S
Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . Washington, D.C. 20540-7000
March 2L, L994
TO
FROM
SUBJECT
Honorable Steven SchiffAttentibn: Mark Moores
American Law Division
Proposed Amendment on Titles of Nobility, Gifts, andEmoluments from Foreign Governments
This memorandum is submitted in response to your request regarding aconstitutional amendment proposed in 1810 regarding the prohibition ofAmerican citizens receiving titles of nobility, or any presents, emoluments oroffice, without the consent of Congress, from a foreign king or foreigngovernment (referred to by some as the "Thirteenth Amendment"). It isgenerally understood by historians and constitutional scholars, and certified bythe Archivist of the United States, that this particular proposed amendment,after submission to the States by the Congress, received formal ratification fromthe legislatures of only twelve States, and therefore has failed to receive therequired 3/4ths approval from the States for ratification.r
Despite the recorded official notification and certification from only twelveStates, certain individuals have argued that this "lost" amendment has in factbeen ratified by the requisite'number of States, and that a conspiracy at alllevels of government, and involving the courts and the legal profession, has keptthe fact of this amendment's existence from coming to light.z As discussrid withyour offtce by telephone, and as indicated in the materials provided to yourofftce, this contention by these individuals concerning the ratification of thisproposed amendment has been examined in the past by this Service, and hasbeen found to be substantially without merit and, at this time, incapable ofempirical substantiation. Beeause of the demands and workload of the staff of
I Records fronr the National Archives and Records Administration show that the last, and12th Stat€ to rarify this provision was New Hanrpshire, December 9, 1812; note also United StaresGeneral Services Adnrinistration; see Ames, Tlre Proposed ,4mmclmmts to the Constitution of theUnited States During the First Century of lts History. Annual R.port of the American HistoricalAssociation For the Year 1896, pt. 2 (1896), 188-189; Justice Joseph Story, Commentaies on theConstitution, Vol 3, g 1346 (1833); Killian, The Constirution of the united States of Atnerica -Analysis and, Interpretation, Senare Doc. 99-16, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., at 5l; Leonard Lery,Encyclopedia of the Anerican Constitution, Vol 4, at p. 1899 t 1986r. As nored by William Rawlein 1829, this proposed anrendment "has been adopced by some of rhe states; but not yet by asufficient number." Rawle, A View of the Constitution of the Unitett Srnres 120 (2d ed. 1829).
' Note self-published document "Titles of Nobility -.. and Other Usurpations" (undased).
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the Congressional Research Service on current legislative and legal issues for theCongress, we will be able to provide only a very brief response to the issuesagain raised by your constituent. Please be respectfully advised that thestatutory mission of our agency, and the constraints of our budget and demandson our limited personnel make it impossible for us to engage in any continuingor direct dialogue with your constituent regarding these issues.
Briefly, from oflicial and authoritative sources, and from commonlyaccepted legal and constitutional principles, it may be concluded that:
1. The printing of various copies or editions of the United StatesConstitution in the early 1800's with the proposed "Thirteenth Amendment"included in the publication was a common error in that era.
Although the south carolina senate approved the proposal, and a selectcommittee of the house reported it favorably, the South Carolina House ofRepresentatives failed to pass the measure, and took no action upon it afterDecember 7, 1813.3 Many people assumed, upon approval by the Senate ofSouth Carolina, that the amendment had been ratified, and certain publications,printing copies of the Constitution alter that date, included the "ThirteenthAmendment" concerning titles of nobility. As explained by historian Herman V.Ames in his comprehensive study of proposed amendments, this confusion "ledto a resolution of inquiry, as a result of which it was discovered that the Houseof Representatives of South Carolina had not confirmed the action of theSenate, and so the amendment had not been adopted." Ames explained thatsome of the general public, however, "continued to think that this amendmenthad been adopted, and this misconception was perpetuated for over a third ofa century in editions of the Constitution and school histories."a
The printing of an edition or a copy of the Constitution with the proposedamendment in it is, of course, not a substitute for nor even necessarily indicativeof a formal ratification by the legislature of a State. Problems incommunications before the common advent of the radio, the telephone, or eventhe telegraph, were, of course, notorious in the early history of our nation.However, even in more modern times, problems in communications andunderstandings occur, such as in the more recent mistaken notification by twoStates that there had been a formal adoption of the call for a constitutionalconvention on a proposed amendment in 1979, when in fact only one house ofthe bicameral legislature had approved the measure at that time.5
'r S* Ho.r." Docunrents, 15th Cong., lst Sess., Doc. No. 129 rMarch 2, 1818), Message Siomthe President of the United Slofes, Transmitting o l*tter liom the Gou. of South Corolina.
{ Anes, supra at 188-189.
" Not" applications of Arkansas and Indiana inadvertenrly reporting passage in 19?9. Bothhouses of the legislature of those States did eventually approve the measure. See 125 Cong. Rec.S. 3231 tdaiiy ed. March n, L979). Discussed in CRS Report 92-729, Amending the United StatesConstitution: by Congress or bX Constitutional Conuention, Septenrber 18, 1992, at 13, n. 63.
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2. There is no current offtcial indication, nor oflicial record of formalnotification received, that both houses of the legislature of the Commonwealthof virginia formally ratified this proposed amendment.o However, even if thecommonwealth of virginia had rutified the proposal in 1819, as claimed bysome, such ratification would have made only the thirteenth State to ratify theprovision by that year. In 1819, there were then 21 States in the Union, andthe requisite number of States to ratify the proposal by the required 3/4ths ofthe States would have been L6 States.?
As each State is entered into the Union, it is admitted on an "equal footing"with all other States. The "equal footing doctrine" is one which has been knownand recognized in governmental and constitutional practice and theory since thefounding of our Nation.8 As such, each State is entered into the Union withfull and equal privileges concerning the laws of the United States, which wouldinclude full consideration and participation in the ratification process.
The most recent practical application and example of this doctrine in thearea of constitutional amendments has been the recent ratification of the so-called "Madison Amendment" concerning congressional pay, the 27thAmendment. That amendment was proposed by the Congress and sent to thestates on September 25, 1789. Six of the then 14 States had approved theamendment by 1791. The 27th Amendment was not formally ratified andaccepted, however, until the 38th state (Michigan, on May 7, rgg2) approved theamendment.e Since th" nJilEffiStates had increased to b0 before therequisite approval of 3/4ths of the existing States had been received, therequired number of States approving became 38.
3. Finally, the belief that the language of the proposed "Titles of Nobility"amendment would in some way prohibit, bar or eliminate attorneys, judges,corporations, or chartered national or state banks, and would rectify injusticesconcerning "political prisoners" in our penal system,r0 appears to require an
6 Ho,r"" Documents, 15th Cong., 1st Sess., Doc. No. 76. Message ftom the President of theUnited Stares ... tFebruary 6, 1818). No response from Virginia as of February 3, 1818.
? On D"""rrrber 14, 1819, Alabanra became the 22nd State, and ratification would haverequired 1? States.
8 Coyle u. Smith,221 U.S. 559 t 1911); Case u. Toftus,39 F. ?30, ?32 (C.C.D.Ore. 1889); noteearly stalutory pronruigation ofdoctrine by rhe Continental Congress in the Northwest Ordinance,July 13, 1?87, "An Ordinance for the Governnrent of the Territory of the United Staues Northwest,of the River Ohio," Art. V, 5 Journals of Congress 752-754 r 1823 ed.t, reprinted in C. Tansil ted.t,Documents lllustrwtiue of the Formation of the Union of the ,4neican States, H. Doc. No. 398, 69thCong., 1st Sess. t 1927), 47, U. As to "equal footing' in admission clauses of States generally, seeHanna, Equal Footing in the Admission of States, 3 Baylor Law Review 519, n.1, 523-524 (1951).
e S". 5? F. R. 2118?-88, May 19, 1992; 138 Cong. Rec. 56948, H3505, (daily ed. May 20, 1992).New Jersey also ratified on the sanre date.
lo S"" nor" 2, infra, at pp. I - 27. EXhllBlT 0-2+.
CRS-4
interpretation of constitutional language which is unprecedented andunsupported in case law or direct legislative history. For an interpretation ofa constitutional provision with somewhat comparable and analogous language,one may wish to refer to Article I, Section 9, clause 8, of the United StatesConstitution which does, in fact, expressly bar the United States from grantingany "Title of Nobility", and prohibits, without the consent of the Congress, thereceipt of presents, titles, oflices and emoluments from foreign governments byfederal offrcers or employees.lr Article I, Section 10, clause 1, similarlyprohibits the States from granting titles of nobility. As stated in 1833 by thenoted constitutional scholar, Joseph Story, in commenting on this proposal,described by him as "a general prohibition against any citizen whatever, whetherin private or in public life, accepting any foreign title of nobility":
An amendment for this purpose has been recommended by congress;but, as yet, it has not received the ratification of the constitutionalnumber of states to make it obligatory, probably from a growing sense,that it is wholly unnecessary.12
"Titles of nobility" have thus always been prohibited from being granted bythe United States or by any State under our Constitution; and gifts, offices,titles and compensation ("emoluments") from foreign governments have beenprohibited for federal officers and employees without the consent of theCongress. These provisions have been interpreted in conformance with theirexpressed intent and the plain meaning of the language used, rather than in acapricious manner which in some attenuated way attempts to outlawgovernment and regulatory licensing, professional certifications required and/orrecognized by a State, or the granting of corporate charters by governmentalentities.
''-=,-*7%-'' , Jack Maskell -:
-"'' Legislative Attorney
ll Ar,rorrg the Framers concern with "titles of nobiiity" were the probienrs of "hereditarydistinctions" in a republican denrocracy, note Rawle, supra at 119; see e.g, Franklin's objection toindividuals "entailing ... an Honour on their Posterity" (Albert Henry Smiuh, d. The Witings ofBenjamin Frunklin, 9:161-163); Jefferson's criticism 'that experience has shewn that thehereditary branches of nodern governments are the patrons of privilege and prerogative, and notof the natural rights of the people" (Julian P. Boyd, ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ?:105-8);see also Tucker, Blackstone's Contmentaries.' "But even where it is conceded that distinctions ofrank and honours were necessary to good governnent, it would by no neans follow that theyshould be hereditary ...." 1: App. 216-22 ( 1803,. Material reproduced in Kurland and Lerner, ?heFound,ers' Constitution ( 198?). A.s to gifts and enrolunrents clause, see Eltiot's Debates, VolunreY, p. 467 tMr. Pinckney of South Carolina); Story, szpra at $$ 1345, 1346; nore, for example,interpretations ar 13 Op. Atty. Gen. 537 t1871t; 24 Op. Any. Gen. 116 {1902);40 Op. A*y. Cen.513 t1947t; 34 Comp. Gen. 331 t1955t; 37 Comp. Gen. 138 t1957r; 44 Comp. Gen. 130 r19< 44Conrp. Gen. T27 (1964); 49 Comp. Gen. 819 (1970).
12 Joseph Story, Commentaies on the Constitution, Vol. 3 $ 1346 ( 1833).
(-._
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f[arional,
Date :
ReplytoAnnof :
Subiect :
May L7, t994N-GC
"Titles of Nobility" amendment
NN
This is in response to your November 26, 1993, reqfuest forour opinion concerning whether the Acting ArchiviJt (N) mustcertify that a measure known as the "Tj-tles of Nobility"amendment became part of the constitution of the unitedStates in L819.
The 2d session of the llth congress, which met from November1809 to March 1810, approved, by two-thirds vote in eachHouse, a resolution proposing the forrowing amendment to theConstitution! ,
If any citizen of the united States shall accept,cIaim, receive or retain any title of nobilitlorhonor, or shaIl, without the consent of Congress,accept and retain any present, pension, office oremolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor,king, prince or foreign power, such perion strat:-.cease to be a citizen of the United States, andshall be incapable of holding any office of trustor profit under them, or ej_ther of them.Records in the National Archives indicate that, betweenDecember 18L0 and December 1812, L2 States officiallynotified the executive branch that they had ratified-tbeproposed amendment, which we will refer to hereafter as ,'thefitles of Nobility amendment" or "the amendme[t.,, At thetime Congress submitted the amendment to the States forratifj-cation, the Uaion comprised 12 States. By December 9,LBLT, the dat,e the 1.2th State, New Hampshire, ratified theamendment, this number had increased to 18.Records in the National Archives also indicate that, inresponse to a resolution passed by the House ofRepreseatatives in Decernber 181?, t,he Secretary of Statereported on February 4, 1818, that he bad received officialnotice of ratification of the amendment from 12 states. Thesecretary of state furtber reported that he had received noresponse from Virgiuia to his written request forinformation concerning any finar decision uy that stat,eregarding the amendrnent. The union comprisea z1 states in1818.
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rchiuesW'asbington, DC 20408
National Arcbitta and Records Administration
2
On November 22, L993, you received an oral request that tbeActing Archivist certify that the Titles of Nobilityamendment became part of the constitution on March 12, 1919.This reguest.came from private citizens David Dodge, TomDunD, and Brian March, who offered the following irgumentsin support of their proposition. Fj-rst, that becauie therewere L7 states when Congress submitted the Titles ofNobility amendment to the States for ratification, theamendment became part of the Constitution once 13 States hadratified. Second, that the 13th_ State, Virginia, ratifiedthe amendnent on March L2, 1819.rYou forwarded the oral request t,o us for review. you alsomade a written reqluest for a IegaI opinion concerning theActing Archivist's ability to certify that the Titlei ofNobility amendment became part of the constitution in 1819.We have completed our review of t,his matter. For thefollowingl reasons, we conclude that the Acting Archivist hasno authority to cert,ify that t,he Titles of Uobilityamendment became a part of the Cpnstitution in i.819.Section 106b of Title L, United States Code (U.S.C. ) ( 1gBB)states that:
Whenever official notice is received at theNational Archives and Records Administration thatany amendment, proposed to the Constitution of theUnited States has been adopted, according to theprovisions of the Constitution, the Arcbivist ofthe United States shall forthwith cause theamendment, to be published, with his certificate,specifying the States by which the same may havebeen adopted, and that the same has become valid,to all intents and purposesr ds a part of theConstitution of the United States.
The "provisions of the Constitution" to which S 106b refersare those found in Article V, which states that:The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Housesshall deem it, necessary, shall propose Ameudmentsto this Constitution, or on the Application of theLegislatures of two thirds of the several States,shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,which, in either Case, shall be valid to all
In addition to rnaking an oral request, that the ActingArchivist certify the amendment, Messrs. Dodge, Dunn, andMarch submitted a bound volume of materials in support oftbeir request.
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3
Intents and purposesr ds part of thisConstitution, when ratified by the Legislatures ofthree fourths of the several States, or byConvent,ions iu three fourths thereoir ds Lhe oneor the other Mode of Ratification may be proposedby the Congress; provided that no Xn6ndne-nt iUicUmay -be made prior to the year One thousand eighthundred and eight shal1 in any Manner affect thefirst and fourtb Clauses in the Nitrth Section ofthe first Article; and that no State, without itsConsent, shall be deprived of its equal suffiagein the Senate.
we concrude that the Acting Archivist,'s authority under 1u.s.c. s 106b to certify tf,at an amendment has blcome valid,to all intents and purposesr ds a part of the constitutionis limited to situalions where she determines t,hat theNational Archives and Records Administration (NARA) hasreceived "officiar notice" of an amendmentrs ratificationfrom at least 38 states. This conclusion is based on thepIa:T language of Art,icle V, which conditions the ActingArchivist's certification on tbe'receipt of official noiiceof ratification from "three-fourths of the several states.,,Three-fourths of the states comprising the united states is38 States.Additional support, for this conclusion is provided by a Lggzopinion of thl-Department of Justicers Offlce "i-i"gifcounsel (olc). Tbe oLC expressly concluded that 39 stateswould have to ratify what was popularly known as the"congressiona] Pay Amendment" before it becarne a part of theconstitution.2 ro op. o.L.c. 100, 101 (Lgg2) (pre'lirninaryprintl. The oLC also concluded that, once the--archivistreceived "formal instruments of ratification,, frorn 3gstates, the Archivist would be required to certify that t,beCongressional Pay Amendnent had ',become valid, to-al1intents and purposesr ds a part of the Constitution. " Jd.at 101.
The OLC's opinion is significant because tne OLC isauthorized by congress to resolve quest,ions of law thataffect executive branch operations. See 28 U.S.C. S 511(1988). The OLC,s L992 opinion is directly on point with!|"_question 9f how many States would have-to rltify theTitres of Nobility amendnent before the Acting Archivistcould certify under 1u.s.c, s 106b that, the arnendment hadbecome valid, to all intents and purposesr €rs a part of theConstitution.
The CongressionalAmendment to the
Pay Amendment became the Trventy-seventhConstitution in May Lggz.
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4
Only 1-1 States had adopted the Constitution when Congresssubmitted the Congressi.onal Pay Amendment to the States j-nL789 for ratification. Therefore, like the Tit,les ofNobility amendment, the Congressional Pay Amendment wassubmitted by Congress for ratification at a ti:ne when the"several States" nurnbered fewer than 50. The OLC did notconclude, however, that the Archivist should have certifiedthat the Congressional Pay Amendment bad become part of theConstitution once NARA had received official notice ofratification from 9 of those lL States. Rather, the OLCconcluded that the Archivist's authority to certify theCongressi-onal Pay Amendment depended upon NARA,'s receipt ofofficial notice of rati-fication from 38 States.The Acting Archivist has no authority to det,ermine, as amatter of law, whether any amendment, including the Titlesof Nobility amendment, is actually a part, of tbeConst,itution. See Dillon v. Gloss , 256 U.S. 368, 376-77(L92L) (the Eighteenth Arnendment became effective when thenecessary nunber of States had ratified it, not when theSecretary of State issued his certificate under tbepredecessor statute to 1 U.S.C. S l-06b). The ActingArchivist also has no authority to determine whet,ber a Stat,ehas properly rat,ified aa amendment. See Leser v. Garrett,258 U.S. 130, L37 (L922) (Secretary of State could uotinquire into whether State properly ratified NineteenthAmendment; "duly authenticated" official notice ofratification was "conclusive" upon Secretary). Given thesi:nilarities between the fact pattern involving theCongressional Pay Amendment and the facts of the instantcase, and given the OLCts opinion regarding the aumber ofStates needed to ratify t,he Congressional Pay Amendment inL992r we conclude that, the extent of the Acting Archivist'sauthority with respect to amendnents is the determination ofwhether official notice of ratification has been receivedfrorn 38 States. See United States v. Sitka, 845 F.2d 43, 47(2d Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 82? (1988) (certificationauthority found in 1 u.S.c. S 106b is "ministeriaf innature); United States ex reI. Widenmann v. Colbyt 265 F.998,999-1000 (D.C. Cir. 1920), aff'd, 257 u.S. 619 (L921).(same). See also 16 Op. O.L.C. at LL7.At most, L3 States have officially notified NARA of theirratification of the Titles of Nobj-lity amendment.3 Because
We reach no conclusion as to wbether Virginia actuallyratified the amendment or wbetber NARiR has received"official notice" of any ratification. For the reasonsset forth ia tbe body of this opinion, the first issue isone that the Acting Archivist cannot resolve as a matterof law. As for t,he second issue, it need not be decided\-.
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5
official notice is needed from 38 States to trigger theexercise of the authority set forth in 1U.S.C. S 106b, vreconclude that the Acting Archivist may not certify that theamendment has become valid, to all intent,s aad purposesr trSa part of the Constitution of the United States. We alsoconclude, for the reasons set forth above, that the ActingArchivist possesses no authority to determine whether theTitles of Nobility amendment became a part of theConstitution in 1819.
f will be providiug copies of this opi-nion to Messrs. Dodge,Dunn, and Marcb (via Mr. March), and Representative LamarSmith of Texas.
Ghorrrt-aqCHRISTOPHER M. RI'NKELActing General Counsel
[r-by NARAratified
sothe
long as tbe number of States that haveamendrnent remains at a total so far from 38,
EXHIBIT _p-,X..
ORNIN G. HATCH, UTAH, CHAIRMAN
STROM THURMOND, SOUTH CAROLINAALAN K. SIMPSON, VVYOMINGCHARLES E, GRASSLEY, IOWAARLEN SPECTER. P€NNSYLVANIAHANK gROWN, COLORADOFREO THOMPSON, TENNESSE€ION KYL, ARIZONA'lKE OEwlNE, OHIOP€NCER ABRAHAM, MICHIGAN
JOSEPH R. glDEN. Je.. DELAWAREEDWARD M. KENNEDY, MASSACHUSETTSPATRICK J. LEAHY. VERMONTHOWELL H€FLIN, AL,ABAMAPAUL SIMON. ILLINOISH€RBERT KOHL, WSCONSINDIANNE FEINSTEIN, CALIFORNIARUSSELL D. FEINGOLO, wlSCONSIN
c-?4,
"lflnitsd ,Ststss FsnateCOMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
WASHINGTON, DC 2051(H275
March 7, 1995
Brian H. March4845 Los Serranos Ct. N.W.Albuquerque, NM 87120
Dear Mr. March:Senat,or Simon forwarded me your research concerning the Titles ofNobil5-ty Amendment to the United States Constitution and asked meto look into it. It appears you have spent a lot of timeresearching this issue. The amendment never became part of theConstitution because it has never been ratified by three-fourths ofthe states.In L810, Senator Reed of Maryland introduced a proposed thirteenthamendment to the Constitution. As you know, the amendment wouldrevoke the citizenship of anyone who accepted a title of nobilityor a gift from a foreign stater ox who married a person of royalblood, without the consent of Congress. Two-thirds of both theHouse of Representatives and the Senate voted in favor of theproposed amendment in L810 and sent it to the states forratification. By 1812, twelve states had ratified the amendment.However, in order to become part of the Constitution, thirteenstates would have had to ratify it, because 18 states had joined theUnion by 1812. No state has ratified the amendment since 1812.
The Titles of Nobility Amendment is one of four proposed amendmentssupposedly sti1l pending before the states. lhis possibility cameto-tigtrt when, in-1992, the final requisite states voted to ratifythe twenty-seventh amendment, over 200 years after it $ras firstintroduced, concerning pay raises for members of Congress. SenatorRobert C. Byrd introduced a resolution in L992 to eliminate thepossibilitybf ratifying these forgotten amendments, including thetitles of nobility amendrnent, but the resolution never c€rme to avote.The Constitution does contain provisions concerning nobility, whichapply to the federal and state governnents rather than to allcilizens as the 1810 proposed amendment, did. Art. I' Sec. ixtparagraph I and Art. f, Sec. xt paragraph 1 prohibit the state andiedeial- governments from granting titles of nobility. Th"Constitution also prohibits government officials from acceptingt,itles of nobility without obtaining the consent of Congress.
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I am enclosing the researchfor bringing this matter toyou gave to Senatorour attention. My
CordialIy,
Simon. Thanks againbest wishes.
Crrrt'gb\46Carol ShubinskiIraw FellowSenator PauI Si-mon
\_
v EXHIBIT
Colorado 1861, t862, 1864, 1865, 1g66, 1967, 1868Connecticut 1821, lg}4, 1835, 1839Dakota 1862, 1863, lg67Florida 1823, 1t25, l83BGeorgia 1819, 1822, 1835, 1837, 1846Illinois 1822, lgZ?, 1833, 1839lndiana 1924, lE3l, 1838Iowa 1838, 1839, IU2, 1843Kansas 1855, 1861, 1862, 1868Kentucky lgZzLouisiana 1825, 1828, 1838lvlaine 1825, I 831Massachusetts 1823Michigen 1t27, 1833
, Mississippi 1824, 1839\\- Missouri 1825, 1835, 1840, 1841, lB45Nebraska 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1852, 1873New York (date unknown)North Carolina 1819, 1828Northwestem
Territories 1833Ohio 1819, 1824, lt3l, 1833, 1841Pennsylvania 1818, 1824, l83lRhode Island 1822Virginia l8l9Wyoming 1870, 1876
Laws of the United Starcs of America l8l5
\r.-
Titles of Nobility Arnendment
LIST OF STATES AI{D/OR TERRITORIES,WITH THE YEARS SHOWING
ARTICLE XIII (TITLES OF NOBILITY Ar\4EI{DMENT)AS MTTFIED
As of ldarch 15, 1995
This represents 25 States, or tenitories, with 77 publications which demonsrate the common-acknowledgment of ratification. This list is not inclusive of all publications, only those that
we have been abls to research, to date.
EXHIBIT n-atl.-
Pagc I of2Prgcs
Titles of Nobility Amendment
i -_. LIST OF OTHER PUBLICATIONSiu_ wHIcH DEMONSTRATE THE RATTFTCATION OFARTTCLE )AII (TITLES OF NOBTLITY AI,IENDMENT)
L JUSTICE OF TI{E PEACE, by Henry Potter, Federal Judge in North Carolina for over56 years.
2. TF{E RIGHTS OF AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, by Benjamin L. Oliver,1832
3. A HISTORY OF THE UNffED STATES, by John Frost, LL.D., 1837
4. A HISTORY OF THE UNTTED STATES (NEW EDTTION, WITH ADDTTIONS ANDCORRECTIONS),by John Frost, LL.D., 1837
5. THE AMERICAN POLITICIAN, by M. Sears, 1842
6. THE POLITICAL TEXT BOOK, by Edward Cunier, 1842
7. LI\ES OF THE TIEROES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLLTTION, by John Frost, LL.D.,l 848
8. A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, by John Frost, LL.D., 1E49t\ 9. THE TRUE REPI"IBLICA}{, by Jonathan French, 1849
10. THE TREASURY OF HISTORY; BEING A HISTORY OF THE WORLD, by HenryBill, I E50
I 1. ECHOES FROM THE CABINET, by Deyton & Wentwonh, 1855
12. TI{E STATE REGISTER (LOUISIANA), by A. W. Bell, 1855
13. CONSTITUTION OF THE UMTED STATES, by C. A. Cummings (undated)
I
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Page2 of 2 Pages
Titles of Nobility Amendment
DEFINITIONS
From: Noah Webster 1828Bouviet's l-aw Dictionary 1848Black's Law Dictionary l89lNote: Becarse they are so similar, the definitions have been consolidated.
"Enolument": - One wtro gains profit or advantage.
"Foreigu Power": . "Powern - a sovereign state; a controlling group; possession or control;authority or influence, political or otherwise.
"Honourn: - One having dominion, advantage or privilege over another,
"Nobility": - Exalted rank - high social position
"Title of Nobility": - Ar1 order of men, in several countries, to whom special privileges aregranted.
"privilcges": - To grant some particular right or exemption.
From a court casc, in Horst v. Moses, 4t Ala. 123,142 (1872), which gave the followingdcscription of "Tittes of Nobility":
"lo confer a title of nobility, is lo nomirute ta an order of persorc to whom privileges are\- granted at the expense of the rest af the people. It is not necessarily heredity, and theobjection to it arises more from the privileges supposed to be artached, tlnn to the othenviseempty title or order, These components are forbidden separately in the term 'privilege','horn/, and 'emolwnents', os tley are collectively in the term Title of nobility'. theprohibition is not afecteel by any coruideration paid or renderedfor the grant."
cult - rituat observances involved in wonhip ol or communication with, the supernaturalor its symbolic represenutions. A cult includes the totality of ideas, activities, and practiccsassociated with a given divinity or social group. It includes not only ritual activities but alsothe beliefs and myths centering on the rites. The objects ofthe cult are often thing;sassociated with the daily life of the celebrants. The English scholar Jane Harrison pointed outthc importance of the cult in the development of religion Sacred penons may have their owncults. The cult may bc associated with a single person, place, or object or may have rnuchbroader associations. There may be officials entrusted with the rites, or anyone wtro bclongsmty b€ allowed to take part in them. -The New Columbia Encyclopedia,1975.
!
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-Prge I oft Prges
Titles of Nobility Amendment
Of course, any similarity between cults and courts is purely coincidenal. The lawyers,today, before the ones wearing black robes - "lf it please the court, ...May I approach tbebench? ... May I have a word with my client?... l"Iaylgo to the bathroom?' Read the finalsentence in the government authorized under the Con*itution which prohibited fromengagrng in cult-like practices; and, the titles of nobility amendment was the enforcing clause.
Here are some brief thoughts on the possible meanings today:
l- We have a govemmental system that was set up with three separate and distinctbranches (Executive, Legislative & Judicial), known as separation of powen within aRepublic Form of Government (Afi. fV, Sec. 4, Constitution). This was to insure that eachbrsnch provided a check and balance against the other branches. It is clear, theq that, sinceall tbree branches are controlled by attorneys,lawyers, esquires, (of which 90o/o,ot more, aremembers of the ABA) which means this one goup creates the laws, implements the laws,adjudicates the laws, sometimes putting themselves above the laws and profit from thoselaws: that this makes thcm people with privileges, immunities, and emoluments above others.Assuming you say yes, that would mean they have taken on a title of nobility or honor andhave, therefore, lost their sitizenship status. They cnnnot hold any offrce of profit or trustun&r them or either of them.
2- The Federal Reserve Bank (when it was created on December24,19l3) was, and is,unconstitutional (as was the Bank of the United States I &2 inthe late 1700's and early1800's) because of the special privilege created for it. Wouldn't titles of nobility be createdwhen a few people, and not Congress, as rnandatcd in the United Starcs Constitution(Congess has no authority to delegate that power auay), decides what the interest rate willbe, and creatc money out of thin air? When the Federal Reserve Bank was created, congresswas filled with people having titles of nobility or honor.
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D-ALEXHIBIT
Affidavitf, Brian H. March, hereby deposes and states the following facts, that:1. That f have, along with David Dodge and Thomas Dunn, extended rn?ny
hours of research in the matter of the ratification of the Titles of NobilityAmendment to the Constitution of the United States of America;
2. I have purchased from the National Archives, Washin$on, D.C., UnitedStates of A.merica, the entire microfilm of the domestic journals of theSecretary of State for the period of 1787 thru 1'822.
3. This record eontains 4ll known official domestic correspondence by theSecretar5r of State for the period indicated.
4. f have read each and every letter in this record.5. In that record there is NO circular, letter or arry ynarlner of correspondence
which states, or even suggests, that the Titles of Nobility Amendrnent wasnever ratified.
6. That I have searched the records of the Congress for the period 1815 thru1850 and can find no circular, letter or any manner of correspondence thatstates that the Titles of Nobility Anendment was never ratified,
7. That I, or others under my snpervision, have reviewed the entire offrcialcorrespondence of the Presidents of the United States for the period of 1810thru 1.850, and can find no circular, letter or any manner of eorrespondencethat states that the Titles of Nobility Amendment was not ratified.
8. That I have been told by officials of the US govern'nent that publications ofthe Titles of Nobility Amendment, the Tlue Thirteenth Amendment to theConstitution, were published in error during the early part of the nineteenthcentury, and that they are unable to produee arry document that states thatthe Titles of Nobility Anendment was never ratified.
I, Brian H. March, certifr that the above statements and faet5 are true qgrdcorreet, to the best of my belief and Lnowledge, on this / 2 a^V of nl y'the year of our Lord, Nineteen hundred and ninety-five, '/
CERTTFIED CORRECT
clo 4845 Los Serranos Court, N.W.Albuquerqlre, New Mexico
Witnesseth:
dated:
)t""'-r );t*
Titles of Nobility Amendment
VII. For Your Consideration...
A few quotes from history may, welt, help balance your thoughts on thc issues presentedherein, urd provide an appropriate conclusion, thereto
- nour rulers will become comtpt, ow people careless... the timeforfaing everyessential right on a legalbasis is while our rulers are honest, and ourselves united,h'rom the conclusion af this war we shall be going downhill. It wtll not then be necessaryto resort every moment to the people for support. ThEt will be forgotten therefore, andtheir rights disregarded. They will fiirget themselves, but in the sole faculty of makingmoney, and will never thir* of uniting to efect a due respectfor their rights. Theslacktes, therefore, which shall not be btocked of at the conclusion of this war, willremain on us long will be nwde heavier and heavier, tmtil our rights shall rqive orerpire in a convulsion
Thomm Jefferuon, on commontr ln noter on thc State of Virginla,, Qucry 17,p.161,1794.
-- "ll is important, Iikewi.te, that the habits of thinking, in afree country, should inspirecaution, in those entrusted with its administation, to confine thentselves within theirrespective constitutional spheres; avoiding, in the qercise af the powers of onedepartment, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachnent tends to coruolidatethe ptwers of all lhe departments in one, and thus to create. wlatever tlteform ofgovernment, a real despotism, A jtut estimate of thot love cf power, and proneness toabuse it, which predomirutes in the hurun heart, is suficient to satisfy us of the truth ofthis position The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, bydniding and dislributing it into dffirent depositories, and cotletituting eqch the guardianof the public weal ugairct the invasions of the other, has been evinced by experiments,ancient and modern; some of them in ow cauntry, and under our own qes. To presenethem mwt he as necessary as to irutitute them. IJI in the opinion of the people, thedistrihution or modification of the atnstitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, letit be canected in the wty which the Canstitution designates. But let there be no changeby usttrpation;for though this, in one instance, mcy be the irctntment of good" it is thecuttomary wearyn by whichfree governmenls are destroyed, The precedent must alwrysgreutly overhalance, in permanent 6,i1, any partial or transienl benefit which the use canctt any time yield'
'-Groqp lryarhlnoton,ln hir rrnmll rdd-rccr -.g!s. F"F,ntilh'- "{f a natian erpgcts to 6e tgnorant andfree... it espects wha* naw wu.altd Wiuer fiIil ':be:'
ThtiltS4frftryog,r*
I riin mogrRdip*drlly yours,'&c. .
fr.;r;,*L H %**,LBrisn I{ March
TA GIFTI
THE REST OF THE STOBY
If there Ls a etal-n on the record of our forefathclrGr, a dark hourin the earliegt hietory of the Arerl-can sol"onieg, l.t rould be thehanging of the so-sall.ed 'ritcheer at Salen.
But that raa a pinpoLnt in pJ.ace and tire --- a brief lapee ofhysterLa. For the rost part, our seventeenth-century solonietE rclrctscrupul-ouely faLr, evcln in fear.
There reEi onc! group of people they feared rl.th reiason --- asoci.ety, you nlght eay, rhose often Lnsl-dl,ous craft had claLned anultl-tude of victl-ne, evctr elnce the lll"ddle Agee l-n Europe.
One group of people rGrre hated and feared fror llaseachugetts toVirginia. The nagistrates uoul.d not burn thel at the etake, althoughsurel-y a great rany of ther uGrrG! baffled by then.In the firet place, rhere did they cone fror? Of all. uho gal.ledfron England to Plynouth in L62O, not one of those tro-legged verninvas aboard. rVernin. r That'e uhat the coloniete cal.led thet.Paraeiteg vho fed on hunan nLeery, spreadLng eorrou and confuel.onvherever they uent. tDestructiver t they uere cal.Ied.
And stlll they uctrct peruLtted coexJ"etence rlth the coloniste. Fora vhlle, anyuay. Of couree, there uere eolonial laue prohl-bl.tl.ng thepractlce of their tnfarous craft. Sonehou a uay uae aluaye foundaround thoee lare.In I54l' ltageachueettg Bay colony took a novel approach to theprobler. The governors atterpted to gtarve thoee rdevLJ.er out ofexLetence through econorlc exclusion. They rerc! denLed uages, andthereby l.t uae hoped that they uould perieh.Four yesrs later, Virginia follored the exarple of llaseachusettgBay' and for a rhLle Lt geered that the dLlerre had been regolved.It had not- Sorehor, the parasitee ranaged to eurvl-ve, and the
nclrG! nearnesa of ther rade the col-onl'sts' skLn crar.]..In 1654 in YLrgLnLa the fLnal golutLon: BsnLshnent. Exl-I.e. Thertreacherous onesr rere cast out of the colony. At last, afterdecadee of endurLng the peychologl.cal gloor, the gun cere out and thebLrds sang snd aI-I. ras right ul-th the yorl-d. And the el.stLoncontinued for a generatLon.
I'n not sure rhy the VLrgLniane eventually alloued the outsaets toreturn, but they did- In 1680, after trenty-tuo yesrs, the despisedones rere readrLtted to the colony on the sondLtion they be subJectedto etrictegt eurveillance.
Hor eoon ue forget!For Lndeed, over the next half-century or so, the Lrposedrestrl-ctLong uGrre slorly, quLetty srept arey. And those rhogetreachery had been feared eince the lliddl.e Ages ultLrately took thel-rplace Ln eocLety.You see, the rverll-nr that oncc! infegted colonl'al Arerica, theparaeLteg rho preyed on the rl.gfortune of their neLghbors unti.lfinally they tere offLcLsl.ly banLehed fror YLrgLnia, those dreaded,
despLsed, outcast lastere of confugLon rGrrc! Iaryers. (fron PauJ-Harvey's THE REST OF THE STORY'
Olr Ageless Coruci&.don Declaration Of Independenceln Congress, July 4, 1776.
Tlv urvnimous Dechrarion of the thineen united States of Amrlica,When in thc Course of human c\rcnr it bccomes neccssary for onc people to disrclve the political ban& wi.ich have connccted them rrith anothcr, and
. "ouri ".o"e it. p;;;a;ii. .;nh, ih;G;;. ""i iq*t 'Jii6n tL which thc lass of Naturc and of Naturcs God entitlc them, a dccent rcspectil ,T.-op "lo,irEr;;.lkt;J*i;tr; ,hai;i.6 rtiltd-&t;i ifr. i""*r 'trich impct thcm to 1l1c Sparation.
- we hold thcse rnrths to bc sclf<vident'
i["i'ltiiiii'"* ;;;J-;dl,--,fi -j-11gy ;;il;;J bylh; Ci"to' with ceniin unalicnable Riehts. that among thcsc "T I-f.' Libcro gd the. pursurtoi H"ppirrcr.. Th., . ,*url ,ho;;ih;;, d;;.n" ri" i"i i*,J "rotrg
Mcn. dcriving their lust ponrcrs fop the consent oi thc govemed, Thet whenerrcr;il'Sil';f b;;;;;;;il;il a[5il;i"; "i ;h; ;;i;:-ii " i[. iiet", of tlic Pcopli- to altcr oi to .abolish it, and ro insritute nan' Govemment. laving
";'dilr,i;;;;;h ft;.i;t.;-J-;td;; i.r-e"*irr i" tu.h tor'nl - p- th9r1 sfrall sccm most likcly ro effect thcu. Safetv and Happincss. Prudcrrcci"a."r-. *iift.3.i. ,h",'cJj1;;; i.iJ .ilttirttff.h;d ;;; b.;h;e.a roi tiitt. ""a rransicnt carscsi and accordinglv all cxpcricnci hath -shorvn, theti",i[i.a .* i"* ii;p"*d ;;;ii:;:-;-hi[;[-;;;"fr.;[L-;i.* ioiig-t'i tt'.mtlues by abolishins rhc forms.to wtrich th:r art rccustomcd- But whcn;'i,il'il;;i;L-..-'".a *rrp;i;;, ;;iltd ii*."uiiit'J ,"-o OUi.i, evinccs a dcsign to rcducle tl-rqm undcr abdute Dcspotrsm, it-is. chcir risht. ir;' ;l;it il;, ,. ,t-'*' .r rl66';ilfi:;ili"-p-"iai h*;cu"'drioJ ih." r'turc sccurii. -;- fuch has becn the paticnt suffenncc of thcsc Colonics:;;a ;;.h;;-, .hi ni.."tin *frictt ."nrrrii*ltriit . Aiii ii.it for.* Sv.,..r "iGo"c*ment.
The history of rhc presctr King of Grcat Briain is a historv;iil;*i i;iil;J;;ations, all havins in dir..t o[ii"ii-h.;-ri;tfufi;.; of an absolute Ty-nnny o"cr.ihesc Scites. To qryv9 this, lct-hcts be subminedio "l.nJiU
*i'ira. d. i;;;-;il;J hii."r..'."i . Lillh;-.;-;h;6;e and neccssary'for the public Hc hes forbiddcn his Gorrcmor;; ;;-6 ri ;m"di"t. and pr.rs;g ;mportan;;, ;les. ;ilJJ in th"it up.ration tiit t iJ Arscnt should -bc obraincd; and when so suspcndcd, he has
",tl* ..etai.d . ""*i i"itii; -=--
Hc h;;i*"d;;;;ihir G*r frlr rhe accommodation of laryc disrricts of pcoplc. unlcss.thosc,peoplc wuuld*iiiilrji"iii-i gfi ;a'F6;"rtion in the Legislarure.
" iigt,'i..tiirn.ut. ,o ,t "* aJ formidablc q rrraoi only.
-. - He has called togethcr.lcgislativc
hdie-s ar places "unusual. l"ir.fo*Uti, ""d dth; from ,h-. J.p".fu; of their public Rcconis, for thc solc purposc of fatiguing them jnto compliance w!1hils;;;t-.--- Hl t-il jila*a il;;;;;;; ii;;-*il;ili;, r"i ipp.riru *ith manlrjfirm-ness his invisions on tlic rrsha of the people.
- He
ii;;?*A f.t " t""sii."l.ft.iiu.i aiUr.,t""r,,o ""uJ. oi'hii;U;[[J;-;t'.t W1tt. t gtllatirrc porctl incapablc ofAnnihilation, have ntumcdlJln. n"di .i Lrgi 6r_-it & **Gih. S;;-;;t;urs-t" ,h;;;;;;*p*"d; all thc daqcrs-o{ inrasioir frron ryithout, and con"ulsrons within.
- He
[*-."a..G"*J6- t;;;,h. p.prt"ti"" .f tttii. Sritoi tit;ih;i prrrpd ;bsmrcting thc G*s for Naturalization of Forcigncsl nising to pass othes ro;;il; ,t." rnifii.n. ii;d;;;J ili"e ,t" i*aiiii: J';J .{;;priations oi L"'d'.
- Hl har obrmrcrcd ttic Mmrnistntion of Justice. b
rcfusinciis Asscnt"to Laws for es6blishing Jidician p"G.- HJ'haimade Judgcs dependenr on his Will alonc fo-r-thc tcnurc of thcir officcs, and;i;;;-fi;-;;;;;iil;;il;" '--- ii.'ia.-.r".t.d a muititudc of Ni* bffii"l, and sent blther swarms of officers to harass our.peoplc, andiri o*-,rr.tti"U,i,";a.. ---
Fi. ti"r-["p, "*""j *, 1" ,-i.* .i#i.,Sta"Jing Armies wiihout the C-onscnt of out lcgislatures. ---:- Hc hes affected;;;;.;,h. idiiuw i"dcp."dcni of -J'rupiirii. iir" Cirii p"*[r. ' He [as combincd with others_to subjcct rs to a iuridictiorr forcign to our con'stiturion, and unacknowledied h our launl giving his Assent rc ih"it A.tr of prctended legislation:
- For quanering lar8e bodics.of armcd noops among
"tl---- ' --r"'-p.i*,-i.g-,-f,... [r' i .oc[ ?rial.?om p.;;;il;;i;; il M;J.; ;htct'itrcv rt'ouU commit on thc Inhebitants of thcsc Sratcs,
- For
cu"ine off ouif13J;;i;i;l[;;'"i;ilc;;t.-:--=6ilr;;;l "i"-*i.t."iuuiC"*",, -
Fordcprivins us in T"Jv:T,q'of the benciirs;ii;] b.J.r.y,---- Fo;-;;;;'d;-b.y;"d Scas o bc''m;'?"il;;;J; off;;;-- For abolishlng the-hcc System of Eqlish.l-arn in a nc-rs.!1
bouring Provincc. establishing thercin'an Arbirrary govcmmcnt, and inlarying rts Boundaries so as to rcnder. it.at once an, larlnle,an$ {it in*rumcnl totintrodrirnc thc sarnc rh"l"," irL i;;';h;'A-t;';il. "':::'E;;ffi;6";"o*ii, it"totri"g o* most raluable l-ars and dtedng frrndamctrtallv thc Fom'.;il6iH;;il -*'-'-r-.u-.tainc our o*,n rrcglatut tlat';&tan-ifi*;i*li".-..a *i,t ptt t to legislac for u in all casg whaaocvtr'
- He
has abdicarcd G*.rr,,n*. lr.-,., 6i..rlli.e * ;;i;iffi ilGil;;e;dil w;; "8"'; ;. --- - Hc has-plundered our scas, araged our C.oasts, bumt6.[ ;;;.-;Ji-;16i ,h. lirrcs of our peoplc.
- H. "-.i ifrit lmc riztiponini larg. lt^i.t of forcign Merccnrries to compleat thc norl(s of dcath.
i.toi.ti*- "i.rj
,vtl-i"v, "r;iiav i;g;;;,[-;ffi-ro.".' o] C-"lt; & p.{'i}, .l"t av" p"riit"tJ itt thc mori b"rb"p* "Fi, and tdrallv unuonhv $. H."d
of a civili:cd ,,",ion. L}.-6-;";;i;;;;;a;tfttil;i.Ll-C"pli'. oi ,hl tiigt, Seas to bear Arms against their C-ounry, to bc.comc thc crecu'tioncts of rherr fricn& and Btcthrcn, or ro hll rhemsclvcs by rhcir Handr.
- Hc har cxcited domcstic insunectioru |mqnpl ur' and hils cndcavourlcl
;;il;t;il'; -i"-h;b;;;r A;;;riii.ii.".ii. ,1r;ilq|- [ld; b"*s.r,-ryhgr._ t nrr" -t. or ;tf"*. ir an undistinguirhcd, dcsmrction of .all agcs, scxcs*J .oiaito"s- In .rcry r.g; ;f ,hlc opp*iti.* w. ri"L-p*ii;J a;; R.d;i" it . tn*i t u.ulc rerms: 9t fp."td Petitiors have bccn-ensnatdonly bv rcpeated iniury. A Pr,n.., Jhosc charactli is rhqs marked h evcry act whrch may define a Tvrant, is unfit to bc the ruler of a fuee pcople
- Nor
il;: \i/.;ffi,iliiiJi" "i *,."s to our Bdtrsh u..,t"."lfrii'""1;;'J;i; il;';i.;;;,it".;f-*tcmpts h their legslature.to qtend "i,"lyryEll:iurrsdiction orer us. Wi have rcmindcd thern of thc circumstances of our emigration and scrtlcment hcre. Wc haveappcalcd to thcir native iEtice and magnanlmltyr';ffi il;;;;J il; h iii. ,i* J ""iio.'""" il;'&;' ;"1;;'[;,il;-uo-u;;ifi. -'hich '-uta incvitablv tntetruPt our conncctioru and cor'il{oilil iilI.ii ilii" b.:il;J; ir,. *iil i?l,,iii;. ;il;;;"i""iiii wi-'nl',, it'iir.-g, acquicsce in thelcccssitv, :.!!h 9.t ..i:f TI:garion, and hold thcm, as 'rc hold the rcst of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peacc Fricn&. thcreforq the Rcprtsentattto,9 tht oltP
^"_:P_gi;;; ilG.;;i'C""sr*t, A;*bhd, rppo"titrg io rhc Suprcmc Judgc.of rhc uorld for the rcctitudc of our interrrions, do, in the Namc' and Dy Asthorrryof the pood hoolc of these Colonics. solemnlv oublish ar.J Jjar.. lii"ith... U"iJC"tJ"io ".,-""a ofRight oyelrt 1o be Frcc end lndcacrdcntStrc*that rh-cy arc A8solvcd ftom all Allcgiancc ro ihc British Croum, and rhat all pohtical conncstion bcrnccn.thcm and the Statc ot urc:et ttntEn' ls anq ougnr;;Uftiilii'J"J; ;J-,ilJ ;'ff;J1;iififfi,-il;: ;lffii;;; i"'iilffi ;; t..t vtar,cenpluS Pcacc, contn-ct Allianc*_"-':!lt* -?:TS:""a
io,ao "it otlto f'ci i"d Thir,gp *hi.h lndepcndcnt Srates may of righr do. And for thc supponof this Declaration' with a tirm rtliance on rhc Protcctlonof divine Providcnce, r.re mutualli plcdgc to each other our Lives, ouiFonune. and our sacrcd Honor.
John Hancocl(Coarcctiu)Roger ShermanSam'el HuntingtonWm. VilliamsOliver Volcott(Dehwatc)Cacsar RodneyGeo. ReadTho. MXcan(Gcorg!a')
Button GwinncttLvman HallGco. Walton(Maqland)Samuel ChascWm. Paca
Thos. StoncCharlcs Carroll of
Carrollton(Massachracns)
Saml. AdamsJohn AdamsRobt. Trcat hineElbridge Gerry
(Ncs Hanpshire)Josiah BanlenWm. WhipplcManhen, Thomrcn(Nes'Jmcr)Richd. StocLtonJno Vitheng,oonFns. HopkinvrnJohn HanAbra. Clark
(Nau YorL)
Vm. FlordPhil. LivingstonFrans. lcr,rislc*ris Monis(Nonh Coolftra)Wm. HoopcrJoscph HovcsJohn Penn
(Pennsylvcnia)
Robt. MorrisBenjamin RushBenia. FranltlinJohn MononGeo. ClymcrJas. SmithGeo. 'Iiylor
James VilsonGeo. Ross
1.P.lrle Islald,)Step. HopkinsWilliam Ellery
(Sod[ Camfina)Eduard RutledgeThos. Hcyuand, JuntThomas Lynch, Junr.Anhur Middleton(!/irsinia)George VytheRichard Hcnry LccTh. JefferrcnBenja. HanircnThos. Nclson, jr.Fencis Lighfoot [.€Caner Bnxton
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